scholarly journals Methods for Measuring Frost Tolerance of Conifers: A Systematic Map

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1094
Author(s):  
Anastasia-Ainhoa Atucha Zamkova ◽  
Katherine A. Steele ◽  
Andrew R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Field Observation ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Systematic Map ◽  
Observation Study ◽  
Measuring Techniques ◽  
Artificial Freezing ◽  
Thawing Rate

Frost tolerance is the ability of plants to withstand freezing temperatures without unrecoverable damage. Measuring frost tolerance involves various steps, each of which will vary depending on the objectives of the study. This systematic map takes an overall view of the literature that uses frost tolerance measuring techniques in gymnosperms, focusing mainly on conifers. Many different techniques have been used for testing, and there has been little change in methodology since 2000. The gold standard remains the field observation study, which, due to its cost, is frequently substituted by other techniques. Closed enclosure freezing tests (all non-field freezing tests) are done using various types of equipment for inducing artificial freezing. An examination of the literature indicates that several factors have to be controlled in order to measure frost tolerance in a manner similar to observation in a field study. Equipment that allows controlling the freezing rate, frost exposure time and thawing rate would obtain results closer to field studies. Other important factors in study design are the number of test temperatures used, the range of temperatures selected and the decrements between the temperatures, which should be selected based on expected frost tolerance of the tissue and species.

Effects of Trust and Threat Messaging on Academic Cheating: A Field Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762097751
Author(s):  
Li Zhao ◽  
Jiaxin Zheng ◽  
Haiying Mao ◽  
Xinyi Yu ◽  
Jiacheng Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Academic Integrity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Academic Cheating ◽  
College Classrooms

Morality-based interventions designed to promote academic integrity are being used by educational institutions around the world. Although many such approaches have a strong theoretical foundation and are supported by laboratory-based evidence, they often have not been subjected to rigorous empirical evaluation in real-world contexts. In a naturalistic field study ( N = 296), we evaluated a recent research-inspired classroom innovation in which students are told, just prior to taking an unproctored exam, that they are trusted to act with integrity. Four university classes were assigned to a proctored exam or one of three types of unproctored exam. Students who took unproctored exams cheated significantly more, which suggests that it may be premature to implement this approach in college classrooms. These findings point to the importance of conducting ecologically valid and well-controlled field studies that translate psychological theory into practice when introducing large-scale educational reforms.

scholarly journals Comparison of different Parameters of Heart Rate Frequency of Tasks Performed during Aircraft Open-Basket Ground Deicing Activities

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Landau K
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Evaluation Measure ◽  
Cardiac Cost ◽  
Working Heart

Plane deicing is mandatory to insure safe plane take-off. Previous human factors studies have shown that open-basket deicing activity can be improved. The objective of the paper is to compare heart rate assessment models within a field study with numerous influencing variables and small sample size as well as to deepen our understanding of the most demanding openbasket tasks using cardiac output. A field study in a Canadian centered plane deicing facility was conducted in 2016-2017. 12 participants contributed to a thorough description and analysis of open-basket deicing activities. Respiratory and cardiac output of these participants was collected using Hexoskin vests. Working heart rate, heart rate reserves as well as calculations of absolute cardiac cost were done. Working heart rate (WHR), Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) and Absolute Cardiac Cost (ACC) do not behave uniformly for the majority of participants. In field studies with a large number of influencing variables on the heart rate, it is usually not sufficient to consider one single evaluation measure like WHR. In the interest of protecting employees, it seems to make sense to use the more cautious measures HRR or ACC as parameters instead of WHR. Superimposed activities (e.g. forced postures and dynamic use of upper body) have a significant effect on heart rate increases. In 8 out of 11 cases we have fatigue-related increases in heart rate over the observation period. Similar studies need to be conducted in other aircraft deicing facilities.

scholarly journals Dispositional Mindfulness in Daily Life: A Naturalistic Observation Study

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna M Kaplan ◽  
Charles Raison ◽  
Anne Milek ◽  
Allison Mary Tackman ◽  
Thaddeus Pace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Trait Mindfulness ◽  
Dispositional Mindfulness ◽  
Naturalistic Observation ◽  
Observation Study ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
Life Study ◽  
Prosocial Orientation

Mindfulness has seen an extraordinary rise as a scientific construct, yet surprisingly little is known about how it manifests behaviorally in daily life. The present study identifies assumptions regarding how mindfulness relates to behavior and contrasts them against actual behavioral manifestations of trait mindfulness in daily life. Study 1 (N = 427) shows that mindfulness is assumed to relate to emotional positivity, quality social interactions, prosocial orientation and attention to sensory perceptions. In Study 2, 185 participants completed a gold-standard, self-reported mindfulness measure (the FFMQ) and underwent naturalistic observation sampling to assess their daily behaviors. Trait mindfulness was robustly related to a heightened perceptual focus in conversations. However, it was not related to behavioral and speech markers of emotional positivity, quality social interactions, or prosocial orientation. These findings suggest that the subjective and self-reported experience of being mindful in daily life is expressed primarily through sharpened perceptual attention, rather than through other behavioral or social differences. This highlights the need for ecological models of how dispositional mindfulness “works” in daily life, and raises questions about the measurement of mindfulness.

scholarly journals The watching eyes effect on charitable donation is boosted by fewer people in the vicinity

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
Ryo Oda ◽  
Ryota Ichihashi
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Prosocial Behaviors ◽  
Charitable Donation ◽  
Charitable Donations ◽  
Large Groups

Previous field experiments have found that artificial surveillance cues facilitated prosocial behaviors such as charitable donations and littering. Several previous field studies found that the artificial surveillance cue effect was stronger when few individuals were in the vicinity; however, others reported that the effect was stronger in large groups of people. Here, we report the results of a field study examining the effect of an artificial surveillance cue (stylized eyes) on charitable giving. Three collection boxes were placed in different locations around an izakaya (a Japanese-style tavern) for 84 days. The amount donated was counted each experimental day, and the izakaya staff provided the number of patrons who visited each day. We found that the effect of the stylized eyes was more salient when fewer patrons were in the izakaya. Our findings suggest that the effect of the artificial surveillance cue is similar to that of “real” cues and that the effect on charitable giving may weaken when people habituate to being watched by “real” eyes. 

A field study on the biology of the underground grass caterpillar, Oncopera Fasciculata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), in South Australia.

1954 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Madge
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Light Stimulus ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Surface Growth ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Lower South

This paper describes field studies on the biology and behaviour of Oncopera fasciculata (Walker), an important insect pest of improved pastures in the lower south-east of South Australia and the central and western districts of Victoria. Moths fly at dusk during September-October and mate mainly on upright grasses during these flights. The onset of flights seems to be related to a light stimulus but no correlation could be found from the data collected. Eggs are laid on the ground under pasture, where the female shelters at night and during the day; most eggs are laid within 24 hr after mating. Larvae appear in from 3 to 5 wk and live for a short while in communities at the surface of the ground under silken webbing before building individual vertical tunnels in the soil. Larvae emerge from their tunnels along silken runways to feed on surface growth. Annual grasses and clovers are more susceptible to attack than perennials. Feeding continues from October to July and visible damage appears about May, depending upon seasonal conditions. Prepupae appear in July and pucae during July-September.

scholarly journals Tobacco pack display at hospitality venues after the introduction of standardised tobacco packaging in New Zealand: a field observation study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e027868
Author(s):  
Johanna Nee-Nee ◽  
Kirsty Sutherland ◽  
Rebecca Holland ◽  
Miriam Wilson ◽  
Samuel Ackland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Field Observation ◽  
Central City ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Front Face ◽  
Observation Study ◽  
Active Smoker ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Social Display ◽  
Tobacco Packaging

ObjectivesIn March 2018, New Zealand (NZ) introduced standardised tobacco packaging that also featured new pictorial warnings, with implementation completed by early June 2018. We evaluated how the new packaging affected tobacco pack displays in outdoor areas of hospitality venues.DesignBefore-and-after descriptive field observation study.SettingCentral city area of the capital city of NZ (Wellington).ParticipantsObservations of people smoking and tobacco packs were made at 56 hospitality venues with outdoor tables (2422 separate venue observations), after the introduction of standardised tobacco packaging. Comparisons were made with a prior study in the same setting, from a time when tobacco packaging still featured brand imagery.ResultsA total of 8191 patrons, 1113 active smokers and 889 packs and pouches (522 of known orientation) were observed over 2422 venue observations. There were 0.80 visible packs per active smoker in 2018, compared with 1.26 in 2014 (risk ratio (RR)=0.64, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.67, p<0.0001). The new packs in 2018 were also less likely to be displayed face-up, compared with packs in 2014, which had brand imagery on the front face (RR=0.77, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.83, p<0.0001). Pack and pouch display (RR=3.09 in 2014 and 3.10 in 2018) and active smoking (RR=3.16 in 2014 compared with 3.32 in 2018) were higher at venues without children present, compared with venues with children present (this finding was consistent over time).ConclusionsThe reduction in the number of visible packs per active smoker, along with the reduction in face-up positioning of packs, suggests that smokers found the new standardised packs less attractive. Countries introducing standardised packaging should consider evaluating social display of tobacco packaging.

Growth, Reproductive Potential, and Control Strategies for Deeproot Sedge (Cyperus entrerianus)

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles T. Bryson ◽  
Richard Carter
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
And Control ◽  
Achene Production

Greenhouse, growth chamber, and field studies were conducted at Stoneville, MS, in 2000 to 2008, to determine the growth rate, reproductive and overwintering potential, and control of deeproot sedge. In growth chamber studies, deeproot sedge growth rate (ht) and plant dry wt were greatest at 25/35 C (night/day temperatures), when compared with regimes of 5/15, 15/25, and 20/30 C. Based on the average number of scales (fruiting sites per spikelet), spikelets per inflorescence, and culms per plant, deeproot sedge reproductive potential was 2.6-, 6.2-, and 17.4-fold greater than Surinam, green, and knob sedges, respectively. A single deeproot sedge plant produced an average of 85,500 achenes annually. Mowing at 15-cm ht weekly prevented achene production but did not kill deeproot sedge plants. The average number of inflorescences produced on mowed plants was 1.2 to 4 times greater in 2- and 1-yr-old deeproot sedge plants, respectively, when compared with unmowed plants. Mature deeproot sedge achenes were produced between monthly mowings. In a 3-yr field study, glyphosate, glufosinate, hexazinone, and MSMA provided more than 85% control of deeproot sedge, and above the soil, live deeproot sedge plant dry wt was reduced by 50, 64, 68, 72, 86, and 93% by dicamba, halosulfuron-methyl, MSMA, hexazinone, glufosinate, and glyphosate, respectively. All (100%) deeproot sedge plants 1 yr old or older overwintered at Stoneville, MS, at 33°N latitude.

scholarly journals Environmental factors determining growth of salamander larvae: A field study

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Limongi ◽  
Gentile Francesco Ficetola ◽  
Giuseppe Romeo ◽  
Raoul Manenti
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Biotic Factors ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Fire Salamander ◽  
Salamander Larvae

Abstract Larval growth and survival of organisms are strongly influenced by abiotic and biotic factors, as demonstrated by experimental studies performed under controlled laboratory or semi-natural conditions. Even if they have many advantages, experiments cannot cover the full complexity of natural conditions and field studies are needed for a better understanding of how environmental variation determines growth and development rate. Fire salamander Salamandra salamandra females give birth to larvae in a variety of habitats, both epigean and subterranean. In caves, salamander larvae successfully grow and metamorphose, but their growth is more than three times longer than in epigean streams and factors determining these differences require investigation. We performed a field study to understand the factors related to the growth of fire salamander larvae in different environmental conditions, evaluating the relationship between environmental features and larval growth and differences between caves and epigean spring habitats. Both caves and epigean larvae successfully grew. Capture-mark-recapture allowed to individually track individuals along their whole development, and measure their performance. Growth rate was significantly affected by environmental variables: larvae grew faster in environments with abundant invertebrates and few conspecifics. Taking into account the effect of environmental variables, larval growth was significantly lower in caves. Food availability plays a different effect in the two environments. Larval growth was positively related to the availability of invertebrates in epigean sites only. The development rate of hypogeous populations of salamanders is slower because of multiple parameters, but biotic factors play a much stronger role than the abiotic ones.

The Effects of VDT Location on User Posture and Comfort: A Field Study

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 871-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennie P. Psihogios ◽  
Carolyn M. Sommerich ◽  
Gary A. Mirka ◽  
Sam D. Moon
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Laboratory Study ◽  
Head Tilt ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Computer Users ◽  
Viewing Angle ◽  
Large Screen ◽  
Primary Focus

A month-long field study was conducted to determine effects of large-screen VDT placement on user posture, comfort, and preference and to assess recommendations from a laboratory study. Viewing angles of 0 deg and -17.5 deg to center of screen were tested. Results showed effects of monitor placement on head tilt, but not on trunk postures. Total discomfort was greater at 0 deg. At the conclusion of the study, 8 participants elected to work with their monitors in the 0 deg location, 5 chose −17.5 deg, and one preferred a location midway between. For most subjects, these selections did not coincide with total reported discomfort. Together, findings from the laboratory and field studies suggest that computer users, whose primary focus is the monitor, be provided the flexibility to place the VDT in locations of their own choosing, within a viewing angle envelope of 0 to −17.5 deg.

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