scholarly journals Effect of Gap Sizes on Specific Leaf Area and Chlorophyll Contents at the Castanopsis kawakamii Natural Reserve Forest, China

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supaporn Buajan ◽  
Jinfu Liu ◽  
Zhongsheng He ◽  
Xueping Feng
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Gap Size ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Selected Traits

The two hemispherical photographs (THP) method was used to calculate gap area. The areas of nine forest gaps were measured. Meanwhile, non-gap areas were selected as control groups with areas of 225 m2. Plots with areas of 25 m2 in five different directions within gap and non-gap areas were conducted for collecting leaf samples. To determine the effect of gap size on leaf traits the selected traits were leaf area (LA), leaf dry mass (LDM), specific leaf area (SLA), Chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), total chlorophyll (TChl), and carotenoid (CAR). Leaves were collected from the regeneration layer (<2 cm DBH, height 2–5 m) to measure the leaf traits in winter and summer seasons. Results confirmed significant positive correlations between LA and LDM in the small, medium, large gap sizes, and non-gap areas (r2 = 0.913, 0.827, 0.897, and 0.939, p < 0.01, respectively). On the contrary, relationships between LDM and SLA in the small, medium, large gap sizes, and non-gap areas have significant negative correlations (r2 = −0.269, −0.259, −0.417, and −0.505, p < 0.05, respectively). The effect of gap size on the average Chl a, Chl b, TChl, and CAR varies by the season. During the summer season, the highest chlorophyll contents were recorded in the small gap size and the lowest in the non-gap area, while during the winter season, the highest values of these chlorophyll contents appeared in the medium gap size. Moreover, the directions within the gap in the medium gap size of the summer season had an effect on the Chl a and TChl.

scholarly journals Effects of microhabitat on leaf traits in Digitalis grandiflora L. (Veronicaceae) growing at forest edge and interior

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 615-627
Author(s):  
J. Kołodziejek
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Forest Interior ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Shade Leaves

The morphological, anatomical and biochemical traits of the leaves of yellow foxglove (Digitalis grandiflora Mill.) from two microhabitats, forest interior (full shade under oak canopy) and forest edge (half shade near shrubs), were studied. The microhabitats differed in the mean levels of available light, but did not differ in soil moisture. The mean level of light in the forest edge microhabitat was significantly higher than in the forest interior. Multivariate ANOVA was used to test the effects of microhabitat. Comparison of the available light with soil moisture revealed that both factors significantly influenced the morphological and anatomical variables of D. grandiflora. Leaf area, mass, leaf mass per area (LMA), surface area per unit dry mass (SLA), density and thickness varied greatly between leaves exposed to different light regimes. Leaves that developed in the shade were larger and thinner and had a greater SLA than those that developed in the half shade. In contrast, at higher light irradiances, at the forest edge, leaves tended to be thicker, with higher LMA and density. Stomatal density was higher in the half-shade leaves than in the full-shade ones. LMA was correlated with leaf area and mass and to a lesser extent with thickness and density in the forest edge microsite. The considerable variations in leaf density and thickness recorded here confirm the very high variation in cell size and amounts of structural tissue within species. The leaf plasticity index (PI) was the highest for the morphological leaf traits as compared to the anatomical and biochemical ones. The nitrogen content was higher in the ?half-shade leaves? than in the ?shade leaves?. Denser leaves corresponded to lower nitrogen (N) contents. The leaves of plants from the forest edge had more potassium (K) than leaves of plants from the forest interior on an area basis but not on a dry mass basis; the reverse was true for phosphorus.

Foliage height influences specific leaf area of three conifer species

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D Marshall ◽  
Robert A Monserud
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Northern Idaho

Specific leaf area (SLA), the ratio of projected leaf area to leaf dry mass, is a critical parameter in many forest process models. SLA describes the efficiency with which the leaf captures light relative to the biomass invested in the leaf. It increases from top to bottom of a canopy, but it is unclear why. We sampled stands with low and elevated canopies (young and old stands) to determine whether SLA is related to water potential, as inferred from branch height and length, or shade, as inferred from branch position relative to the rest of the canopy, or both. We studied western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws.), and interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca) in northern Idaho. SLA decreased with branch height (P < 0.0001) at rates that varied among species (P < 0.0001). Branch length had no influence on SLA (P = 0.85). We detected no differences with canopy elevation (P = 0.90), but the slopes of lines relating SLA to branch height may have differed between the canopy elevation classes (P = 0.039). The results are consistent with predictions based on the hypothesis that SLA decreases as the gravitational component of water potential falls. The lack of a strong shading effect simplifies the estimation of canopy SLA for process models, requiring only species and branch heights.

scholarly journals Seasonal leaf dimorphism in Potentilla argentea L. var. tenuiloba (Jord.) Sw. (Rosaceae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremi Kołodziejek ◽  
Sława Glińska ◽  
Sylwia Michlewska
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Leaf Mass Area ◽  
Seasonal Dimorphism ◽  
Leaf Density ◽  
Dissection Index

AbstractA pattern of seasonal changes in the morphological and anatomical leaf traits is reported for Potentilla argentea L. var. tenuiloba (Jord.) Sw. of temperate-climate areas in central Poland. Leaf area, perimeter, dry mass and lamina thickness were measured in summer and autumn leaves of the same individuals. Dissection index, density and specific leaf area were calculated. Significant differences were obtained between summer and autumn leaves obtained from the same individuals. The shapes of leaves of the P. argentea plants varied in the extent of incisions between teeth and the number of teeth on the margins. Fully expanded autumn leaves were larger in weight and area than summer leaves. The autumn leaves had lower leaf mass area and density than the summer leaves. Leaves were covered by considerably more trichomes in summer than in autumn. Anatomical leaf structure also changed with the season. The summer leaves were thick, with a lower number of chloroplasts in the cells of the compact mesophyll. Autumn leaves are thinner, with loose mesophyll. Chloroplasts from the two seasonal types of leaves differ on account of starch grain and plastoglobule content. The large variations in leaf density and thickness recorded here confirm great differences in cell size and amounts of structural tissue within species. Seasonal dimorphism of leaves may result from seasonal drought or from seasonality in leaf production, leaf fall or incoming solar radiation. Within this new context of seasonal leaf dimorphism, P. argentea can still be distinguished by the absence of deeply divided leaflets on late-formed leaves. The results confirmed the presence of several morpho- anatomical leaf traits of P. argentea that allow the species to adapt to environmental seasonal conditions.

scholarly journals Feasibility in Estimating the Dry Leaf Mass and Specific Leaf Area of 50 Bamboo Species Based on Nondestructive Measurements

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1554
Author(s):  
Yongjin Du ◽  
Weiliang Fan ◽  
Jun Wu ◽  
Mengxiang Zheng ◽  
Leixin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Bamboo Species ◽  
Aboveground Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Empirical Relationships ◽  
Nondestructive Measurements

Specific leaf area (SLA) is a good predictor of aboveground net primary productivity. However, the SLA of bamboo species is generally estimated on the basis of destructive measurements rather than the cost-effective and recyclable nondestructive measurements using easily accessible leaf traits such as leaf length (L) and width (W). Considering the strong empirical relationships between leaf area (LA) and leaf structural parameters of bamboo species that were developed by previous studies, this study explores the feasibility of estimating the leaf dry mass (LDM) and SLA of 50 bamboo species using L and W. The results show that the Montgomery equation and its similar forms precisely estimated LA of the 50 bamboo species at both leaf scale (R2 > 0.96 and MAE% < 4.67%) and the canopy scale (R2 > 0.99 and RMSE < 0.09); the LDM of the 50 bamboo species could also be estimated using L and W at both leaf scale (R2 > 0.52 and MAE% < 26.35%) and the canopy scale (R2 > 0.99 and RMSE < 0.003), and the estimated mean SLA of each of the 50 bamboo species had good agreement with the measured values (R2 > 0.99 and RMSE < 1.88) because of the precisely estimated mean LA and mean LDM at the canopy scale, indicating the feasibility of estimating SLA of the 50 bamboo species at the canopy scale based on nondestructive measurements. However, the empirical relationships used for mean SLA estimations are not suitable for SLA estimations at the leaf scale because of the uncertainties in the estimated LDM at the leaf scale.

scholarly journals Photosynthetic Photon Flux, Photoperiod, and CO2 Concentration Affect Growth and Morphology of Lettuce Plug Transplants

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 988-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Kitaya ◽  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Toyoki Kozai ◽  
Maki Ohashi
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
R Ratio ◽  
Four Levels

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Summer-green) plug transplants were grown for 3 weeks under 16 combinations of four levels (100, 150, 200, and 300 μmol·m-2·s-1) of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), two photoperiods (16 and 24 h), and two levels of CO2 (400 and 800 μmol·mol-1) in growth chambers maintained at an air temperature of 20 ±2 °C. As PPF increased, dry mass (DM), percent DM, and leaf number increased, while ratio of shoot to root dry mass (S/R), ratio of leaf length to leaf width (LL/LW), specific leaf area, and hypocotyl length decreased. At the same PPF, DM was increased by 25% to 100% and 10% to 100% with extended photoperiod and elevated CO2 concentration, respectively. Dry mass, percent DM, and leaf number increased linearly with daily light integral (DLI, the product of PPF and photoperiod), while S/R, specific leaf area, LL/LW and hypocotyl length decreased as DLI increased under each CO2 concentration. Hypocotyl length was influenced by PPF and photoperiod, but not by CO2 concentration. Leaf morphology, which can be reflected by LL/LW, was substantially influenced by PPF at 100 to 200 μmol·m-2·s-1, but not at 200 to 300 μmol·m-2·s-1. At the same DLI, the longer photoperiod promoted growth under the low CO2 concentration, but not under the high CO2 concentration. Longer photoperiod and/or higher CO2 concentration compensated for a low PPF.

scholarly journals Leaf morphoanatomy traits in white grapevine cultivars with distinct geographical origin

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-101
Author(s):  
Generosa Teixeira ◽  
Ana Monteiro ◽  
Cristina Santos ◽  
Carlos M. Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Single Leaf ◽  
Leaf Density ◽  
Cuticle Thickness

This study aims to compare the leaf morphoanatomical characteristics of sevenVitis viniferasubsp.viniferawhite cultivars with different geographical origin, grown side by side at the same “terroir”. The leaf morphoanatomical traits analyzed under light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed large variability among genotypes. Significant differences between cultivars were observed in single leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf density and in the thickness of cuticle, upper and lower epidermal cells and mesophyll. Leaf dry mass per area presented a significant positive correlation with leaf density but showed no correlation with leaf thickness, results that can be explained by the quite different mesophyll structure, epidermal cells and cuticle thickness. ‘Alvarinho’, ‘Encruzado’, ‘Macabeu’ and ‘Viosinho’ were the cultivars with the highest thickness of cuticle and mesophyll tissues. Under SEM magnification three types of stomata were identified: sunken, at the same level and raised above, with the same level type presenting the higher percentage in all cultivars. Stomata density presented significant differences between cultivars, with ‘Macabeu’ showing the highest value and ‘Alvarinho’ and ‘Arinto’ the lowest ones. The hairs on the lower surface presented a similar woolly aspect in all cultivars. Calcium oxalate crystals, raphids and druses were visible and widely distributed in the parenchyma tissues. The observed differences in leaf traits among genotypes suggest a major role of leaf anatomy in determining grapevine capacity for coping with different environmental conditions.

Specific leaf area and needle weight of Norway spruce (Piceaabies) in stands of different densities

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hager ◽  
H. Sterba
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Regression Function ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Needle Age ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
A Minor

During an investigation on the effects of differing stand densities on biomass distribution, owing to thinning in 17-year-old Norway spruce stands, specific leaf area (SLA) and 100-needle dry mass were measured for three diameter at breast height (DBH) classes, five canopy sections, and two needle age-classes. Mean SLA was found to be 50 ± 17 cm2/g. High correlation of SLA and 100-needle dry mass with DBH, crown position, and needle age was found. Older needles had a lower mean SLA than the current years needles, while they did not differ significantly in their 100-needles dry mass. Thinning proved to be a minor factor for foliage variability, since DBH, which is dependent upon thinning and the trees competitive status, explained a major part of variation in leaf morphology. A third-degree polynomial regression function could be developed to predict SLA from 100-needle dry mass. This function shows wide validity. It applies to all DBH classes and crown sections. It also shows good fit for older trees from totally different sites. To predict the total leaf area of a crown stratum, only the dry mass of 100 needles and the total needle biomass of the stratum must be known.

scholarly journals Nutritional status and specific leaf area of mahogany and tonka bean under two light environments

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Francisco de C. Gonçalves ◽  
Gil Vieira ◽  
Ricardo A. Marenco ◽  
João Baptista S. Ferraz ◽  
Ulysses Moreira dos Santos Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Swietenia Macrophylla ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Successional Species ◽  
Sun Leaves

Studies on nutritional status and leaf traits were carried out in two tropical tree species Swietenia macrophylla King (mahogany) and Dipetryx odorata Aubl. Willd. (tonka bean) planted under contrasting light environments in Presidente Figueiredo-AM, Brazil. Leaves of S. macrophylla and D. odorata were collected in three year-old trees grown under full sunlight (about 2000 µmol m-2 s-1) and natural shade under a closed canopy of Balsa-wood plantation (Ochroma pyramidale Cav. Ex. Lam.Urb) about 260 µmol m-2 s-1. The parameters analysed were leaf area (LA), leaf dry mass (LDM), specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf nutrient contents. It was observed that, S. macrophylla leaves grown under full sunlight showed LA 35% lower than those grown under shade. In D. odorata leaves these differences in LA were not observed. In addition, it was observed that S. macrophylla shade leaves, for LDM, were 50% smaller than sun leaves, while in D. odorata, there differences were not observed. SLA in S. macrophylla presented that sun leaves were three times smaller than those grown under shade. In D. odorata, no differences were observed. Nutrient contents in S. macrophylla, regardless of their light environments, showed higher contents for P and Ca than those found in D. odorata. The N, K, Fe and Mn contents in S. macrophylla leaves decreased under shade. Finally, we suggest that the decreasing in leaf nutrient contents may have a negative influence on leaf growth. The results demonstrated that the tested hypothesis is true for leaf traits, which D. odorata, late-successional species, showed lower plasticity for leaf traits than Swietenia macrophylla, mid-successional species.

scholarly journals (54) Response of Betulanigra `BNMTF' to Foliar and Drench Applications of Nickel

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 996B-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Nickel Sulfate ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Mouse Ear

Mouse ear disorder on container-grown river birch (Betulanigra L.) is a national problem caused by a deficiency of nickel. Symptomatic plants have leaves which are small, wrinkled, darker green, cupped, and have necrotic margins. Research showed that mouse ear could be cured by applications of nickel sulfate (Ruter, 2004). Further research was needed to determine optimal rates of application for sprays and drenches and to determine if phytotoxicity occurs at high rates. A study was initiated at a nursery in South Georgia on 25 June 2003, using river birch in their second growing season in #15 containers. Plants were selected for uniformity of mouse ear disorder. Treatments included a control, urea (0.24 g·L-1) + surfactant (1.0 mL·L-1), 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg·L-1 nickel sulfate sprays, and substrate drenches applied at 150 and 300 mg of Ni/pot. After 30 days, all plants treated with nickel sulfate had 100% normal growth, except the 150 mg of Ni/pot drench, which had 79% of the canopy showing normal growth. No phytotoxicity was noted. Plants receiving foliar sprays had a 66% to 72% increase in leaf area, a 64% to 68% increase in leaf dry mass, a 31% to 44% increase in stem length, and a 9% to 17% increase in specific leaf area compared to nontreated plants. Drench treatments increased leaf area up to 62%, leaf dry mass to 55% and stem length up to 29% over control plants. Nickel in the foliage of nontreated plants was 2.3 mg·kg-1. For the spray treatments, foliar Ni ranged from 5.5 mg·kg-1 for the 250 mg·L-1 treatment to 9.3 mg·kg-1 for the 1000 mg·L-1 treatment. Though plants at the high rate of drench treatment resumed normal growth, foliar Ni levels were not different from control plants. In general, if plants were treated with Ni, then foliar B, Fe, and Zn decreased.

Anatomical variation in juvenile eucalypt leaves accounts for differences in specific leaf area and CO2 assimilation rates

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine A. Sefton ◽  
Kelvin Montagu ◽  
Brian J. Atwell ◽  
Jann P. Conroy
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Anatomical Variation ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Leaf Structure ◽  
High Investment ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Palisade Cells

Specific leaf area (SLA) is an important leaf attribute representing a compromise between the capture of light and CO2 and the limitations imposed by leaf structure, herbivore resistance and the mitigation of water loss. We examined three Eucalyptus L'Her. species to determine whether variation in CO2 assimilation rate was related to SLA and leaf anatomy. Seedlings were grown in a naturally illuminated glasshouse with adequate water and nutrients. Light-saturated rates of photosynthesis were measured on the youngest fully expanded leaves. Mesophyll characteristics were measured from sections thick of the interveinal leaf lamina. Significant interspecies variation in SLA corresponded to clear trends in anatomy and photosynthesis. Low-SLA leaves were thicker, having increased thickness of palisade mesophyll because of a greater number of palisade layers. E. occidentalis, E.camaldulensis and E. grandis had 3.7, 2.0 and 1.0 layers of palisade cells which corresponded to an SLA of 14.8, 17.6 and 21.8 m2 kg-1, respectively. High investment of dry mass in photosynthetic tissue was associated with higher leaf N (area and mass) concentration, chlorophyll concentration and photosynthetic capacity per leaf area. Leaf morphology affected use of the resources N, water and CO2. In contrast to the thin leaves of E. grandis, thick leaves of E. occidentalis had low N-use efficiency and high instantaneous water-use efficiency. Differences in leaf structure of these species appear to reflect the most limiting resource experienced in the environments to which they have adapted.

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