scholarly journals Restoration of forest soils on reforested abandoned agricultural lands

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V Podrázský ◽  
I. Ulbrichová
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Adsorption Complex ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Humus Accumulation

Restoration of forest soil character after the change of agricultural land use has not been studied yet despite the large areas reforested since the late 40ies of the last century. This process takes place throughout Europe to an increasing extent at present. The reformation of forest soils was studied in the area of Český Rudolec town: Natural Forest Area 16 – Czech-Moravian Uplands, altitude 600–630 m a.s.l., bedrock is built of granites and gneisses, soil type is Cambisol, forest site type 5K1. The process of restoration of a new humus form was analysed in plantations of American red oak (Quercus rubra), Swedish birch (Betula pendula), European larch (Larix europea) and Norway spruce (Picea abies), the site was homogeneous. The particular tree species accumulated 12.81, 13.81, 46.57 and 44.76 t/ha of surface organic matter during the last 30–40 years, these values are typical of forest sites at lower and middle altitudes and corresponding tree species composition. The effect of broadleaved species and conifers was markedly different, in the first case pH in KCl ranged 3.8–3.9 (mineral soil) and 3.5–5.2 (holorganic horizons), being 3.5–3.8 (mineral soil) and 3.1–5.1 (holorganic layers) for the conifers. Visible effects of the particular tree species were also evident in the soil adsorption complex and in the contents of plant available and total nutrients. The results can be summarised and generalised: – the forest soil character is reformed at lower and middle altitudes in a relatively short time from the aspect of surface humus accumulation and basic soil chemistry (30–40 years), – birch exhibited the best revitalisation effect among the studied species, – American red oak and Norway spruce humus accumulation potentials were different although the soil chemistry was comparable, – Norway spruce did not show a remarkable degradation effect until now, – on the contrary, European larch appeared as a site degrading species.

scholarly journals Green alder effects on the forest soils in higher elevations

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 38-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.V. Podrázský ◽  
I. Ulbrichová ◽  
I. Kuneš ◽  
J. Folk
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Green Alder ◽  
Humus Accumulation

Presented study documents the effects of green alder (Alnus alnobetula [Ehrh.] C. Koch) on the uppermost forest soil layers in mountain areas, respectively in the top part of the Orlické hory Mts. Three variants effect to the forest soil have been studied: pure groups of green alder, pure groups of Norway spruce and Norway spruce stand under-planted by green alder. The effect of alder stands litter influenced some basic soil characteristics: the surface humus accumulation (low), the bases content and base saturation (decreased). The green alder increased the acidification trends in the forest soils of the humus forms on the studied locality and intensified the mineralization and nutrient losses from the soil profile.

scholarly journals Mineral Soil Chemical Properties as Influenced by Long-Term Use of Prescribed Fire with Differing Frequencies in a Southeastern Coastal Plain Pine Forest

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Coates ◽  
Donald Hagan ◽  
Wallace Aust ◽  
Andrew Johnson ◽  
John Keen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Fire Frequency ◽  
Prescribed Fires ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Linear Contrasts

Recent studies suggest increased fire frequency may impair soil chemistry, but few studies have examined long-term effects of repeated, frequent prescribed fires on forest soil properties in the southeastern Coastal Plain, USA. In this study, forest soil chemistry at the 0–10 and 10–20 cm mineral soil depths of sandy surface horizons (Entisols and Spodosols) were compared among units burned 0, 4, 6, and 8 times between 2004 and 2015 and 0 and 20 times between 1978 and 2015 in a longleaf (Pinus palustris Mill.)–loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine savanna at the Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center (Georgetown, SC, USA). At the 0–10 cm soil depth, soil pH (p = 0.00), sulfur (p = 0.01), calcium (p = 0.01), iron (p < 0.01), manganese (p < 0.01), and aluminum (p = 0.02) treatment means differed (2004–2015). Calcium and manganese displayed positive, significant relationships and sulfur displayed a negative, significant relationship with increasing fire frequency (p < 0.05). However, correlation of these relationships was low (r2 ≤ 0.23). Using linear contrasts to compare the mean of all fire treatments (20 fires from 1978 to 2015) to the mean of the unburned compartment, sulfur (p = 0.01) and iron (p < 0.01) were less in soils from the burned compartments. At the 10–20 cm soil depth, soil pH (p = 0.01), manganese (p = 0.04), phosphorus (p = 0.01), potassium (p = 0.02), and iron (p < 0.01) treatment means differed (2004–2015). Potassium displayed a negative, significant relationship and soil pH displayed a positive, significant relationship with increasing fire frequency (p < 0.05). Correlation of these relationships was low (r2 ≤ 0.16), however. Using linear contrasts to compare the mean of all fire treatments (20 fires from 1978 to 2015) to the unburned compartment, potassium (p = 0.00) and iron (p < 0.01) were less in soils from burned compartments. These results are inconsistent with studies suggesting that forest soil chemistry is substantially altered by increased fire frequency and support other studies from this region that have documented minimal or temporary soil chemical changes associated with frequent prescribed fires.

scholarly journals Sequestration of Mercury in Soils under Scots Pine and Silver Fir Stands Located in the Proximity to a Roadway

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4569
Author(s):  
Piotr Gruba ◽  
Mateusz Kania ◽  
Dawid Kupka ◽  
Marcin Pietrzykowski
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
The Road ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Hg Accumulation

Forest soils are the main source of mercury (Hg) in stream water. Stocks of Hg in forest soils are related to several factors, including forest species composition. In this study, the potential source of Hg pollution was a relatively new roadway traversing forested areas. We compared Hg accumulation in soils of two coniferous species: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). The experimental plots were located near the S7 expressway in Central Poland. The stands differed in the length of time they had been exposed to Hg, because different parts of the roadway were built and opened to traffic at different times. We analyzed 480 soil samples from organic horizons (O) and the top 10 cm of mineral soil (A) sampled from six plots. The overall average Hg concentrations (irrespective of forest stand, n = 240) was 0.225 mg kg−1 in the O horizons and 0.075 mg kg−1 in the mineral horizons. The Hg concentration in the O horizons was more than three times greater in fir stands than that in pine stands. The average Hg:C ratios in the O and A horizons were 1.0 and 2.3 mg Hg kg−1 C, respectively. Our data does not clearly show the effect of road on Hg accumulation near the road. The concentrations of Hg in investigated soils adjacent to the roadway were only slightly higher than ranges reported for unpolluted areas, and no clearly affected by the vicinity of roadway. In contrast to the other reports, our data indicate a significant impact of tree species on Hg concentrations in both the O and A horizons. Moreover, the average Hg:C ratio was strongly dependent on the tree species.

scholarly journals Dynamik der Wiederbewaldung im Waldbrandgebiet von Leuk (Wallis) | Recruitment dynamics following the forest fire near Leuk (Valais)

2010 ◽  
Vol 161 (11) ◽  
pp. 450-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Wohlgemuth ◽  
Christoph Hester ◽  
Anna-Regula Jost ◽  
Ulrich Wasem ◽  
Barbara Moser
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Quercus Pubescens ◽  
European Aspen

After the intensive forest fire near Leuk, in 2003 the question arose whether and how fast the forest would regenerate. To answer this question, we observed the recolonisation by plants in the 300 ha of burned area annually from 2004 to 2008, using a set of permanently installed and systematically arranged sample plots of 200 m2 (n = 151). Five years after the fire, natural regeneration of the trees at altitudes above 1,700 m attains a density of 1,760 stems/ha, wich is comparable with results found after the forest fire in Val Müstair (Graubünden) in 1983, or after windthrow “Vivian” in 1990 in the Northern Prealps. The most frequent tree species are the pioneers, namely the European aspen (Populus tremula), large-leaved willow and goat willow (Salix appendiculata and S. caprea). Norway spruce (Picea abies) and European larch (Larix decidua) are present in small numbers. Natural regeneration is smaller at middle and lower altitudes, with roughly 1,160 stems/ha at altitudes between 1,300 and 1,700 m, and 700 stems/ha below 1,300 m. Here in many places pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens) regenerates itself with coppice shoots. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) regenerates only sparsely. By applying Ripley's K-function to triangle plots, we found that regeneration is significantly clumped in 79% of the plots having more than ten trees of at least 25 cm of height. Spatial aggregation often starts at very short distances between trees, and is observable both within and between species. Five years after the forest fire, we can confirm that forest will regenerate at all altitudes. The first forest phase will be bush forest.

scholarly journals Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus stoichiometry of organic matter in Swedish forest soils and its relationship with climate, tree species, and soil texture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Spohn ◽  
Johan Stendahl
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
P Concentration

Abstract. While the carbon (C) content of temperate and boreal forest soils is relatively well studied, much less is known about the ratios of C, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) of the soil organic matter, and the abiotic and biotic factors that shape them. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore carbon, nitrogen, and organic phosphorus (OP) contents and element ratios in temperate and boreal forest soils and their relationships with climate, dominant tree species, and soil texture. For this purpose, we studied 309 forest soils with a stand age >60 years located all over Sweden between 56° N and 68° N. The soils are a representative subsample of Swedish forest soils with a stand age >60 years that were sampled for the Swedish Forest Soil Inventory. We found that the N stock of the organic layer increased by a factor of 7.5 from −2 °C to 7.5 °C mean annual temperature (MAT), it increased almost twice as much as the organic layer stock along the MAT gradient. The increase in the N stock went along with an increase in the N : P ratio of the organic layer by a factor of 2.1 from −2 °C to 7.5 °C MAT (R2 = 0.36, p < 0.001). Forests dominated by pine had higher C : N ratios in the litter layer and mineral soil down to a depth of 65 cm than forests dominated by other tree species. Further, also the C : P ratio was increased in the pine-dominated forests compared to forests dominated by other tree species in the organic layer, but the C : OP ratio in the mineral soil was not elevated in pine forests. C, N and OP contents in the mineral soil were higher in fine-textured soils than in coarse-textured soils by a factor of 2.3, 3.5, and 4.6, respectively. Thus, the effect of texture was stronger on OP than on N and C, likely because OP adsorbs very rigidly to mineral surfaces. Further, we found, that the P and K concentrations of the organic layer were inversely related with the organic layer stock. The C and N concentrations of the mineral soil were best predicted by the combination of MAT, texture, and tree species, whereas the OP concentration was best predicted by the combination of MAT, texture and the P concentration of the parent material in the mineral soil. In the organic layer, the P concentration was best predicted by the organic layer stock. Taken together, the results show that the N : P ratio of the organic layer was most strongly related to MAT. Further, the C : N ratio was most strongly related to dominant tree species, even in the mineral subsoil. In contrast, the C : P ratio was only affected by dominant tree species in the organic layer, but the C : OP ratio in the mineral soil was hardly affected by tree species due to the strong effect of soil texture on the OP concentration.

scholarly journals Comparison of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) stem shape by means of geometrical methods

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 337-347
Author(s):  
M. Křepela ◽  
R. Petráš
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Inflection Points ◽  
Sample Test ◽  
Coniferous Tree Species ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stem Shape

In this article the stem shape is compared in three coniferous tree species: Norway spruce, Scots pine and European larch. Stem is investigated by means of geometrical methods. Simplified Bookstein coordinates (stem shape diameters) and Procrustes coordinates were used for variability investigation. The material, originating from the Czech and Slovak territories, involved in total 3,346 spruce stems, 3,082 pine stems and 1,403 larch stems. The accordance of mean stem vectors was assessed by means of Hotelling&rsquo;s T<sup>2</sup> two-sample test. For stem shape diameters and Procrustes tangent coordinates, the variability was examined using the method of principal components analysis. The three most important principal components were diagrammatized and described. The relationship between the stem shape and its size was also investigated, and inflection points of morphological stem curve were described for all three tree species.

scholarly journals Contrasting Litter Nutrient and Metal Inputs and Soil Chemistry among Five Common Eastern North American Tree Species

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 613
Author(s):  
Neil F. J. Ott ◽  
Shaun A. Watmough
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch

Forest composition has been altered throughout Eastern North America, and changes in species dominance may alter nutrient cycling patterns, influencing nutrient availability and distribution in soils. To assess whether nutrients and metals in litterfall and soil differed among sites influenced by five common Ontario tree species (balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.), white pine (Pinus strobus L.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.)), litterfall and soil chemistry were measured at a managed forest in Central Ontario, Canada. Carbon (C) and macronutrient (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)) inputs in litterfall varied significantly among sites, primarily due to differences in litterfall mass, which was greatest in deciduous-dominated sites, while differences in elemental concentrations played relatively minor roles. Trace metal inputs in litterfall also varied, with much higher zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in litterfall within yellow birch dominated stands. Mineral soil oxide composition was very similar among sites, suggesting that differences in soil chemistry were influenced by forest composition rather than parent material. Litter in deciduous-dominated stands had lower C/N, and soils were less acidic than conifer-dominated sites. Deciduous stands also had much shorter elemental residence times in the organic horizons, especially for base cations (Ca, Mg, K) compared with conifer-dominated sites, although total soil nutrient pools were relatively consistent among sites. A change from stands with greater conifer abundance to mixed hardwoods has likely led to more rapid cycling of elements in forests, particularly for base cations. These differences are apparent at small scales (100 m2) in mixed forests that characterize many forested regions in Eastern North America and elsewhere.

Tree species and earthworm effects on soil nutrient distribution and turnover in a northeastern United States common garden

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
April M. Melvin ◽  
Christine L. Goodale
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Litter Chemistry ◽  
Nutrient Distribution ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Earthworm Invasion

Differences in soil nutrients beneath different tree species are often attributed to the impacts of species-level patterns of nutrient uptake and litter chemistry. However, in naturally established forests it is difficult to isolate tree species' influence on soil development from differences in underlying soil properties that can affect tree species establishment. To discern the impacts of tree species on soil properties, we investigated how Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), red oak (Quercus rubra L.), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) influence the distribution of carbon, nitrogen, and calcium in a 67-year-old common garden. We expected these species would produce foliar litter with contrasting chemistry, resulting in corresponding variation in organic matter (OM) turnover and nutrient accumulation in soils. Instead, we found that forest floor mean residence time correlated negatively with earthworm density and did not correlate with any measurement of litter chemistry. Red oak exhibited the fastest OM turnover and highest earthworm densities and Norway spruce showed the greatest OM accumulation and fewest earthworms. These findings suggest that future changes in earthworm invasion and forest tree species composition may have strong implications for ecosystem nutrient cycling and retention.

Molybdenum at German Norway spruce sites: contents and mobility

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1034-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike Lang ◽  
Martin Kaupenjohann
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Nitrogen Turnover ◽  
Acid Forest Soils ◽  
Mineral Soils

Molybdenum plays an important role in the nitrogen turnover of ecosystems. However, very little is known about Mo availability in forest soils. We measured the oxalate-extractable Mo concentrations of acid forest soils, the Mo, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate fluxes from the organic forest floor into the mineral soil using resin tubes and the Mo concentrations of the tree needles at 28 different Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) sites in southern Germany. The supply of oxalate-extractable Mo varied from 51 to 3400 g·ha-1, with the lowest values occurring in sandstone-derived soils (370 ± 212 g·ha-1; mean ± SD). Molybdenum concentrations of current-year needles were in the range of 5 to 48 ng·g-1. The Mo needle concentrations and oxalate-extractable Mo of soils did not correlate. However, Mo fluxes (6-60 g·ha-1·a-1) from the organic forest floor into the mineral soils were correlated to needle concentrations and to the NO3 fluxes. We conclude that Mo turnover within forest ecosystems is governed by Mo plant availability of mineral soils as well as by plant Mo uptake. In addition, Mo cycling strongly affects Mo distribution within soil profiles and Mo fluxes out of the organic layer.

Variability in soil CO2 fluxes across a range of forest types and edaphic conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Walkiewicz ◽  
Piotr Bulak ◽  
Mohammad Ibrahim Khalil ◽  
Bart Kruijt ◽  
Pia Gottschalk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Silty Soil ◽  
Mature Stand ◽  
Young Forest

&lt;p&gt;Forests play a key role in the global carbon (C) balance. On the one hand, a large amount of C is sequestered in soils, and on the other hand, the forest soils are also a significant source of carbon dioxide (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;). Soil respiration includes anaerobic and aerobic microbial respiration, and root respiration which may contribute even more that half of the total soil respiration. Assessment of the contribution of forest soils to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions, in addition to C sequestration, is worth special attention in the context of increasing climate change. To address this field experiments were carried out to assess the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes of 10 different forest soil types with different tree species (deciduous, coniferous, and mixed) in Poland (using static chamber method). The highest CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions were observed for a silty soil under the youngest deciduous forest (12 y.) with a &amp;#160;daily average of 1.66 &amp;#177; 0.7 g CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; d&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. The lowest daily mean CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; flux was associated with a sandy soil in a mature stand of a predominantly coniferous forest (0.87 &amp;#177; 0.3 g CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; d&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;). Annual averages were in the range 3.21 t C ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; to 6.06 t C ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; for a mature and young forest, respectively. The main factor causing differences in CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions could have been the contribution of both trees and soil properties to hydrological conditions. The young forest was covered with trees with a lower root system forest and the young trees could have a lower demand for water resulting in a higher soil moisture content than in a mature forest soil. Different CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes could be also a result of a higher water storage capacity in silty soil in the young forest than that of a sandy soil under mature stand. In addition to water supply, the activity of soil microorganisms is also regulated by C availability which was about 30% lower in sandy soil than in silty soil. The two-yearly measurements showed seasonal variations in CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes depending on the soil type, age and tree species. Regardless of the characteristics of the forest being studied, the highest CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions occurred in the summer or spring and the lowest CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions were found &amp;#160;in winter as a result of a strong influence of temperature on the biological processes under investigation. The observed seasonality in CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission may be attributed to changes in soil moisture during the measurement periods since soil water content regulates microbial activity and gaseous diffusion. Statistical analyses, however, imply that temperature could have &amp;#160;a stronger control over CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions from the soils studied than soil moisture.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Research was conducted under the project financed by Polish National Centre for Research and Development within of ERA-NET CO-FUND ERA-GAS Programme (ERA-GAS/I/GHG-MANAGE/01/2018) &amp;#8220;GHG-Manage&amp;#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;

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