scholarly journals What Happens to Wood after a Tree Is Attacked by a Bark Beetle?

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1163
Author(s):  
Štěpán Hýsek ◽  
Radim Löwe ◽  
Marek Turčáni
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Tree Bark ◽  
Decay Fungi

Advancing climate change is affecting the health and vitality of forests in many parts of the world. Europe is currently facing spruce bark beetle outbreaks, which are most often caused by wind disturbances, hot summers, or lack of rainfall and are having a massive economic impact on the forestry sector. The aim of this research article was to summarize current scientific knowledge about the structure and physical and mechanical properties of wood from bark beetle-attacked trees. Spruce stands are attacked by a number of beetles, of which Ips typographus is the most common and widespread in Central Europe. When attacking a tree, bark beetles introduce ophiostomatoid fungi into the tree, which then have a greater effect on the properties of the wood than the beetles themselves. Fungal hyphae grow through the lumina of wood cells and spread between individual cells through pits. Both white rot and brown rot fungi are associated with enzymatic degradation of lignin or holocellulose, which is subsequently reflected in the change of the physical and mechanical properties of wood. Wood-decay fungi that colonize wood after infestation of a tree with bark beetles can cause significant changes in the structure and properties of the wood, and these changes are predominantly negative, in the form of reducing modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, discolouration, or, over time, weight loss. In certain specific examples, a reduction in energy consumption for the production of wood particles from beetle-attacked trees, or an increase in surface free energy due to wood infestation by staining fungi in order to achieve better adhesion of paints or glues, can be evaluated positively.

scholarly journals The Impact of Paraffin-Thermal Modification of Beech Wood on Its Biological, Physical and Mechanical Properties

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ladislav Reinprecht ◽  
Miroslav Repák
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
European Beech ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Poria Placenta ◽  
The Impact

The European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood was thermally modified in the presence of paraffin at the temperatures of 190 or 210 °C for 1, 2, 3 or 4 h. A significant increase in its resistance to the brown-rot fungus Poria placenta (by 71.4%–98.4%) and the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor (by 50.1%–99.5%) was observed as a result of all modification modes. However, an increase in the resistance of beech wood surfaces to the mold Aspergillus niger was achieved only under more severe modification regimes taking 4 h at 190 or 210 °C. Water resistance of paraffin-thermally modified beech wood improved—soaking reduced by 30.2%–35.8% and volume swelling by 26.8%–62.9% after 336 h of exposure in water. On the contrary, its mechanical properties worsened—impact bending strength decreased by 17.8%–48.3% and Brinell hardness by 2.4%–63.9%.

Variation in germination percentage of basidiospores collected successively from wood decay fungi in culture

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Schmidt ◽  
D. W. French
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

Successive collections of basidiospores, produced in culture from the same hymenial areas of four species of wood decay fungi, were tested for spore germination percentage on malt extract agar under controlled conditions. Spores from white rot fungi retained high germination levels after 5 weeks of spore production, but germination averages for brown rot fungi decreased by more than 50%. Such variation should be considered in wood pathology research using spore germination bioassay.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome and Secretome Analysis of Wood Decay Fungi Postia placenta and Phanerochaete chrysosporium

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 3599-3610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber Vanden Wymelenberg ◽  
Jill Gaskell ◽  
Michael Mozuch ◽  
Grzegorz Sabat ◽  
John Ralph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phanerochaete Chrysosporium ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Glycosyl Hydrolases ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

ABSTRACT Cellulose degradation by brown rot fungi, such as Postia placenta, is poorly understood relative to the phylogenetically related white rot basidiomycete, Phanerochaete chrysosporium. To elucidate the number, structure, and regulation of genes involved in lignocellulosic cell wall attack, secretome and transcriptome analyses were performed on both wood decay fungi cultured for 5 days in media containing ball-milled aspen or glucose as the sole carbon source. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), a total of 67 and 79 proteins were identified in the extracellular fluids of P. placenta and P. chrysosporium cultures, respectively. Viewed together with transcript profiles, P. chrysosporium employs an array of extracellular glycosyl hydrolases to simultaneously attack cellulose and hemicelluloses. In contrast, under these same conditions, P. placenta secretes an array of hemicellulases but few potential cellulases. The two species display distinct expression patterns for oxidoreductase-encoding genes. In P. placenta, these patterns are consistent with an extracellular Fenton system and include the upregulation of genes involved in iron acquisition, in the synthesis of low-molecular-weight quinones, and possibly in redox cycling reactions.

Decay susceptibility of Amazon wood species from Brazil against white rot and brown rot decay fungi 10th EWLP, Stockholm, Sweden, August 25–28, 2008

Holzforschung ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Silveira Carneiro ◽  
Luciano Emmert ◽  
Gerson H. Sternadt ◽  
Julio César Mendes ◽  
Getúlio F. Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Pycnoporus Sanguineus ◽  
Hymenaea Courbaril ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Resistant Species

Abstract A total of 28 tropical Amazon woods – many of them rarely used – from Tapajós National Forest, Pará state, Brazil, were tested for their natural resistance against the decay fungi: Ganoderma applanatum, Trametes versicolor, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Meruliporia incrassata, and Gloeophyllum trabeum. The wood resistance classification was made according to the ASTM D 2017-81 method. High variability on susceptibility to wood decay fungi was found. Their mean weight losses varied from 0.6% to 45.6%. Highly resistant species include: Astronium gracile, Bagassa guianensis, Caryocar villosum, Claricia racemosa, Diplotropis purpurea, Dipteryx odorata, Hymenaea courbaril, Manilkara huberi, Mezilaurus itauba, Sextonia rubra, Tabebuia incana, and Vatairea paraensis. The following wood species are less durable: Brosimum parinarioides, Jacaranda copaia, Laetia procera, Pouteria pachycarpa, Virola caducifolia, and Trattinnickia rhoifolia. Meruliporia incrassata caused extensive weight losses in most of the investigated Amazon wood species.

scholarly journals A METHOD FOR EVALUATING ERGOSTEROL CONTENT IN WOOD-DECAY FUNGI

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Garrido Pinheiro ◽  
Nadia Helena Bianchini ◽  
Alana Silveira Pavlack ◽  
Marlove Fátima Brião Muniz ◽  
Victor Dos Santos Barboza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Uv Spectrophotometry ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar Medium ◽  
Ergosterol Content ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Antifungal Action ◽  
Wet Weight

ABSTRACT Ergosterol is responsible for important functions in the fungal plasma membrane. The influence of fungitoxic agents on membrane ergosterol content is one of the most important mechanisms of antifungal action and its knowledge allows the generation of products that associate active compounds of different mechanisms, consequently improving the effectiveness of wood preservatives. Therefore, this study optimized a method for quantifying ergosterol in wood-decay fungi. The white-rot species selected were Ganoderma applanatum and Trametes versicolor, while the brown-rot were Gloeophyllum trabeum and Lentinus lepideus. Mycelial discs of each species were transferred to Petri dishes containing a cellophane-covered potato-dextrose-agar medium. Mycelia of each fungus were collected, weighed, and transferred to test tubes with 5 mL of 25% alcoholic potassium hydroxide. The tubes were vortexed for 5 min, subjected to ultrasound for 5 min, incubated at 85 °C for 4 h, followed by the addition of 2 mL of sterile distilled water and 5 mL of n-heptane and subsequent ultrasound shaking for 2 min. The n-heptane layer was analyzed by UV spectrophotometry between 230 and 300 ηm. The blank sample only contained n-heptane. The mycelia wet weight of the fungi ranged from 0.061 to 0.296 g. Ergosterol content was 0.007% for Lentinus lepideus and 0.004% for the other species. The absorbance was higher than the ones observed in the blank for all samples. The adapted method was efficient for ergosterol extraction.

High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of soluble and total oxalate in Ca- and Mg-amended liquid cultures of three wood decay fungi

Holzforschung ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 682-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan S. Schilling ◽  
Jody Jellison
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Medium Components ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

AbstractTwo brown-rot wood decay fungi,Fomitopsis pinicolaandMeruliporia incrassata, and the white-rot speciesPhanerochaete chrysosporiumwere grown for 4 weeks in liquid culture at 0.35, 0.70, 1.05, and 5.00 mM calcium (Ca) and 1.35 and 2.70 mM magnesium (Mg) concentrations. Soluble and total oxalate levels were quantified using a revised ion-exchange HPLC protocol developed specifically for resolving oxalate and other organic acid anions from medium components. Total oxalate concentrations in brown-rot filtrate were not significantly different among treatments; however, soluble oxalate decreased significantly with increasing Ca concentration. Higher Mg concentrations increased soluble oxalate levels only slightly. There was a significant decrease in medium pH at 5.00 mM Ca for all species, as well as an apparent increase in decarboxylation activity in brown-rot fungi. Total and soluble oxalate levels in the white-rot cultures were generally below detection for all treatments. The results show a significant influence of Ca on soluble oxalate concentrations not seen previously in the brown-rot speciesPostia placenta.

scholarly journals Detection and Identification of Decay Fungi in Spruce Wood by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Amplified Genes Encoding rRNA

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 4725-4734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia A. Jasalavich ◽  
Andrea Ostrofsky ◽  
Jody Jellison
Keyword(s):  
Fragment Length ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length

ABSTRACT We have developed a DNA-based assay to reliably detect brown rot and white rot fungi in wood at different stages of decay. DNA, isolated by a series of CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) and organic extractions, was amplified by the PCR using published universal primers and basidiomycete-specific primers derived from ribosomal DNA sequences. We surveyed 14 species of wood-decaying basidiomycetes (brown-rot and white-rot fungi), as well as 25 species of wood-inhabiting ascomycetes (pathogens, endophytes, and saprophytes). DNA was isolated from pure cultures of these fungi and also from spruce wood blocks colonized by individual isolates of wood decay basidiomycetes or wood-inhabiting ascomycetes. The primer pair ITS1-F (specific for higher fungi) and ITS4 (universal primer) amplified the internal transcribed spacer region from both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes from both pure culture and wood, as expected. The primer pair ITS1-F (specific for higher fungi) and ITS4-B (specific for basidiomycetes) was shown to reliably detect the presence of wood decay basidiomycetes in both pure culture and wood; ascomycetes were not detected by this primer pair. We detected the presence of decay fungi in wood by PCR before measurable weight loss had occurred to the wood. Basidiomycetes were identified to the species level by restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the internal transcribed spacer region.

scholarly journals DECAY RESISTANCE, DIMENSIONAL STABILITY AND MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF POPLAR WOOD MODIFIED WITH PLANT-DERIVED COMPOUNDS

Wood Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-568
Author(s):  
JIAPENG WANG ◽  
ZHENJU BI ◽  
ZHANGJING CHEN ◽  
LI YAN ◽  
YAFANG LEI
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Color Change ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Weight Percentage

The cinnamaldehyde, salicylic acid, stearolic acid and citric acid were plant-derived organic compounds that can be activated to fungi, that could degrade the wood in long term. The compounds with concentrations of 3%, 5% and 7% assisted by different dispersants were impregnated into poplar (Populus nigra L.) specimens by the vacuum-pressure method. After that, weight percentage gain (WPG), decay resistance against white-rot fungi (Trametes versicolor) and brown-rot fungi (Gloeophyllum trabeum), color change, dimensional stability and mechanical properties including modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) were measured. The results indicated that cinnamaldehyde impregnated poplar showed antifungi activity against both G. trabeumand T. versicolor, and citric acid impregnated poplar showed antifungi activity against G. trabeum. The color of poplar specimens before and after impregnated cinnamaldehyde and citric acid had a little change, dimensional stability had been improved and mechanical properties especially for MOR increased significantly.

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