scholarly journals Carbon and Oxygen Gas Exchange in Woody Debris: The Process and Climate-Related Drivers

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1156
Author(s):  
Victor A. Mukhin ◽  
Daria K. Diyarova ◽  
Mikhail L. Gitarskiy ◽  
Dmitry G. Zamolodchikov
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Biotic Factor ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Oxygen Gas

The carbon-to-oxygen relationship and gas exchange balance, organic carbon to CO2 conversion intensity and efficiency, and their relevance to climate parameters and wood decay fungi were investigated for birch woody debris (WD) in the Mid-Urals mixed pine and birch forests. It was shown that, within the range of temperatures from 10 to 40 °C and relative moisture (RM) of wood of 40% and 70%, aerobic gas exchange was observed in the WD, encompassing the physiologically entwined processes of CO2 emission and O2 uptake. Their volumetric ratio (0.9) confirmed that (1) the WD represents a globally significant CO2 source and appropriate O2 consumer and (2) the oxidative conversion of organic carbon is highly efficient in the WD, with an average ratio of CO2 released to O2 consumed equal to 90%. The balance of carbon-to-oxygen gas exchange and oxidizing conversion efficiency in the WD were not affected by either fungal species tested or by moisture or temperature. However, the intensity of gas exchange was unique for each wood decay fungi, and it could be treated as a climate-reliant parameter driven by temperature (Q10 = 2.0–2.1) and moisture (the latter induced a corresponding trend and value changes in CO2 emission and O2 uptake). Depending on the direction and degree of the change in temperature and moisture, their combined effect on the intensity of gas exchange led to its strengthening or weakening; otherwise, it was stabilized. Aerobic respiration of wood decay Basidiomycetes is an essential prerequisite and the major biotic factor in the WD gas exchange, while moisture and temperature are its climatic controllers only.

scholarly journals Characterizing the Assemblage of Wood-Decay Fungi in the Forests of Northwest Arkansas

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
Nawaf Alshammari ◽  
Fuad Ameen ◽  
Muneera D. F. AlKahtani ◽  
Steven Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Northwest Arkansas ◽  
Decaying Wood

The study reported herein represents an effort to characterize the wood-decay fungi associated with three study areas representative of the forest ecosystems found in northwest Arkansas. In addition to specimens collected in the field, small pieces of coarse woody debris (usually dead branches) were collected from the three study areas, returned to the laboratory, and placed in plastic incubation chambers to which water was added. Fruiting bodies of fungi appearing in these chambers over a period of several months were collected and processed in the same manner as specimens associated with decaying wood in the field. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA region was sequenced, and these sequences were blasted against the NCBI database. A total of 320 different fungal taxa were recorded, the majority of which could be identified to species. Two hundred thirteen taxa were recorded as field collections, and 68 taxa were recorded from the incubation chambers. Thirty-nine sequences could be recorded only as unidentified taxa. Collectively, the specimens of fungi collected in the forests of northwest Arkansas belong to 64 and 128 families and genera, respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of Soil Moisture Content on the Survival of Ganoderma Species and Other Wood-Inhabiting Fungi

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
pp. 1201-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
TunTschu Chang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Chlamydospore Formation ◽  
Over Time

The survival of mycelia of Ganoderma australe, G. boninense, G. lucidum, and G. weberianum in colonized wood was measured in soils with different soil matrix potentials. Survival of mycelia of G. australe and G. boninense, which do not produce chlamydospores, buried in plots subjected to different soil moisture treatments, declined rapidly, and the fungi could not be recovered after 9 to 12 weeks. Survival of mycelia of G. lucidum and G. weberianum, which produce chlamydospores, rapidly declined from 0 to 15 weeks of incubation but consistently ranged from 35 to 50% after 15 weeks of incubation. In regression analyses for each of the four Ganoderma species, there was no difference in the rate of change of mycelial survival over time among different soil moisture treatments. However, when data from only the -0.20 MPa treatment were used, the rates of change of mycelia survival over time of G. australe and G. boninense significantly differed from those of G. lucidum and G. weberianum. G. australe and G. boninense were not recovered from pieces of infested wood subjected to 3 and 1 months of flooding, respectively. In treatments with lower soil moisture, the survival of these two fungi ranged from 80 to 90% over 2 years. In all soil moisture treatments, survival of G. lucidum and G. weberianum ranged from 80% to more than 90% over 2 years. Similarly, seven species of other wood-inhabiting fungi that do not produce chlamydospores were not recovered from pieces of infested wood subjected to 1 or 5 months of flooding, but chlamydospore-producing species were recovered. These results indicate that, regardless of chlamydospore formation, woody debris in soils harboring wood-decay fungi may be important for long-term survival, and chlamydospores of Ganoderma in woody debris enhance the resistance of the fungi to environmental stresses such as flooding. Flooding infested fields may help control those woodinhabiting fungi such as G. australe and G. boninense that do not produce chlamydospores.

Growth inhibition of wood-decay fungi by lignin-related aromatic compounds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cédric Cabral Almada ◽  
Mathilde Montibus ◽  
Frédérique Ham-Pichavant ◽  
Sandra Tapin-Lingua ◽  
Gilles Labat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

Aliphatic acids as spore germination inhibitors of wood-decay fungi in vitro

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmer L. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Aliphatic Acids ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

Influences of eight saturated aliphatic acids (C5–C10, C12, and C16) on basidiospores of four isolates of wood-decay fungi (Poria tenuis and Trametes hispida, white rot fungi, and two isolates of the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum) were observed in vitro. Spore responses after 24 h on malt extract agar containing 10, 102 or 103 ppm of each acid included normal germination, delay of germ tube emergence, vacuolation and degeneration of spore cytoplasm, and prevention of germ tube development without spore destruction. Acids of chain length C5–C10 prevented spore germination and killed spores of all fungi at concentrations of 20–50 ppm in media, whereas other acids tested were less active. Spore germination assay of decay fungi may prove useful as a screening tool to compare potency of wood preservatives.

The role of wood decay fungi in the carbon and nitrogen dynamics of the forest floor

2009 ◽  
pp. 151-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Watkinson ◽  
Dan Bebber ◽  
Peter Darrah ◽  
Mark Fricker ◽  
Monika Tlalka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Nitrogen Dynamics ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen Dynamics

Bioconversion of Heptachlor Epoxide by Wood-Decay Fungi and Detection of Metabolites

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Fei Xiao ◽  
Toshio Mori ◽  
Ryuichiro Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Heptachlor Epoxide ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Epoxide Ring ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Phlebia Brevispora

Although heptachlor epoxide is one of the most persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that cause serious environmental problems, there is very limited information of the biodegradation of heptachlor epoxide by microorganisms, and no systematic study on the metabolic products and pathway of endrin by microorganisms has been conducted. Wood-decay fungi can degrade a wide spectrum of recalcitrant organopollutants, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In this study, 18 wood-decay fungi strains of genus Phlebia were investigated for their ability to degrade heptachlor epoxide, and Phlebia acanthocystis, Phlebia brevispora, Phlebia lindtneri and Phlebia aurea removed about 16, 16, 22 and 25% of heptachlor epoxide, respectively, after 14 days of incubation. Heptachlor diol and 1-hydroxy-2,3-epoxychlordene were detected in these fungal cultures as metabolites by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS), suggesting that the hydrolysis reaction in the epoxide ring and substitution of chlorine atom with hydroxyl group in C1 position occur in bioconversion of heptachlor epoxide by selected wood-decay fungi, respectively. This is the first report describing the metabolites of heptachlor epoxide by microorganisms.

scholarly journals Host-exclusivity and host-recurrence by wood decay fungi (Basidiomycota - Agaricomycetes) in Brazilian mangroves

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 566-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgea S. Nogueira-Melo ◽  
Paulo J. P. Santos ◽  
Tatiana B. Gibertoni
Keyword(s):  
Wood Decay ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

scholarly journals Leaf extracts of Casearia sylvestris and Casearia decandra affect growth and production of ligninolytic enzymes in wood decay basidiomycetes

Hoehnea ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 575-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiara Siqueira Bento ◽  
Luce Maria Brandão Torres ◽  
Mauricio Batista Fialho ◽  
Vera Lúcia Ramos Bononi
Keyword(s):  
Wood Decay ◽  
Ligninolytic Enzymes ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Pycnoporus Sanguineus ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Tropical Flora ◽  
Casearia Sylvestris

ABSTRACT White-rot basidiomycetes are able to deteriorate wood products and be pathogenic to living trees, requiring, thus requiring control. The tropical flora is an important source of eco-friendly antifungal compounds; however, the knowledge on how leaf extracts affect the fungal physiology is limited. Therefore, in the present work we investigated the influence of ethanolic leaf extracts of Casearia sylvestris and C. decandra at 0.1 mg mL-1 on the production of ligninolytic enzymes by Trametes villosa, Ganoderma australe and Pycnoporus sanguineus. Overall, the extracts inhibited the mycelial growth and the production of biomass. Additionally, C. sylvestris extract reduced the production of manganese peroxidase and laccase; however, the exposure to C. decandra extract resulted in variable responses. Therefore, enzymes related to lignin degradation are potential targets to control wood decay fungi by plant bioactive compounds, as their ability to colonize the substrate may be impaired.

scholarly journals Genomic and Transcriptomic Insight of Giant Sclerotium Formation of Wood-Decay Fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuo Cao ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Guiqi Bi ◽  
David Nelson ◽  
Sheng Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Polysaccharides ◽  
Partial Genome ◽  
Sclerotium Formation

Many fungi form persistent and dormant sclerotia with compact hardened mycelia during unfavorable circumstances. While most of these sclerotia are small in size, Wolfiporia cocos, a wood-decay fungus, grows into giant sclerotia, which are mainly composed of polysaccharides of linear (1→3)-β-D-glucans. To explore the underlying mechanism of converting sophisticated wood polysaccharides for biosynthesis of highly homogenized glucans in W. cocos, we sequenced and assembled the genome of a cultivated W. cocos strain (WCLT) in China. The 62-Mb haploid genome contains 44.2% repeat sequences, of which, 48.0% are transposable elements (TEs). Contrary to the genome of W. cocos from North America, WCLT has independently undergone a partial genome duplication (PGD) event. The large-scale TE insertion and PGD occurrence overlapped with an archeological Pleistocene stage of low oxygen and high temperature, and these stresses might have induced the differences in sclerotium due to geographical distribution. The wood decomposition enzymes, as well as sclerotium-regulator kinases, aquaporins, and highly expanded gene families such as NAD-related families, together with actively expressed 1,3-β-glucan synthase for sclerotium polysaccharides, all have contributed to the sclerotium formation and expansion. This study shall inspire further exploration on how fungi convert wood into simple glucans in the sclerotium of W. cocos.

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