scholarly journals Mineral Soil Chemical Properties as Influenced by Long-Term Use of Prescribed Fire with Differing Frequencies in a Southeastern Coastal Plain Pine Forest

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Coates ◽  
Donald Hagan ◽  
Wallace Aust ◽  
Andrew Johnson ◽  
John Keen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Fire Frequency ◽  
Prescribed Fires ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Linear Contrasts

Recent studies suggest increased fire frequency may impair soil chemistry, but few studies have examined long-term effects of repeated, frequent prescribed fires on forest soil properties in the southeastern Coastal Plain, USA. In this study, forest soil chemistry at the 0–10 and 10–20 cm mineral soil depths of sandy surface horizons (Entisols and Spodosols) were compared among units burned 0, 4, 6, and 8 times between 2004 and 2015 and 0 and 20 times between 1978 and 2015 in a longleaf (Pinus palustris Mill.)–loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine savanna at the Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center (Georgetown, SC, USA). At the 0–10 cm soil depth, soil pH (p = 0.00), sulfur (p = 0.01), calcium (p = 0.01), iron (p < 0.01), manganese (p < 0.01), and aluminum (p = 0.02) treatment means differed (2004–2015). Calcium and manganese displayed positive, significant relationships and sulfur displayed a negative, significant relationship with increasing fire frequency (p < 0.05). However, correlation of these relationships was low (r2 ≤ 0.23). Using linear contrasts to compare the mean of all fire treatments (20 fires from 1978 to 2015) to the mean of the unburned compartment, sulfur (p = 0.01) and iron (p < 0.01) were less in soils from the burned compartments. At the 10–20 cm soil depth, soil pH (p = 0.01), manganese (p = 0.04), phosphorus (p = 0.01), potassium (p = 0.02), and iron (p < 0.01) treatment means differed (2004–2015). Potassium displayed a negative, significant relationship and soil pH displayed a positive, significant relationship with increasing fire frequency (p < 0.05). Correlation of these relationships was low (r2 ≤ 0.16), however. Using linear contrasts to compare the mean of all fire treatments (20 fires from 1978 to 2015) to the unburned compartment, potassium (p = 0.00) and iron (p < 0.01) were less in soils from burned compartments. These results are inconsistent with studies suggesting that forest soil chemistry is substantially altered by increased fire frequency and support other studies from this region that have documented minimal or temporary soil chemical changes associated with frequent prescribed fires.

scholarly journals Effects of Non-Industrial Wood Ash (NIWA) Applications on Soil Chemistry and Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum, Marsh.) Seedling Growth in an Acidic Sugar Bush in Central Ontario

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 693
Author(s):  
Holly D. Deighton ◽  
Shaun A. Watmough
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Metal Concentrations

Research Highlights: In central Ontario, large quantities of non-industrial wood ash (NIWA) are generated and could be used as a forest soil amendment to counteract soil acidification and base cation depletion caused by decades of acid deposition. Background and Objectives: The properties and biogeochemical responses of NIWA have not been thoroughly explored, and field experiments must be conducted before NIWA can be regulated as a forest soil amendment in Ontario. Materials and Methods: In this study, soil chemistry and sugar maple (Acer saccharum, Marsh.) seedling growth and chemistry were measured in an acidic sugar bush over twelve months following a NIWA field experiment. Plots (2 m by 2 m) were established with sugar maple, white pine (Pinus strobus L.), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) NIWA treatments applied at rates of 6 Mg ha−1 along with untreated control plots. Results: Ash chemistry varied significantly among species and yellow birch ash generally had much higher metal concentrations compared with other species. Following ash application, significant increases in soil pH and calcium and magnesium concentrations were observed, however the level of response varied by treatment. Foliar concentrations of base cations in sugar maple seedlings significantly increased in ash treatments and there was no significant treatment effect on foliar metal concentrations or seedling growth. In roots and shoots, concentrations of several metals (manganese, aluminum, iron, boron, arsenic, cadmium, zinc, copper, lead, chromium, and nickel) increased after ash application, however response was most pronounced in yellow birch ash. Conclusions: These results suggest that application of NIWA can counteract the lasting effects of acid rain by increasing soil pH and base cation concentrations, as well as increasing sugar maple seedling foliar nutrient concentrations, but ashes from species with high metal contents may also increase metal availability to vegetation, at least in the short-term.

Sulfur speciation, vertical distribution, and seasonal variation in a northern hardwood forest soil, U.S.A

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.R. Dhamala ◽  
M.J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forest ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Sulfur Speciation

Sulfur biogeochemistry of a northern hardwood forest soil in Bear Brook Watershed, Maine, was studied utilizing 35S in situ. The objectives of study were to characterize different S pools, their vertical distribution, and seasonal variation. Soil cores were used at the field and treated with 35SO42−. The distribution of total and C-bonded S followed a typical pattern of decreasing concentration with soil depth. More than 86% of total 35S added was retained by the soil. Most of the 35S activity was in the organic S pool (up to 73 and 20% of total 35S in C-bonded S and ester-sulfate forms, respectively) in both the forest floor and the mineral soil horizons. Ester sulfate increased with depth from 5.3 to 25.5% of total S. During the summer the relative importance of mineralization to immobilization decreased. Inorganic sulfate was the smallest S pool. However, higher specific activity and turnover rate of the inorganic 35SO42− pool than organic 35S pool indicated that S concentration and solution flux were more regulated by abiotic (adsorption and desorption) than biotic (mineralization and immobilization) processes.

scholarly journals Variability of Soil Micronutrients Concentration along the Slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathayo Mpanda Mathew ◽  
Amos E. Majule ◽  
Robert Marchant ◽  
Fergus Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Wet Chemistry ◽  
Mir Spectroscopy ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Mount Kilimanjaro ◽  
The Mean

Soil micronutrients are important elements for plant growth despite being required in small quantities. Deficiency of micronutrients can result in severe crop failure while excess levels can lead to health hazards; therefore, investigating their status in agricultural land is crucial. Fifty plots were established along an altitudinal gradient from 680 to 1696 m a.s.l. on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Soils were sampled at the top- (0–20 cm) and subsoils (21–50 cm) in four locations within each plot. Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy and wet chemistry were used for soil analysis. Results indicated that the mean concentrations of the micronutrients in the topsoil were Fe (130.4±6.9 mgkg−1), Mn (193.4±20.5 mgkg−1), Zn (2.8±0.2 mgkg−1), B (0.68±0.1 mgkg−1), and Cu (8.4±0.8 mgkg−1). Variations of the micronutrients were not statistically different by elevation (df = 41,p>0.05) and by soil depth (df = 49,p>0.05). Correlations among micronutrients were significant for FeversusMn (r=0.46,p<0.001), BversusZn (r=0.40,p=0.003), BversusCu (r=0.34,p=0.013), and CuversusZn (r=0.88,p<0.001). The correlated micronutrients implied that they were affected by similar factors. Soil pH correlated positively with B, Fe, and Mn and negatively with Cu and Zn, hence probably influencing their availability. Therefore, the need for sustaining micronutrient at sufficient levels is crucial. Management interventions may include moderating soil pH by reducing acidity through liming in the higher elevations and incorporation of organic matter in the lowlands.

scholarly journals Effective cation-exchange capacity in Finnish mineral soils

1971 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-186
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Partial Regression Coefficient ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
The Mean

Effective CEC of 230 mineral soil samples was estimated as sum of (Ca + Mg) and (AI + H) displaced by N KCI. The mean values as me/100 g of soil were, in the surface samples, 15.9 ± 2.0 in 46 clay soils, 8.9 ± 1.3 in 21 silt and loam soils, and 8.3 ± 1.1 in 39 sandy soils. In samples from the deeper layers the corresponding means were 16.3 ± 2.3 in 54 clay soils, 5.6 ± 0.9 in 21 silt and loam soils, and 2.5 ± 0.5 in 49 sandy soils. In surface samples of clay soils the mean effective CEC was about two thirds, in sandy soils of deeper layers about one third, and in all other groups about one half of the corresponding average potential CEC determined by neutral ammonium acetate. In the total material in which clay content ranged from 0 to 95%, organic C from 0.1 to 8.7 %, soil pH from 3.3 to 7.5, and oxalate soluble Al from 1.4 to 47.9 mmol/100 g, the »effective CEC» depended mostly on clay content: the partial correlation coefficient r = 0.90***, and the standard partial regression coefficient β = 0.84. The corresponding coefficients for the relationship between the »effective CEC» and the content of organic C were r = 0.55*** and β = 0.29, soil pH r = 0.35*** and β = 0.16, and oxalate soluble Al r = –0.13 and β = –0.06. The positive effect of liming on effective CEC, particularly, in coarser textured acid soils high in organic matter was emphasized.

scholarly journals Douglas fir and Norway spruce admixtures to European beech along a site gradient in Northern Germany – Are soil nutrient conditions affected?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estela Covre Foltran ◽  
Christian Ammer ◽  
Norbert Lamersdorf
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Northern Germany ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundThe establishment of economically valuable conifers into a matrix of native broadleaved tree species may serve as model systems that combine economic interests and nature conservation. However, it is not clear which effects the enrichment by conifers has on soil properties.MethodsOur study analyzed pure mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands as well as mixtures of beech with either Douglas fir or spruce along a soil and climate gradient in Northern Germany. We determined chemical soil properties of the O-horizon and upper mineral soil horizons. Soil pH, concentrations and storage of exchangeable cations, base saturation (BS) as well total P contents were analyzed.ResultsWe observed lowest pH and BS in spruce stands while beech showed higher BS. The impact of Douglas fir on soil chemistry varied depending on the site. Under Douglas fir-beech mixtures, mineral soil pH and BS were higher than under the respective Douglas-fir stands at nutrient-poor sandy soils. While spruce and its admixture deplete soil exchangeable Ca and Mg more than Douglas fir mixed with. Total soil exchangeable K under mixed stands were among the highest, independent of the site condition.ConclusionsOverall, our study suggest that the enrichment of beech stands by Douglas fir does not cause unexpected and detrimental changes of soil acidity and does not strongly affect soil exchangeable base cation reserves when compared to European beech. Instead, admixtures of Douglas-fir seem to lead to smaller changes in pH, CEC and BS than those of Norway spruce. Therefore, forest management may consider mixtures of European beech and Douglas fir as a reasonable management option without apprehending negative effects on soil chemistry.

scholarly journals Restoration of forest soils on reforested abandoned agricultural lands

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V Podrázský ◽  
I. Ulbrichová
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Adsorption Complex ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Humus Accumulation

Restoration of forest soil character after the change of agricultural land use has not been studied yet despite the large areas reforested since the late 40ies of the last century. This process takes place throughout Europe to an increasing extent at present. The reformation of forest soils was studied in the area of Česk&yacute; Rudolec town: Natural Forest Area 16 &ndash; Czech-Moravian Uplands, altitude 600&ndash;630 m a.s.l., bedrock is built of granites and gneisses, soil type is Cambisol, forest site type 5K1. The process of restoration of a new humus form was analysed in plantations of American red oak (Quercus rubra), Swedish birch (Betula pendula), European larch (Larix europea) and Norway spruce (Picea abies), the site was homogeneous. The particular tree species accumulated 12.81, 13.81, 46.57 and 44.76 t/ha of surface organic matter during the last 30&ndash;40 years, these values are typical of forest sites at lower and middle altitudes and corresponding tree species composition. The effect of broadleaved species and conifers was markedly different, in the first case pH in KCl ranged 3.8&ndash;3.9 (mineral soil) and 3.5&ndash;5.2 (holorganic horizons), being 3.5&ndash;3.8 (mineral soil) and 3.1&ndash;5.1 (holorganic layers) for the conifers. Visible effects of the particular tree species were also evident in the soil adsorption complex and in the contents of plant available and total nutrients. The results can be summarised and generalised: &ndash; the forest soil character is reformed at lower and middle altitudes in a relatively short time from the aspect of surface humus accumulation and basic soil chemistry (30&ndash;40 years), &ndash; birch exhibited the best revitalisation effect among the studied species, &ndash; American red oak and Norway spruce humus accumulation potentials were different although the soil chemistry was comparable, &ndash; Norway spruce did not show a remarkable degradation effect until now, &ndash; on the contrary, European larch appeared as a site degrading species.

scholarly journals Correlation between fundus autofluorescence and visual function in patients with cone-rod dystrophy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoru Kanda ◽  
Takumi Hara ◽  
Ryosuke Fujino ◽  
Keiko Azuma ◽  
Hirotsugu Soga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Fundus Autofluorescence ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Field Imaging

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between autofluorescence (AF) signal measured with ultra-wide field imaging and visual functions in patients with cone-rod dystrophy (CORD). A retrospective chart review was performed for CORD patients. We performed the visual field test and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) measurement and visualized retinal structures with optical coherence tomography (OCT) on the same day. Using binarised FAF images, we identified a low FAF area ratio (LFAR: low FAF/30°). Relationships between age and logMAR visual acuity (VA), central retinal thickness (CRT), central choroidal thickness (CCT), mean deviation (MD) value, and LFAR were investigated. Thirty-seven eyes of 21 CORD patients (8 men and 13 women) were enrolled. The mean patient age was 49.8 years. LogMAR VA and MD were 0.52 ± 0.47 and − 17.91 ± 10.59 dB, respectively. There was a significant relationship between logMAR VA and MD (p = 0.001). LogMAR VA significantly correlated with CRT (p = 0.006) but not with other parameters. Conversely, univariate analysis suggested a significant relationship between MD and LFAR (p = 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, LFAR was significantly associated with MD (p = 0.002). In conclusion, it is useful to measure the low FAF area in patients with CORD. The AF measurement reflects the visual field deterioration but not VA in CORD.

Soil acidity in 1970 and 1989 in a coniferous forest in southwest Finland

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Westman ◽  
S. Jauhiainen
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Water Suspension ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
Repeated Sampling

Forest soil pH in southwest Finland was measured with identical sampling and analysing methods in 1970 and 1989. The acidity of the organic humus layer increased significantly as pH values measured on water and on salt suspensions decreased between the two sampling dates. For the mineral soil layers, no unambiguous trend was found. pH values measured on salt suspension tended to be unchanged or lower, while pH on water suspension in some soil layers were even higher in 1989 than in 1970. Key words: pH, repeated sampling

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Core Stability Assessment as a Determiner of Performance in Dynamic Balance and Agility Tests.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieran McCartney ◽  
Jacky Forsyth
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Core Stability ◽  
Stability Assessment ◽  
Stability Tests ◽  
Active Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Physiological Tests ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Flexion Test

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate if tests used to assess core stability could be used to determine success in physiological tests applied to assess dynamic balance and agility for a young active population. Methods: Pearson's r correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between the core stability tests and the dynamic balance and agility tests. Evaluation of the tests was established using Cronbach's coefficient of variance as part of intra-rater reliability tests. An analysis of 18 active college aged students was conducted (males: n= 13, females: n= 5). The mean &plusmn; SD age for males was 19.2 years &plusmn; 3.22 years and for females was 19.4 years &plusmn; 1.14 years. Conclusion: The results indicate that there is no significant relationship between tests that assess core stability and tests conducted to assess dynamic balance in active young adults. With the exception of the abdominal flexion test, no significant relationship exists between the remaining core stability tests and agility T-Test. Core stability is not a determinant of balance and agility.

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