scholarly journals Survey of Localization for Internet of Things Nodes: Approaches, Challenges and Open Issues

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheetal Ghorpade ◽  
Marco Zennaro ◽  
Bharat Chaudhari
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Real Life ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Node Localization ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Device Free

With exponential growth in the deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, many new innovative and real-life applications are being developed. IoT supports such applications with the help of resource-constrained fixed as well as mobile nodes. These nodes can be placed in anything from vehicles to the human body to smart homes to smart factories. Mobility of the nodes enhances the network coverage and connectivity. One of the crucial requirements in IoT systems is the accurate and fast localization of its nodes with high energy efficiency and low cost. The localization process has several challenges. These challenges keep changing depending on the location and movement of nodes such as outdoor, indoor, with or without obstacles and so on. The performance of localization techniques greatly depends on the scenarios and conditions from which the nodes are traversing. Precise localization of nodes is very much required in many unique applications. Although several localization techniques and algorithms are available, there are still many challenges for the precise and efficient localization of the nodes. This paper classifies and discusses various state-of-the-art techniques proposed for IoT node localization in detail. It includes the different approaches such as centralized, distributed, iterative, ranged based, range free, device-based, device-free and their subtypes. Furthermore, the different performance metrics that can be used for localization, comparison of the different techniques, some prominent applications in smart cities and future directions are also covered.

Bringing Security to The Smallest Embedded Systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSEPH YIU
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Iot Devices

The increasing need for security in microcontrollers Security has long been a significant challenge in microcontroller applications(MCUs). Traditionally, many microcontroller systems did not have strong security measures against remote attacks as most of them are not connected to the Internet, and many microcontrollers are deemed to be cheap and simple. With the growth of IoT (Internet of Things), security in low cost microcontrollers moved toward the spotlight and the security requirements of these IoT devices are now just as critical as high-end systems due to:

scholarly journals Virtualizing AI at the Distributed Edge Towards Intelligent IoT Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Claudia Campolo ◽  
Giacomo Genovese ◽  
Antonio Iera ◽  
Antonella Molinaro
Keyword(s):  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Software And Hardware ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Consumer Devices ◽  
Hardware Platforms ◽  
Smart Factories

Several Internet of Things (IoT) applications are booming which rely on advanced artificial intelligence (AI) and, in particular, machine learning (ML) algorithms to assist the users and make decisions on their behalf in a large variety of contexts, such as smart homes, smart cities, smart factories. Although the traditional approach is to deploy such compute-intensive algorithms into the centralized cloud, the recent proliferation of low-cost, AI-powered microcontrollers and consumer devices paves the way for having the intelligence pervasively spread along the cloud-to-things continuum. The take off of such a promising vision may be hurdled by the resource constraints of IoT devices and by the heterogeneity of (mostly proprietary) AI-embedded software and hardware platforms. In this paper, we propose a solution for the AI distributed deployment at the deep edge, which lays its foundation in the IoT virtualization concept. We design a virtualization layer hosted at the network edge that is in charge of the semantic description of AI-embedded IoT devices, and, hence, it can expose as well as augment their cognitive capabilities in order to feed intelligent IoT applications. The proposal has been mainly devised with the twofold aim of (i) relieving the pressure on constrained devices that are solicited by multiple parties interested in accessing their generated data and inference, and (ii) and targeting interoperability among AI-powered platforms. A Proof-of-Concept (PoC) is provided to showcase the viability and advantages of the proposed solution.

scholarly journals Practical Cross-Layer Radio Frequency-Based Authentication Scheme for Internet of Things

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4034
Author(s):  
Arie Haenel ◽  
Yoram Haddad ◽  
Maryline Laurent ◽  
Zonghua Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Cross Layer ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Iot Devices

The Internet of Things world is in need of practical solutions for its security. Existing security mechanisms for IoT are mostly not implemented due to complexity, budget, and energy-saving issues. This is especially true for IoT devices that are battery powered, and they should be cost effective to be deployed extensively in the field. In this work, we propose a new cross-layer approach combining existing authentication protocols and existing Physical Layer Radio Frequency Fingerprinting technologies to provide hybrid authentication mechanisms that are practically proved efficient in the field. Even though several Radio Frequency Fingerprinting methods have been proposed so far, as a support for multi-factor authentication or even on their own, practical solutions are still a challenge. The accuracy results achieved with even the best systems using expensive equipment are still not sufficient on real-life systems. Our approach proposes a hybrid protocol that can save energy and computation time on the IoT devices side, proportionally to the accuracy of the Radio Frequency Fingerprinting used, which has a measurable benefit while keeping an acceptable security level. We implemented a full system operating in real time and achieved an accuracy of 99.8% for the additional cost of energy, leading to a decrease of only ~20% in battery life.

scholarly journals State-of-the-Art Software-Based Remote Attestation: Opportunities and Open Issues for Internet of Things

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1598
Author(s):  
Sigurd Frej Joel Jørgensen Ankergård ◽  
Edlira Dushku ◽  
Nicola Dragoni
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
Remote Attestation ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Specialized Hardware

The Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem comprises billions of heterogeneous Internet-connected devices which are revolutionizing many domains, such as healthcare, transportation, smart cities, to mention only a few. Along with the unprecedented new opportunities, the IoT revolution is creating an enormous attack surface for potential sophisticated cyber attacks. In this context, Remote Attestation (RA) has gained wide interest as an important security technique to remotely detect adversarial presence and assure the legitimate state of an IoT device. While many RA approaches proposed in the literature make different assumptions regarding the architecture of IoT devices and adversary capabilities, most typical RA schemes rely on minimal Root of Trust by leveraging hardware that guarantees code and memory isolation. However, the presence of a specialized hardware is not always a realistic assumption, for instance, in the context of legacy IoT devices and resource-constrained IoT devices. In this paper, we survey and analyze existing software-based RA schemes (i.e., RA schemes not relying on specialized hardware components) through the lens of IoT. In particular, we provide a comprehensive overview of their design characteristics and security capabilities, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we discuss the opportunities that these RA schemes bring in attesting legacy and resource-constrained IoT devices, along with open research issues.

A Tweakable Key Alternating Lightweight Cipher for Internet of Things

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 113-133
Author(s):  
Mary Shamala L. ◽  
Zayaraz G. ◽  
Vivekanandan K. ◽  
Vijayalakshmi V.
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Communication Protocols ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Lightweight Cryptography ◽  
Cryptographic Algorithm ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Lightweight Cipher

Internet of things (IoT) is a global network of uniquely addressable interconnected things, based on standard communication protocols. As the number of devices connected to the IoT escalates, they are becoming a likely target for hackers. Also, the limited resources of IoT devices makes the security on top of the actual functionality of the device. Therefore, the cryptographic algorithm for such devices has to be devised as small as possible. To tackle the resource constrained nature of IoT devices, this article presents a lightweight cryptography algorithm based on a single permutation and iterated Even-Mansour construction. The proposed algorithm is implemented in low cost microcontrollers, thus making it suitable for a wide range of IoT nodes.

Energy Aware Cluster Head Selection for Maximizing Lifetime Improvement in Internet of Things

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 71-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Praveen Kumar Reddy Maddikunta ◽  
Rajasekhara Babu Madda
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Hybrid Algorithm ◽  
Artificial Bee Colony ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Cluster Head Selection ◽  
Bee Colony ◽  
Iot Devices

Energy efficiency is a major concern in Internet of Things (IoT) networks as the IoT devices are battery operated devices. One of the traditional approaches to improve the energy efficiency is through clustering. The authors propose a hybrid method of Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm to accomplish the efficient cluster head selection. The performance of the hybrid algorithm is evaluated using energy, delay, load, distance, and temperature of the IoT devices. Performance of the proposed method is analyzed by comparing with the conventional methods like Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and GSO algorithms. The performance of the hybrid algorithm is evaluated using of number of alive nodes, convergence estimation, normalized energy, load and temperature. The proposed algorithm exhibits high energy efficiency that improves the life time of IoT nodes. Analysis of the authors' implementation reveals the superior performance of the proposed method.

scholarly journals An IoT-Based Network for Smart Urbanization

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Sabeeh Ahmad Saeed ◽  
Farrukh Zeeshan Khan ◽  
Zeshan Iqbal ◽  
Roobaea Alroobaea ◽  
Muneer Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Data Structure ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Sink Node ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Data Format ◽  
Iot Devices

Internet of Things (IoT) is considered one of the world’s ruling technologies. Billions of IoT devices connected together through IoT forming smart cities. As the concept grows, it is very challenging to design an infrastructure that is capable of handling large number of devices and process data effectively in a smart city paradigm. This paper proposed a structure for smart cities. It is implemented using a lightweight easy to implement network design and a simpler data format for information exchange that is suitable for developing countries like Pakistan. Using MQTT as network protocol, different sensor nodes were deployed for collecting data from the environment. Environmental factors like temperature, moisture, humidity, and percentage of CO2 and methane gas were recorded and transferred to sink node for information sharing over the IoT cloud using an MQTT broker that can be accessed any time using Mosquitto client. The experiment results provide the performance analysis of the proposed network at different QoS levels for the MQTT protocol for IoT-based smart cities. JSON structure is used to formulate the communication data structure for the proposed system.

scholarly journals Enhanced Bandwidth Allocation Technique and Protocol Standards to Improve QoS in Internet of Things

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3246-3251
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Bandwidth Allocation ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Healthcare Education ◽  
Business Opportunities ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Network Technologies ◽  
Dynamic Bandwidth

Internet of Things (IoT) is efficiently plays vital role in development of several sectors by offering many opportunities to grow the economy and improve the life standard through connecting billions of “Things” which provides business opportunities in different sectors and encounter many technical and application challenges. This paper emphasizes the role of Dynamic bandwidth allocation and protocols standards in various IoT sectors such as healthcare, education, agriculture, industrial, transportation, smart cities etc., and focuses on the challenges in providing uninterrupted bandwidth to all IoT devices with existing infrastructure, which depends on standardized protocols and network devices to establish connection with heterogeneous IoT devices. This paper covers Enhanced Dynamic Bandwidth Techniques, protocol standards and policies in IoT network technologies to Improve QoS in IoT devices.

scholarly journals ABSAC: Attribute-Based Access Control Model Supporting Anonymous Access for Smart Cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Runnan Zhang ◽  
Gang Liu ◽  
Shancang Li ◽  
Yongheng Wei ◽  
Quan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Access Control ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Control Model ◽  
User Privacy ◽  
Access Control Models ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Attribute Based Access Control ◽  
Iot Devices

Smart cities require new access control models for Internet of Things (IoT) devices that preserve user privacy while guaranteeing scalability and efficiency. Researchers believe that anonymous access can protect the private information even if the private information is not stored in authorization organization. Many attribute-based access control (ABAC) models that support anonymous access expose the attributes of the subject to the authorization organization during the authorization process, which allows the authorization organization to obtain the attributes of the subject and infer the identity of the subject. The ABAC with anonymous access proposed in this paper called ABSAC strengthens the identity-less of ABAC by combining homomorphic attribute-based signatures (HABSs) which does not send the subject attributes to the authorization organization, reducing the risk of subject identity re-identification. It is a secure anonymous access framework. Tests show that the performance of ABSAC implementation is similar to ABAC’s performance.

scholarly journals Functional-Material-Based Touch Interfaces for Multidimensional Sensing for Interactive Displays: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuo Gao
Keyword(s):  
Smart Cities ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Circuit Complexity ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Functional Material ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
High Energy Consumption ◽  
Interactive Displays ◽  
Touch Interfaces

Multidimensional sensing is a highly desired attribute for allowing human-machine interfaces (HMIs) to perceive various types of information from both users and the environment, thus enabling the advancement of various smart electronics/applications, e.g., smartphones and smart cities. Conventional multidimensional sensing is achieved through the integration of multiple discrete sensors, which introduces issues such as high energy consumption and high circuit complexity. These disadvantages have motivated the widespread use of functional materials for detecting various stimuli at low cost with low power requirements. This work presents an overview of simply structured touch interfaces for multidimensional (x-y location, force and temperature) sensing enabled by piezoelectric, piezoresistive, triboelectric, pyroelectric and thermoelectric materials. For each technology, the mechanism of operation, state-of-the-art designs, merits, and drawbacks are investigated. At the end of the article, the author discusses the challenges limiting the successful applications of functional materials in commercial touch interfaces and corresponding development trends.

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