scholarly journals Cone-Bearing Branches of Pinus koraiensis Are Not Carbon Autonomous during Cone Development

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1257
Author(s):  
Haibo Wu ◽  
Dongsheng Yin ◽  
Roberto Luis Salomón ◽  
Jesús Rodríguez-Calcerrada ◽  
Jianying Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Reproductive Physiology ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
13C Pulse Labeling ◽  
Cone Development ◽  
Branch Biomass ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
Shed Light

Cone development in conifer species is crucial to ensure sexual regeneration. A better understanding of carbon (C) source-sink relations at the branch level can guide strategies for improving resource allocation to reproduction. In particular, the evaluation of C relations between vegetative and reproductive branches is helpful to test whether tree branches are carbon autonomous. With this aim, we integrated girdling and defoliation treatments with 13C pulse labeling in situ to evaluate C autonomy in cone-bearing branches of P. koraiensis during the growing season. Girdling significantly reduced branch volumetric development, branch biomass, and non-structural carbohydrates across foliar, twig, and cone tissues; it also arrested cone development. Defoliation effects on these variables were minor, although they tended to increase with defoliation intensity. In addition, 13C increased by 4.5% and 45.4% after 4 h and 24 h of 13C labeling in unlabeled cone-bearing branches, respectively, indicating the C translocation from labeled vegetative branches. These results indicate that the cone-bearing branches are not C autonomous and that the development of female cones relies to a great extent on C import from neighboring branches. However, the amount of C translocated was largely dependent on manipulative alterations of the source-sink balance, thereby denoting extensive plasticity in the degree of branch C autonomy. These results shed light on the reproductive physiology of P. koraiensis.

scholarly journals A thin, deformable, high-performance supercapacitor implant that can be biodegraded and bioabsorbed within an animal body

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. eabe3097
Author(s):  
Hongwei Sheng ◽  
Jingjing Zhou ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Yuhang He ◽  
Xuetao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Form Factors ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Medical Electronics ◽  
Thin Structure ◽  
Shed Light

It has been an outstanding challenge to achieve implantable energy modules that are mechanically soft (compatible with soft organs and tissues), have compact form factors, and are biodegradable (present for a desired time frame to power biodegradable, implantable medical electronics). Here, we present a fully biodegradable and bioabsorbable high-performance supercapacitor implant, which is lightweight and has a thin structure, mechanical flexibility, tunable degradation duration, and biocompatibility. The supercapacitor with a high areal capacitance (112.5 mF cm−2 at 1 mA cm−2) and energy density (15.64 μWh cm−2) uses two-dimensional, amorphous molybdenum oxide (MoOx) flakes as electrodes, which are grown in situ on water-soluble Mo foil using a green electrochemical strategy. Biodegradation behaviors and biocompatibility of the associated materials and the supercapacitor implant are systematically studied. Demonstrations of a supercapacitor implant that powers several electronic devices and that is completely degraded after implantation and absorbed in rat body shed light on its potential uses.

scholarly journals The merger-driven evolution of massive early-type galaxies

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (S359) ◽  
pp. 62-66
Author(s):  
Carlo Cannarozzo ◽  
Carlo Nipoti ◽  
Alessandro Sonnenfeld ◽  
Alexie Leauthaud ◽  
Song Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Velocity ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Velocity Dispersion ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Scaling Relations ◽  
Early Type ◽  
History Of ◽  
Kinematic Properties ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractThe evolution of the structural and kinematic properties of early-type galaxies (ETGs), their scaling relations, as well as their stellar metallicity and age contain precious information on the assembly history of these systems. We present results on the evolution of the stellar mass-velocity dispersion relation of ETGs, focusing in particular on the effects of some selection criteria used to define ETGs. We also try to shed light on the role that in-situ and ex-situ stellar populations have in massive ETGs, providing a possible explanation of the observed metallicity distributions.

EFFECTS OF GROWING SEASON SOIL TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE, AND NH4-N ON SOIL NITROGEN

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
D. W. STEWART ◽  
W. NICHOLAICHUK ◽  
V. O. BIEDERBECK
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Soil N ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Diurnal Patterns ◽  
Multiple Regression Technique ◽  
Time Required

Wood Mountain loam was wetted with water or (NH4)2SO4 solution to provide a factorial combination among three moisture and three NH4-N levels. Samples in polyethylene bags were incubated at 2.5-cm depths in fallow, and in an incubator that simulated the diurnal patterns of temperature fluctuation recorded in the field. During the growing season, treatments were sampled regularly for moisture, NO3− and exchangeable NH4-N. Similar determinations were made on in situ samples taken in fallow Wood Mountain loam. The incubator simulated the effects of growing season temperatures on soil N transformations satisfactorily. Pronounced increases or decreases in temperature led to flushes in N mineralization. However, in the 1972 growing season, temperature was suboptimal and temperature changes were generally small. Consequently, when a stepwise multiple regression technique was used to analyze the data, neither ammonification nor nitrification showed a quantitative relationship to temperature. Comparison of the nitrification occurring in laboratory-incubated soils with that occurring in situ led to the conclusion that 70 to 90% of the NO3-N produced in surface soil resulted from wetting and drying. Estimates of potentially ammonifiable soil N(No) and its rate of mineralization (k) were derived from cumulative ammonification by assuming that the laws of first-order kinetics were applicable. In the 10, 15, and 20% moisture treatments the average No was 27, 41, and 82 ppm, respectively. Under the conditions of this study, the time required to mineralize half of No was about 7 wk.

scholarly journals In Situ SEM Observation of Structured Si/C Anodes Reactions in an Ionic-Liquid-Based Lithium-Ion Battery

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huifeng Shi ◽  
Xianqiang Liu ◽  
Rui Wu ◽  
Yijing Zheng ◽  
Yonghe Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Composite Electrodes ◽  
Charge Capacity ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
3D Electrode ◽  
Large Charge ◽  
Scanning Electron

In situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) offers a good way to investigate the structural evolution during lithiation and delithiation processes. In this paper, the dynamical morphological evolution of 3D-line-structured/unstructured Si/C composite electrodes was observed by in situ SEM. The investigation revealed the microstructural origin of large charge capacity for 3D-line-structured anodes. Based on this proposed mechanism, a coarse optimization of 3D-line-structured anodes was proposed. These results shed light on the unique advantages of using an in situ SEM technique when studying realistic bulk batteries and designing 3D electrode structures.

Distillation in a boreal mossy forest floor

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
T J Carleton ◽  
K M.M Dunham
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Organic Layers ◽  
Dry Down ◽  
Microclimate Monitoring ◽  
Capillary Wicking

The feathermoss-dominated floor of coniferous boreal forests can experience midsummer drought. From ecophysiological studies, based on single shoots, it is unclear how the live moss carpet can survive such stress. External capillary wicking from the lowest, moist organic layers is one possibility. Another is evaporation from the same source followed by condensation on the upper, live moss shoots (distillation). A laboratory wicking experiment showed that, under ideal conditions, much of the organic forest floor profile can be supplied with moisture by capillarity from below. However, the uppermost live moss shoots could not be hydrated by this mechanism. In contrast, a gravimetric field experiment indicated nocturnal mass gain by turves of live moss shoots, placed in situ on the forest floor, during dry-down conditions. For turf treatments with an underlying vapour barrier, no such mass gain was evident. Turf treatments with a vapour barrier on top were little different from controls. It is concluded that nocturnal distillation occurs during all summer dry-downs and that this is likely to ensure moss shoot survival during diurnal periods of drought stress. Limited microclimate monitoring indicated that nocturnal cooling at the forest floor surface was sufficient to bring the moss shoot surfaces to the dew point and to reverse the daytime temperature gradient through the organic forest floor profile. This appears to be most noticeable late in the growing season when the lowermost organic layers have progressively warmed throughout the summer.

Diurnal gross photosynthetic patterns and potential seasonal CO2 assimilation in Cladonia stellaris and Cladonia rangiferina

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Moser ◽  
Thomas H. Nash III ◽  
Steven O. Link
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Summer Rain ◽  
Cladonia Rangiferina

The daily, in situ gross photosynthetic patterns of Cladonia stellaris (Opiz.) Pouz. & Vězda. and Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Wigg. were monitored during portions of the 1977, 1978, and 1979 growing seasons at Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska. Photosynthetic activity in both species closely paralleled atmospheric moisture status, where peak photosynthetic rates were attained during or following sporadic summer rain. In addition, thallus absorption of moisture during extended periods of high atmospheric water vapor content gave rise to short periods of minimal photosynthetic activity. During late evening and early morning hours moistened thalli exhibited minimal or no photosynthetic activity, coinciding with consistent attenuation in solar radiation during these periods. Photosynthetic activity was not homogeneous throughout the thallus. The greatest activity occurred in the apical regions and decreased progressively into the basal regions. The apical 10-mm regions of C. stellaris and C. rangiferina thalli accounted for approximately 50% of their photosynthetic capabilities. The potential gross CO2 assimilation of the apical 10-mm regions over 72 days of the 1978 growing season was estimated at approximately 35 g CO2∙m−2 and 16 g CO2∙m−2 for C. stellaris and C. rangiferina, respectively.

scholarly journals In Situ Observations Reveal How Spectral Reflectance Responds to Growing Season Phenology of an Open Evergreen Forest in Alaska

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Kobayashi ◽  
Shin Nagai ◽  
Yongwon Kim ◽  
Wei Yang ◽  
Kyoko Ikeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Reflectance ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Evergreen Forest ◽  
In Situ Observations

Stimulation of Nitrate Uptake and Photosynthesis by Molybdenum in Castle Lake, California

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Axler ◽  
R. M. Gersberg ◽  
C. R. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Uptake ◽  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Euphotic Zone ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Early Portion ◽  
Rate Of Photosynthesis ◽  
Castle Lake ◽  
Stimulation Of

The uptake rates of 15NO3 and 14CO2 by the natural phytoplankton community at Castle Lake, California, were measured in situ as responses to 5 μg∙L−1 additions of molybdenum. Stimulation of both nitrate uptake and photosynthesis occurred in water samples containing only relatively high amounts of nitrate. This response to added molybdenum disappeared as the growing season progressed and nitrate was depleted in the euphotic zone. Although molybdenum stimulated nitrate uptake by 55% in water collected from the lower euphotic zone, it did not increase the rate of CO2 uptake because at that depth the rate of photosynthesis was most limited by light intensity and not by nitrogen. An analysis of molybdenum bioassays from 1959 to 1963 is integrated with these findings and points to the importance of molybdenum for phytoplankton growth during the early portion of the growing season when nitrate concentrations in the euphotic zone are maximal.Key words: molybdenum, nitrate, nitrate uptake, micronutrient bioassays

A Sentinel-1 based European crop parcel map using 2018 in-situ LUCAS Copernicus observations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verhegghen Astrid ◽  
d'Andrimont Raphaël ◽  
Lemoine Guido ◽  
Strobl Peter ◽  
van der Velde Marijn
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
European Union ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Soft Wheat ◽  
High Quality ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Crop Type

<p>Efficient near-real time and wall-to-wall land monitoring is now possible with unprecedented detail because of the fleet of Copernicus Sentinel satellites. This remote sensing paradigm is the consequence of the freely accessible, global, Copernicus data, combined with affordable cloud computing. However, to translate this capacity in accurate products, and to truly benefit from the high spatial detail (~10m) and temporal resolution (~5 days in constellation) of the Sentinels 1 and 2, high quality and timely in-situ data remains crucial. Robust operational monitoring systems are in need of both training and validation data. </p><p>Here, we demonstrate the potential of Sentinel 1 observations and complementary high-quality in-situ data to generate a crop type map at continental scale. In 2018, the Land Cover and Land Use Area frame Survey (LUCAS) carried out in the European Union contained a specific Copernicus module corresponding to 93.091 polygons surveyed in-situ. In contrast to the usual LUCAS point observation, the Copernicus protocol provides data on the extent of homogeneous land cover for a maximum size of 100 x 100 m, making it meaningful for remote sensing applications. After filtering the polygons to retrieve only high quality sample, a sample was selected to explore the accuracy of crop type maps at different moments of the 2018 growing season over Europe. The time series of 10 days VV and VH were classified using Random Forest models. The crops that were mapped correspond to the 13 major crops in Europe and are those that are monitored and forecast by the JRC MARS activities (soft wheat, maize, rapeseed, barley, potatoes, ...). Overall, reasonable accuracies were obtained (~80%). Although no a priori parcel delineation was used, it was encouraging to observe the relative homogeneity of pixel classification results within the same parcel. In the context of forecasting, we specifically assessed at what time in the growing season accuracies moved beyond a set threshold for the different crops. This ranged from May for winter crops such as soft wheat, and September for summer crops such as maize. </p><p>Our results contribute to the discussion regarding the usefulness, benefits, as well as weaknesses, of the newly acquired LUCAS Copernicus data. Doing so, this study demonstrates the potential of in-situ surveys such as LUCAS Copernicus module  specifically targeted for Earth Observation applications. Future improvements to the LUCAS Copernicus survey methodology are suggested. Importantly, now that LUCAS has been postponed to 2022, and aligned with the Copernicus space program, we advocate for a European Union wide systematic and representative in-situ sample campaign relevant for Earth Observation applications, beyond the traditional LUCAS survey. </p>

scholarly journals Modelling of growing season methane fluxes in a high-Arctic wet tundra ecosystem 1997–2010 using in situ and high-resolution satellite data

Tellus B ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 19722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torbern Tagesson ◽  
Mikhail Mastepanov ◽  
Meelis Mölder ◽  
Mikkel P. Tamstorf ◽  
Lars Eklundh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Tundra Ecosystem ◽  
Methane Fluxes
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