scholarly journals Photodegradation of Unmodified and Thermally Modified Wood Due to Indoor Lighting

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1060
Author(s):  
Dace Cirule ◽  
Edgars Kuka ◽  
Matiss Kevers ◽  
Ingeborga Andersone ◽  
Bruno Andersons
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Window Glass ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Ftir Spectra ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Sufficient Energy ◽  
Thermally Modified Wood ◽  
Photo Stability ◽  
Indoor Lighting ◽  
Soluble Components

Considering interior applications, sunlight, both direct through open window and through window glass, and artificial lighting are the main sources of radiation possessing sufficient energy to trigger photodegradation processes in wood. LED lamps, which emit mostly visible light, are becoming the dominant artificial light source in various interiors. In the present study, photodegradation of thermally modified (TM) and unmodified (UM) ash (Fraxinus excelsior), aspen (Populus tremula), and pine (Pinus sylvestris) due to exposure to UV radiation and LED lamps was evaluated and compared by analysing wood discolouration (CIELAB colour space), changes in reflectance and FTIR spectra, and formation of water-soluble components. The results show that, apart from UV radiation, LED lamps may cause considerable photodegradation of both TM and UM wood resulting in visually perceptible colour change, alteration in chemical structure and formation of water-soluble components. Improved photo-stability was observed for TM wood exposed to UV radiation, while even more changes in FTIR spectra were detected for TM than UM wood in the experiment with LED lamps. Comparing TM and UM wood, the changes due to photodegradation were quite similar for TM wood of all species while significant differences were observed in the case of UM wood.

scholarly journals Discolouration of thermally modified wood during simulated indoor sunlight exposure

BioResources ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 434-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josip Miklečić ◽  
Vlatka Jirouš-Rajković ◽  
Alan Antonović ◽  
Nikola Španić
Keyword(s):  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Window Glass ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Wood Discoloration ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Transparent Coatings ◽  
Thermally Modified Wood ◽  
Modified Wood

This paper deals with the effect of UV light through window glass on the changes in colour of surfaces of uncoated and clear-coated thermally modified wood, and on chemical changes of surfaces of uncoated thermally modified and unmodified wood. Discoloration of the uncoated wood samples and those treated with three commercial transparent coatings (two-component polyurethane varnish, water-borne varnish, and nano-impregnation) was measured spectrophotometrically using CIELAB parameters (L*, a*, b* and DE*). FTIR spectroscopy was used to study chemical changes caused by UV irradiation. Colour change (DE*) was recorded in all tested wood samples after exposure to UV light, and the smallest discoloration was recorded in wood samples coated with two-component polyurethane varnish. FTIR spectroscopy results show that thermal treatment and exposure to UV light modified the chemical structure of wood surface and that the thermally modified samples exposed to UV light showed similar changes as unmodified samples exposed to UV light, but less pronounced.

The Potential Migrated Mechanism of Water-Soluble Components in Pellets Prepared by Wet Extrusion/Spheronization: Effect of Drying Rate

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingwei Wang ◽  
Jianping Liu ◽  
Zhenghua Li ◽  
Yulong Xia ◽  
Shuangshuang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
In Vitro Dissolution ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Wet Extrusion ◽  
Extrusion Spheronization ◽  
Soluble Components

Background: At present, there were numerous researches on the migration of components in tablets and granules, the investigation in the pharmaceutical literatrue concerning the effect of drying rate on the migration of water-soluble components of pellets was limited. Temperature and relative humidity (RH) were crucial parameters during the drying process which was an essential step in the preparation of pellets via wet extrusion/spheronization. To quantify these variables, the water loss percentage of pellets per minute was defined as drying rate. Objective: The study aimed to investigate the influence of drying rate on the migration of water-soluble components in wet pellets and the potential migrated mechanism. Methods: The pellets containing tartrazine as a water-soluble model drug and microcrystalline cellulose as a matrix former were prepared by extrusion/spheronization and dried at four different drying temperature and relative humidity. Afterward, the extent of migrated tartrazine was assessed regarding appearance, in-vitro dissolution test, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, X-Ray Powder Diffraction, Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Confocal Raman Mapping. Results: Results demonstrated that red spots of tartrazine appeared on the surface of pellets and more than 40% tartrazine were burst released within 5 minutes when pellets dried at 60℃/RH 10%. While pellets dried at 40℃/RH 80%, none of these aforementioned phenomena was observed. Conclusion: In conclusion, the faster drying rate was, the more tartrazine migrated to the exterior of pellets. Adjusting drying temperature and relative humidity appropriately could inhibit the migration of water-soluble components within wet extrusion/spheronization pellets.

Water-Soluble Components in Soils of Heterolithic Conjugate Landscapes in the Southern Taiga Subzone

2021 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
L. G. Bogatyrev ◽  
A. I. Benediktova ◽  
M. M. Karpukhin ◽  
V. M. Telesnina ◽  
N. I. Zhilin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Taiga ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Southern Taiga Subzone ◽  
Soluble Components

Hygroscopic properties of thermally modified false Iroko [Antiaris toxicara (Lesch)]

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
F.A. Faruwa ◽  
K. Duru
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Thermal Process ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Thermal Modification ◽  
Hygroscopic Properties ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Thermally Modified Wood ◽  
Modified Wood

The study investigated the use of thermal modification to improve the hygroscopic properties of False Iroko [Antiaris toxicaria (Lesch)]. Samples of Antiaris toxicara Lesch wood were subjected to thermal modification in a furnace at temperatures of 160, 180 and 200°C for 30 and 60 minutes. Results showed that wood properties were improved with exposure to different temperatures. Subsequent to the thermal process, a colour change from pale yellow to darkish brown was observed progressively with increase in temperature, accompanied by a weight loss in the range of 12.08% to 23.67%. The outcome of these treatments resulted in a decrease in volumetric swelling and increase in dimensional stability of modified wood; this can be attributed to observed decrease in moisture intake. The thermal modification of Antiaris toxicara Lesch wood affected the dimensional stability properties. Thus, due to significant changes via modification carried out on the selected species which is classified as lesser utilized wood species, lesser utilized wood,Antiaristoxicara Lesch wood is recommended for use due to its efficient dimensional stability after modification . keywords:, Thermally modified wood ;False Iroko

Distinctive adjuvanticity of synthetic analogs of mycobacterial water-soluble components

1976 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Audibert ◽  
L. Chédid ◽  
P. Lefrancier ◽  
J. Choay
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Synthetic Analogs ◽  
Soluble Components

Radioactive Lactose in Skim Milk Following Administration of Carbonyl-14C-Carbaryl to a Lactating Cow

1968 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1046-1049
Author(s):  
R L Baron
Keyword(s):  
Skim Milk ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Soluble Components

Abstract Administration of 2 g carbonyl-14C-carbaryl to a lactating cow resulted in radioactive residues in milk of approximately 1 % of the administered dose. Analysis of the distribution of radioactivity in skim milk showed 13 and 87% of the radioactivity present as organic-soluble and water-soluble components, respectively. Crystallization of lactose from the water-soluble components resulted in removal of 90—95% of the 14C radioactivity. The data obtained indicate that following hydrolysis of the carbonyl-14- C-carbaryl, a small quantity of 14C02 was incorporated into lactose

scholarly journals Contents, distribution, and fractionation of soil organic carbon and trace elements in soils under a green manure application

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 50-58
Author(s):  
Yana Timofeeva ◽  
Lyudmila Purtova ◽  
Alexey Emelyanov ◽  
Maxim Burdukovskii ◽  
Irina Kiseleva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Nickel Ions ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Soluble Components

We quantified the soluble fractions of the soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations and the total and water-soluble trace elements in soils contaminated by household waste and remediated via the addition of green manure over 13 years and identified the main factors controlling the vertical distribution and accumulation of the trace elements. Green manure favoured the active formation of soil organic matter. The SOC of the examined soils was characterised by the active stabilisation by mineral soil compounds, but by a low degree of humification. The soils showed increased concentrations of Cr and Ni ions. The SOC and different soil compounds enriched by Si, Ca, and Mn ions were the important determinant for the distribution of Sr, V and Cu ions, as well as for the distribution of Pb and Cr ions bound to the water-soluble components of the soils. The low degree of SOC humification may be one of the main reasons of the high concentrations of Cu and Pb ions in the composition of the water-soluble soil compounds. The nickel ions were mainly associated with compounds enriched by the Al and Fe ions. The extremely high percentage concentration of the Ni ions in the water-soluble components of the soils may be result of the absence of the Ni ions adsorption by humic substances.

Olive pomace as a valuable source of bioactive compounds: A study regarding its lipid- and water-soluble components

2018 ◽  
Vol 644 ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Antónia Nunes ◽  
Anabela S.G. Costa ◽  
Sílvia Bessada ◽  
Joana Santos ◽  
Helder Puga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Olive Pomace ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Soluble Components

Understanding the slowdown of whole slurry hydrolysis of steam pretreated lignocellulosic woody biomass catalyzed by an up-to-date enzyme cocktail

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 1048-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhai ◽  
Jinguang Hu ◽  
Jack N. Saddler
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Woody Biomass ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Enzyme Cocktail ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Whole Slurry ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Soluble Components

The key enzyme activities were selectively inhibited and/or deactivated by water-soluble components derived from pretreated lignocellulosic biomass.

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