scholarly journals A Comprehensive Understanding of Electro-Fermentation

Fermentation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drishti Dinesh Bhagchandanii ◽  
Rishi Pramod Babu ◽  
Jayesh M. Sonawane ◽  
Namita Khanna ◽  
Soumya Pandit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Chain Elongation ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
Microbial Strains ◽  
Metabolic Reactions ◽  
Almost All

Electro-fermentation (EF) is an upcoming technology that can control the metabolism of exoelectrogenic bacteria (i.e., bacteria that transfer electrons using an extracellular mechanism). The fermenter consists of electrodes that act as sink and source for the production and movement of electrons and protons, thus generating electricity and producing valuable products. The conventional process of fermentation has several drawbacks that restrict their application and economic viability. Additionally, metabolic reactions taking place in traditional fermenters are often redox imbalanced. Almost all metabolic pathways and microbial strains have been studied, and EF can electrochemically control this. The process of EF can be used to optimize metabolic processes taking place in the fermenter by controlling the redox and pH imbalances and by stimulating carbon chain elongation or breakdown to improve the overall biomass yield and support the production of a specific product. This review briefly discusses microbe-electrode interactions, electro-fermenter designs, mixed-culture EF, and pure culture EF in industrial applications, electro methanogenesis, and the various products that could be hence generated using this process.

scholarly journals Deconstruction of Lignin: From Enzymes to Microorganisms

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2299
Author(s):  
Jéssica P. Silva ◽  
Alonso R. P. Ticona ◽  
Pedro R. V. Hamann ◽  
Betania F. Quirino ◽  
Eliane F. Noronha
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Lignocellulosic Residues ◽  
Complementary Techniques ◽  
Plant Polymer ◽  
Powerful Strategy

Lignocellulosic residues are low-cost abundant feedstocks that can be used for industrial applications. However, their recalcitrance currently makes lignocellulose use limited. In natural environments, microbial communities can completely deconstruct lignocellulose by synergistic action of a set of enzymes and proteins. Microbial degradation of lignin by fungi, important lignin degraders in nature, has been intensively studied. More recently, bacteria have also been described as able to break down lignin, and to have a central role in recycling this plant polymer. Nevertheless, bacterial deconstruction of lignin has not been fully elucidated yet. Direct analysis of environmental samples using metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteomics approaches is a powerful strategy to describe/discover enzymes, metabolic pathways, and microorganisms involved in lignin breakdown. Indeed, the use of these complementary techniques leads to a better understanding of the composition, function, and dynamics of microbial communities involved in lignin deconstruction. We focus on omics approaches and their contribution to the discovery of new enzymes and reactions that impact the development of lignin-based bioprocesses.

Anaerobic caproate production on carbon chain elongation: Effect of lactate/butyrate ratio, concentration and operation mode

2021 ◽  
Vol 329 ◽  
pp. 124893
Author(s):  
Shanbiao Xie ◽  
Jingwei Ma ◽  
Lu Li ◽  
Qiulai He ◽  
Peng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operation Mode ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Chain Elongation

Characterization in vitro of H+ secretion and H+:Na+ exchange by an organism normally inhabiting a CO2-rich environment: Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) in the rat intestine

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 2344-2354 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Podesta
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Intestinal Parasite ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Ambient Fluid ◽  
Rat Intestine ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Intracellular Ion Concentrations ◽  
Metabolic Reactions ◽  
Stimulation Of

H+ and Na+ transport by the intestinal parasite Hymenolepis diminuta were studied in vitro. The flatworms acidified the ambient fluid by secreting H+ and the acidification could not be correlated with organic acid excretion. Ambient CO2-independent H+ secretion was attributed to protons of metabolic origin: dephosphorylation reactions and ionization of organic acids within the tissues. Ambient CO2-dependent H+ secretion was attributed to protons produced as a result of the hydration of CO2 within the tissue and to the stimulation of anaerobic metabolic pathways by CO2 acting as a cosubstrate in energy metabolism. Studies in which Na+ uptake was stimulated by CO2 or glucose and inhibited by ouabain, amiloride, or Na+ replacement suggested a partial direct coupling of Na+ absorption and H+ secretion but the different activation energies and the effect of buffer anions other than HCO3− suggested an indirect interaction. Various interactions were considered, including the effect of CO2 and intracellular ion concentrations on metabolic reactions leading to the supply of protons for H+ secretion and energy for ion transport.

scholarly journals Polyamines in Microalgae: Something Borrowed, Something New

Marine Drugs ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung-Yun Lin ◽  
Han-Jia Lin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Biotechnological Applications ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Microbial Ecosystems ◽  
Polyamine Content ◽  
Synthetic Routes ◽  
Almost All

Microalgae of different evolutionary origins are typically found in rivers, lakes, and oceans, providing more than 45% of global primary production. They provide not only a food source for animals, but also affect microbial ecosystems through symbioses with microorganisms or secretion of some metabolites. Derived from amino acids, polyamines are present in almost all types of organisms, where they play important roles in maintaining physiological functions or against stress. Microalgae can produce a variety of distinct polyamines, and the polyamine content is important to meet the physiological needs of microalgae and may also affect other species in the environment. In addition, some polyamines produced by microalgae have medical or nanotechnological applications. Previous studies on several types of microalgae have indicated that the putative polyamine metabolic pathways may be as complicated as the genomes of these organisms, which contain genes originating from plants, animals, and even bacteria. There are also several novel polyamine synthetic routes in microalgae. Understanding the nature of polyamines in microalgae will not only improve our knowledge of microalgal physiology and ecological function, but also provide valuable information for biotechnological applications.

Strain construction for enhanced production of spinosad via intergeneric protoplast fusion

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 1070-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Wang ◽  
XiaoLin Zhang ◽  
Zhi Chen ◽  
Ying Wen ◽  
Yuan Song
Keyword(s):  
Protoplast Fusion ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Streptomyces Avermitilis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Saccharopolyspora Spinosa ◽  
New Class ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Microbial Strains

Spinosad is a new class of insecticides produced by Saccharopolyspora spinosa . The aim of this study was to construct a starch-utilizing strain that overproduced spinosad by intergeneric fusion between S. spinosa and Streptomyces avermitilis . Protoplast fusion is an important technique for engineering microbial strains, especially for microorganisms with few available molecular genetic tools. Protoplast fusion was conducted with UV-irradiated protoplasts of S. spinosa and S. avermitilis. Among 76 recombinants screened by ESI-MS and HPLC, a starch-utilizing strain F17, identified as S. spinosa, was obtained. The yield of spinosad in F17 was increased by 447.22%, compared with the yield of the wild-type strain. This is the first report of intergeneric protoplast fusion between S. spinosa and S. avermilitis, which shows great potential for industrial applications.

scholarly journals Study of selection and purification of Brazilian bentonite clay by elutriation: a XRF, SEM and Rietveld analysis

Cerâmica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (361) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Alves ◽  
A. E. Zanini ◽  
M. E. de Souza ◽  
M. L. F. Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Rietveld Method ◽  
Bentonite Clay ◽  
Rietveld Analysis ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Clays obtained from nature have a lot of impurities. Therefore, for best using of these materials, it is necessary its selection and purification. Thus, the aim of this work is to separate and to purify the smectite fractions using water as a solvent at a low flux mixed with a bentonite clay extracted from a mine in Vitória da Conquista - Bahia / Brazil. For this a separation method of fractions of expandable clays based on the Stokes' Law was applied - this process is called elutriation, in order to ensure and to expand possible industrial applications of this material. The samples were characterized by analysis of X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. The Rietveld method enabled the quantification of main phase minerals: montmorillonite, kaolinite, nontronite and quartz, reaching 85% in mass of montmorillonite phase at the end of the process. Results showed that the method used was efficient to remove almost all quartz, carbonates and organic matter from the sample. It was also observed a monomodal grain size distribution of elutriated materials with thinner grains, around (18.1 ± 1.8) μm at the end of the process. It has been concluded that the method developed and applied showed promising characters to be applied to elutriate kilograms of clays and could be used in industrial scale.

ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Route to Higher Sugars by Two-Carbon Chain Elongation Using Wittig/Dihydroxylation Reactions.

ChemInform ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (46) ◽  
pp. no-no
Author(s):  
Morten Joergensen ◽  
Erik H. Iversen ◽  
Robert Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Chain Elongation ◽  
Convenient Route

scholarly journals Indium-mediated allylation in carbohydrate synthesis: A short and efficient approach towards higher 2-acetamido-2-deoxy sugars

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 2230-2234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Albler ◽  
Ralph Hollaus ◽  
Hanspeter Kählig ◽  
Walther Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Methoxide ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Palladium Catalysis ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Chain Elongation ◽  
Synthetic Route ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Carbohydrate Synthesis ◽  
Trimethylsilyl Azide ◽  
Target Molecules

Higher aminosugars are interesting targets in carbohydrate synthesis since these compounds play important roles in biological systems. However, their availability from natural sources is limited. Thus, in order to investigate their biological function, the development of facile and adaptable routes to this class of compounds is of fundamental importance. Our synthetic route towards these target molecules makes use of readily accessible pentoses and hexoses, which are subjected to indium-mediated two-carbon chain elongation. Subsequent ozonolysis and treatment with base yields α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, which are stereoselectively epoxidized using Jørgenson’s protocol. After Wittig chain elongation the obtained allylic epoxides were regio- and stereoselectively opened with trimethylsilyl azide under palladium catalysis. Finally, a suitable deprotection protocol, starting with acidic acetate cleavage and ozonolysis was established. Peracetylation of the products simplifies purification and subsequent azide reduction followed by final deacetylation using methanolic sodium methoxide furnishes the title compounds.

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