scholarly journals Harvesting of Microalgae by Flocculation

Fermentation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Branyikova ◽  
Gita Prochazkova ◽  
Tomas Potocar ◽  
Zuzana Jezkova ◽  
Tomas Branyik
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Surface Charges ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Chemical Surface ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Negative Surface ◽  
Production Technologies

Due to increasing demands for microalgal biomass and products originating from microalgae, large-scale production systems are necessary. However, current microalgal production technologies are not cost-effective and are hindered by various bottlenecks, one of which is the harvesting of microalgal biomass. Cell separation is difficult because of the low sedimentation velocity of microalgae, their colloidal character with repelling negative surface charges, and low biomass concentrations in culture broths; therefore, large volumes need to be processed in order to concentrate the cells. Flocculation is considered to be one of the most suitable methods for harvesting microalgal biomass. This article provides an overview of flocculation methods suitable for microalgal harvesting, their mechanisms, advantages and drawbacks. Special attention is paid to the role of surface charge in the mechanism of flocculation. The novelty of the review lies in the interconnection between the context of technological applications and physico-chemical surface phenomena.

scholarly journals Transgenic goats producing an improved version of cetuximab in milk

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Götz Laible ◽  
Sally Cole ◽  
Brigid Brophy ◽  
Paul Maclean ◽  
Li How Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Immunogenic Epitope ◽  
Dependent Cell ◽  
Transgenic Goats

ABSTRACTTherapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent one of the most important classes of pharmaceutical proteins to treat human diseases. Most are produced in cultured mammalian cells which is expensive, limiting their availability. Goats, striking a good balance between a relatively short generation time and copious milk yield, present an alternative platform for the cost-effective, flexible, large-scale production of therapeutic mAbs. Here, we focused on cetuximab, a mAb against epidermal growth factor receptor, that is commercially produced under the brand name Erbitux and approved for anti-cancer treatments. We generated several transgenic goat lines that produce cetuximab in their milk. Two lines were selected for detailed characterization. Both showed stable genotypes and cetuximab production levels of up to 10g/L. The mAb could be readily purified and showed improved characteristics compared to Erbitux. The goat-produced cetuximab (gCetuximab) lacked a highly immunogenic epitope that is part of Erbitux. Moreover, it showed enhanced binding to CD16 and increased antibody-dependent cell-dependent cytotoxicity compared to Erbitux. This indicates that these goats produce an improved cetuximab version with the potential for enhanced effectiveness and better safety profile compared to treatments with Erbitux. In addition, our study validates transgenic goats as an excellent platform for large-scale production of therapeutic mAbs.

ChipsetT: Embedded Die Substrate Applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 000377-000397
Author(s):  
Jon G. Aday ◽  
Ted Tessier ◽  
Kazuhisa Itoi ◽  
Satoshi Okude
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Robust Solution ◽  
Sintered Metal ◽  
Design Flexibility ◽  
Fine Pitch ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Bottom Side ◽  
Board Level

Embedded die substrate technologies are being developed in an assortment of configurations and for different market segments. The technology being discussed in this paper will be focused on both a fan out technology – ChipsetT Fan-Out and a system in package approach (ChipsetT SiP) in which a multiple component bill of materials (BOM) is used. The Chipset process is based on the WABE (Wafer and Board Level Embedding) technology. WABE technology is based on co-lamination of multilayer polyimide flex wiring and conductive z-axis sintered metal interconnections. This ChipsetT Fan Out technology allows for large scale production of fan out type solutions which can allow for very thin packages in addition to unique pin out solutions such as pin compatibility for a competitor part. The ChipsetT SiP also allows embedding of single or multiple silicon die and/or components. Additional components can also be placed using conventional SMT on the top or bottom side of the package. There is a great deal of design flexibility with this technology which makes it a great solution for applications trying to reduce their x-y size or z-height. When utilizing RDL technology on the embedded die we are able to do the fine pitch routing in order to allow the substrate to route at larger pitches ensuring an overall cost effective solution. This paper will focus on the different classes of applications that have benefited from this technology and will discuss the benefits and tradeoffs of the different solutions that have been engineered. Assembly and reliability data will be presented on several of the applications showing a robust solution set.

Electro-reduction of hematite using water as the redox mediator

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaiyu Xie ◽  
Ali Reza Kamali
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Redox Mediator ◽  
Electrolytic Reduction ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Cost Effective Approach

Molten salt electrolytic reduction of Fe2O3 in the presence of water is proposed as a sustainable and cost-effective approach for large-scale production of iron.

Aluminium and Aluminium Alloy Powders for P/M Applications

2007 ◽  
Vol 534-536 ◽  
pp. 773-776
Author(s):  
R. Cook ◽  
I.T.H. Chang ◽  
C. Lucien Falticeanu
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Aluminium Alloy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Powder Particle Size ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Weight Saving ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Particle Size And Structure

P/M aluminium components are attracting interest in an increasing variety of industries due to the possibilities for weight saving in engineering parts. There are many processes for manufacturing from powder feedstocks that are either in production, becoming commercialised or still undergoing development. The nature of these processes and the required properties of the end products mean that powders of different particle size, shape, composition and microstructure must be produced. The requirements of various processes requiring aluminium and aluminium alloy powders for metal matrix composites, laser sintering, powder forging and metal injection moulding are discussed in relation to powder particle size and structure. The key requirement of the powder manufacturer is to supply cost effective materials for these different processes. This may require compromises to be made by the supplier and consumer while the techniques evolve from development to large scale production.

Plants as factories for production of biopharmaceutical and bioindustrial proteins: lessons from cell biologyThis review is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Plant Cell Biology.

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 679-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison R. Kermode
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Functional Protein ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Engineer Plant

Transgenic plants, seeds, and cultured plant cells are potentially one of the most economical systems for large-scale production of recombinant proteins for industrial and pharmaceutical uses. Biochemical, technical, and economic concerns with current production systems have generated enormous interest in developing plants as alternative production systems. However, various challenges must be met before plant systems can fully emerge as suitable, viable alternatives to current animal-based systems for large-scale production of biopharmaceuticals and other products. Aside from regulatory issues and developing efficient methods for downstream processing of recombinant proteins, there are at least two areas of challenge: (1) Can we engineer plant cells to accumulate recombinant proteins to sufficient levels? (2) Can we engineer plant cells to post-translationally modify recombinant proteins so that they are structurally and functionally similar to the native proteins? Attempts to improve the accumulation of a recombinant protein in plant cells require an appreciation of the processes of gene transcription, mRNA stability, processing, and export, and translation initiation and efficiency. Likewise, many post-translational factors must be considered, including protein stability, protein function and activity, and protein targeting. Moreover, we need to understand how the various processes leading from the gene to the functional protein are interdependent and functionally linked. Manipulation of the post-translational processing machinery of plant cells, especially that for N-linked glycosylation and glycan processing, is a challenging and exciting area. The functions of N-glycan heterogeneity and microheterogeneity, especially with respect to protein function, stability, and transport, are poorly understood and this represents an important area of cell biology.

scholarly journals An Overview of the Photocatalytic Water Splitting over Suspended Particles

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Muhammad Amtiaz Nadeem ◽  
Mohd Adnan Khan ◽  
Ahmed Abdeslam Ziani ◽  
Hicham Idriss
Keyword(s):  
Water Splitting ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Co Catalysts ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

The conversion of solar to chemical energy is one of the central processes considered in the emerging renewable energy economy. Hydrogen production from water splitting over particulate semiconductor catalysts has often been proposed as a simple and a cost-effective method for large-scale production. In this review, we summarize the basic concepts of the overall water splitting (in the absence of sacrificial agents) using particulate photocatalysts, with a focus on their synthetic methods and the role of the so-called “co-catalysts”. Then, a focus is then given on improving light absorption in which the Z-scheme concept and the overall system efficiency are discussed. A section on reactor design and cost of the overall technology is given, where the possibility of the different technologies to be deployed at a commercial scale and the considerable challenges ahead are discussed. To date, the highest reported efficiency of any of these systems is at least one order of magnitude lower than that deserving consideration for practical applications.

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