scholarly journals Bark of Siberian Conifers: Composition, Use, and Processing to Extract Tannin

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1043
Author(s):  
Vladimir S. Fedorov ◽  
Tatyana V. Ryazanova
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Impact ◽  
Chemical Conversion ◽  
Surface Coatings ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Chemical Processing ◽  
Biological Product ◽  
Extractive Substances ◽  
Cellulosic Product ◽  
Tanning Industry

The rational use of natural resources, including the creation of new and improvement of existing technologies in order to reduce the anthropogenic impact on the environment, is currently an important task. This review covers different methods of softwood bark processing. Bark is used for the production of heat-insulating plates, and also as filler in adhesives and composites. In agriculture, it is used as a mulch. Softwood bark is a valuable raw material for chemical processing. Extractive substances of the bark are of particular interest. Among them, phenolic compounds are very important, in particular of tannin nature, which are used as tanning agents in leather production. Bark is used for the isolation of substances with antibacterial activity for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. Aqueous-alkaline solutions, in particular monoethanolamine, are used as an extracting agent. Currently, tannins have been applied into many different fields, including medicine, food, beverage, the manufacture of ink and adhesives, the dye and tanning industry, plastic resins, water purification, and surface coatings. Tanning extracts obtained as a result of extraction are refined by ultrafiltration. The obtained extracts are of high purity. The extraction residue, the so-called tan, is a promising raw material for obtaining a cellulosic product. In addition to the chemical conversion of tan, biotechnological processing is an alternative option. In the process of tan biodegradation by the microscopic Trichoderma fungus, a biological product trichodermin is obtained, which is used to protect plants from phytopathogens.

scholarly journals COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES AND RECYCLING OF VEGETATIVE POPLAR AFTER REMOVAL OF EXTRAC-TIVES. REPORT 3. OBTAINING BIOIOGICAL PRODUCTS BASED ON FUNGI OF THE GENUS TRIGHODERMA

2020 ◽  
pp. 415-423
Author(s):  
Elena Vladimirovna Isaeva ◽  
Ol'ga Olegovna Mamaeva ◽  
Tat'yana Vasil'yevna Ryazanova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Mycelial Fungi ◽  
Biological Product ◽  
Vegetative Part ◽  
Trichoderma Fungi ◽  
Composition Properties

The purpose of this work was to assess the suitability of solid and liquid waste generated during processing of the vegetative part of poplar as substrates for biochemical processing in order to obtain biologics for various purposes. For the study, we used post-extraction residues, as well as a cubic liquid formed after distilling essential oils and extracting alcohol-soluble substances from the vegetative part of the balsamic poplar (Populus balzamifera L.). Siberian strains of fungi of the genus Trichoderma used as a biodestructor. Studies have shown that the vegetative part of poplar and its individual elements are an available substrate for the growth of mycelial fungi. The high yield of spores (4.5×109 spor/g) and the formation of humic substances (11%) used as plant growth stimulators during solid-phase cultivation of the MG-97 strain of Trichoderma fungi gives grounds to use the vegetative part of poplar as a technological raw material for obtaining a biological product of the "Trichodermin" type or soil humification. Depending on the purpose of the preparations, the duration of cultivation can vary: for obtaining agricultural biologics up to 15 days, more – for soil humification. The inclusion of a cubic liquid at the stage of substrate humidification allows to obtain a biological product with a higher spore titer (5×109 spor/g), makes it possible to close the water consumption cycle and make the technology of processing the vegetative part of poplar waste-free.

scholarly journals Taming the Hydra: Funding the Lithium Ion Supply Chain in an Era of Unprecedented Volatility

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Berry
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Chemical Conversion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Battery Cell ◽  
Exogenous Shocks ◽  
China Trade ◽  
The Us ◽  
Difficult Challenge

The lithium ion supply chain is set to grow in both size and importance over the coming decade due to government-led efforts to decarbonize economies and declining costs of lithium ion batteries used in electronics and transportation. With forecasts of demand for lithium chemicals alone forecast to grow by three times later this decade, at least $10B USD is needed to flow into the upstream supply chain to ensure an efficient and timely build-out. Significant additional capital is needed for other portions of the supply chain such as other raw materials, cathode or anode production, and battery cell manufacturing. Recent exogenous shocks such as the US-China trade war and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have made securing adequate capital for the supply chain a difficult challenge. Without the steady stream of funding for new mine and chemical conversion capacity, widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) could be put at risk. This paper discusses the current structure of the lithium ion supply chain with a focus on raw material production and the need for and challenges associated with securing adequate capital in an industry that has, to date, not experienced such a robust growth profile.

scholarly journals MULTIFUNCTIONAL BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS FOR ORGANIC FARMING BASED ON ORGANIC WASTE AND RAW MATERIAL PROCESSING

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
О.А. Оленин ◽  
С.Н. Зудилин
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Biological Product ◽  
Biological Products

Развитие органического земледелия, в первую очередь, зависит от наличия органических удобрений и биопрепаратов. Цель исследований – на основе утилизации органических отходов и сырья разработать полифункциональные биопрепараты из компонентов животного и растительного происхождения и изучить их влияние на показатели агрофитоценозов и урожайность полевых и садовых культур. В работе использованы результаты исследований по разработке полифункциональных биопрепаратов, а также их эффективности на опытном поле Самарского ГАУ в 2017-2019 гг. В результате была разработана ассортиментная линейка биопрепаратов «АгроТоник» с функциями удобрения и биостимулятора роста: «Цветовод», «Садовод», «Овощевод», «Полевод», «Лесовод» и «Универсальный». «АгроТоник», в отличие от многих органических и минеральных удобрений, содержит все необходимые для растений компоненты: макро-, мезо- и микроэлементы в легкодоступной форме, микроорганизмы, стимуляторы роста – биоактивные фитогормоны, аминокислоты растительного происхождения, витамины, комплекс целлюлозолитических ферментов, почвенные антибиотики, гуминовые вещества, биоприлипатель. Многокомпонентный биопрепарат с функциями удобрения, фунгицида и бактерицида снижал пораженность растений озимой пшеницы на 16,7-27,1 %, по отношению к контролю, и на 17,4-22,6 %, по сравнению с минеральными удобрениями. Биопрепарат повышал урожайность озимой пшеницы на 7,7-25,4 % по сравнению с контролем, тогда как применение пестицида только на 5,3-11,5 %, при стоимости однократно внесенного гербицида в среднем 500,00 руб./га, а биопрепарата – 300,00 руб./га при двукратной обработке. The development of organic farming primarily depends on the availability of organic fertilizers and biological products. The goal of the research is to develop multifunctional biological products from components of animal and plant origin based on the utilization of organic waste and raw materials and to study their impact on the indicators of agrophytocenoses and the yield of field and horticultural crops. The work uses the results of research on the development of multifunctional biological products, as well as their effectiveness in the experimental field of the Samara State Agrarian University in 2017-2019. As a result, the line of "AgroTonik" biological products with the functions of fertilizer and the growth biostimulator was developed: «Tsvetovod», «Sadovod», «Ovoshchevod», «Polevod», «Lesovod» and «Universal'niy». "AgroTonik", unlike many organic and mineral fertilizers, contains all the components necessary for plants: macro -, meso- and microelements in an easily available form, microorganisms, growth stimulators – bioactive phytohormones, amino acids of plant origin, vitamins, a complex of cellulosolytic enzymes, soil antibiotics, humic substances, bio-sticking agent. The multicomponent biological product with the functions of fertilizer, fungicide and bactericide reduced the affection of winter wheat plants by 16.7-27.1 % concerning the control, and by 17.4-22.6 %, in comparison with mineral fertilizers. The biological product increased the yield of winter wheat by 7.7-25.4% compared to the control, while the use of a pesticide only by 5.3-11.5 %, with the cost of a single herbicide on average 500 rubles/ha, and a biological product – 300 rubles/ha with double treatment.

Feasibility Study of CO2 Mitigation with Methanol Production through Hydrogenation and Bi-Reforming of Natural Gas

2019 ◽  
Vol 965 ◽  
pp. 117-123
Author(s):  
Igor Lapenda Wiesberg ◽  
José Luiz de Medeiros ◽  
Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Conversion ◽  
Direct Conversion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Methanol Production ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Economic Analyses

Chemical conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to methanol has the potential to address two relevant sustainability issues: economically feasible replacement of fossil raw materials and avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions. However, chemical stability of CO2 is a challenging impediment to conversion, requiring harsh reaction conditions at the expense of increased energy input, adding capital, operational and environmental costs. This work evaluates two innovative chemical conversion of CO2 to methanol: the indirect conversion, which uses synthesis gas produced by bi-reforming as intermediate, and the direct conversion, via hydrogenation. Process simulations are used to obtain mass and energy balances, needed to support economic analyses. Due to the uncertainties in the raw material prices, including CO2 and hydrogen (H2), its limits for economic viability are estimated and sensitivity analyzes are carried in predetermined prices (base cases). It is considered the scenario of free CO2 available in atmospheric conditions, as in a bioethanol industry, but the sensitivity analyses show the results for other scenarios, as in a CO2 rich natural gas, in which the cost of processing CO2 is zero. The economic analyses show that hydrogenation can be feasible if hydrogen prices are lower than 1000 US$/t, while the indirect route is viable only for cheap sources of natural gas below 3.7 US$/MMBtu. The CO2 pre-treatment costs are not as sensible as the others raw materials.

scholarly journals CO2 Capture by Alkaline Carbonation as an Alternative to a Circular Economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 863
Author(s):  
Dalia Santa Cruz-Navarro ◽  
Violeta Mugica-Álvarez ◽  
Mirella Gutiérrez-Arzaluz ◽  
Miguel Torres-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Metal Carbonates ◽  
Industrial Use

In order to combat global warming and climate change in a sustainable way, it is necessary to capture the anthropogenic CO2 emitted by different industrial sources and use it as a raw material to obtain a matrix of products for industrial use, such as metal carbonates. Therefore, this work presents the results of CO2 capture and conversion into carbonates using Sr and Ba alkaline solutions in a semi-continuous batch reactor. The results indicate that the effects of morphological characterization, purity of solids, and reaction time at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions is an inexpensive alternative process that is easily implemented in small industrial enterprises. The results yielded a 40% conversion of CO2 at the best reaction conditions with an aqueous solution of Sr(OH)2.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION of QUANTITATIVE CONTENT of EXTRACTIVE SUBSTANCES FROM the WOOD, ROOTS AND BARK of CONIFEROUS SPECIES in SIBERIA: LARCH (LARIX SIBIRICA L.), Scotch PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.), FIR (ABIES SIBIRICA L.), SPRUCE (PICEA OBOVATA L.) AND CEDAR (PINUS SIBIRICA DU TOUR.)

2018 ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Людмила (Lyudmila) Андреевна (Andreyevna) Остроухова (Ostroukhova) ◽  
Татьяна (Tat'yana) Евгеньевна (Evgen'evna) Федорова (Fedorova) ◽  
Нина (Nina) Аркадьевна (Arkad'yevna) Онучина (Onuchina) ◽  
Алексей (Aleksey) Александрович (Aleksandrovich) Левчук (Levchuk) ◽  
Василий (Vasiliy) Анатольевич (Anatol'yevich) Бабкин (Babkin)
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Larix Sibirica ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pinus Sibirica ◽  
Picea Obovata ◽  
Coniferous Species ◽  
Quantitative Content ◽  
Extractive Substances ◽  
Pinus Sibirica Du Tour

The study of the quantitative content of extractive substances from various tree organs (wood, roots, bark) of coniferous Siberian specieswas conducted. The larch (Larix sibirica L.), pines (Pinus sylvestris L.), fir (Abies sibirica L.), spruce (Picea obovata L.) and cedar (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) were investigated. Samples of coniferous tissues were selected in the Lake Baikal area in September-October 2015. Extractive substances were extracted from the ground raw material by extraction with ethyl acetate at the boiling point of the solvent for 4 hours. The resinous substances were extracted from the obtained ethyl acetate extracts by hexane by the infusion method for 2 days. The raw material samples, after extraction with ethyl acetate, were dried from solvent residues, then water-soluble substances were extracted by extraction with distilled water at 90 °C for 4 hours [1]. It is established the bark of the investigated coniferous species is most rich in extractive substances. It can contain up to 15% of the mass of absolutely dry matter (a.d.m.) of compounds soluble in ethyl acetate (for example, fir bark). The yield of extractive substances from coniferous wood is comparable with their content in the roots and ranges from 2 to 6% of the a.d.m. The greatest amount of resinous substances contain in wood of cedar and pine. This is more than 3% of a.d.m. The highest yield of water-soluble substances was from larch wood (18% of a.d.m.) and fir bark (10% of a.d.m.). A generalization and systematization of data on the chemical composition of phenolic extractive compounds of various coniferous tissues was carried out. It is shown that all the species under study contain a variety of biologically valuable polyphenols and have good potential for pharmacology, agriculture and forestry.

JESSOP JS ALLOY G

Alloy Digest ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Chemical Processing ◽  
Steel Company ◽  
Nickel Chromium

Abstract JESSOP JS Alloy G is a nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum-copper alloy that exhibits excellent resistance to a wide variety of corrosive conditions. It resists corrosion in both oxidizing and reducing environments, and can handle both acid and alkaline solutions. JS Alloy G resists pitting and stress-corrosion cracking extremely well. Among its many uses are equipment for chemical processing and for pulp and paper manufacture. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: Ni-289. Producer or source: Jessop Steel Company.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36873/a , Mahdi Santoso, Yanciluk

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Agrienvi
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Hexane Extraction ◽  
Hot Water Extraction ◽  
Composite Board ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
Extractive Substances

ABSTRACTNipa (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) is a non wood lignosellulosic materials that potential as raw material of compositeboard. One of disadvantage of the nipa fronds was contains are very high extractives and inorganic substances. Thepresence of high content of extractives in raw material of particle board potentially be an obstacle in the process ofgluing the composite board. The existing of extractive substances on the surface of the composite board raw materialscontribute to make the bonding process is not going well. On the other side, the utilization of natural binder for nonwood composite is still limited. This research focused to investigated the effects of extractive subtances for bondingperformance of natural binder such as citric acid for nipa fronds particleboard. The particles screened passed throughaperture sizes of 10 mesh and treated with three condition (non extraction, hot water extraction and n -hexanaextraction) were used as materials in this research. Addition of natural binder of 10% based on air dried particles wasdone and pressing temperature was set at 180ºC under a pressure of 3,6 MPa during 10 minutes. The physics andmechanics properties of particleboard was tested by standard JIS A 5908:2003. The results showed that theextractiction treatments for raw material affects on the properties of the particleboards. Hot water extraction treatmentwas able to give the best results. The properties of particleboard was density 0.84 g.cm-3; moisture content 7.44%;thickness swelling 1,12%; water absorption 21,83%; surface roughness 7.57 ?m; internal bonding 0.49 MPa; modulusof rupture 10.42 MPa and modulus of elasticity 3.65 GPa. All of the properties of nipa fronds particleboard meet mostof the standards JIS A 5908:2003.Keywords: Hot water extraction, n-hexane extraction, nipa frond particleboard, natural binder, citric acid.

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF OBTAINING CO2 EXTRACTS FROM GRAIN AND NUT RAW MATERIALS

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.М. МЕДВЕДЕВ ◽  
К.Ш. САКИБАЕВ
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Grape Seeds ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Extractive Substances ◽  
Vegetable Raw Materials

Разработана технология получения СО2экстрактов с повышенным выходом СО2экстрактивных веществ после предварительной обработки зернового и орехового сырья электромагнитным полем низкой частоты (ЭМП НЧ) 28,36 Гц. Растительное сырье семена амаранта, винограда, расторопши пятнистой, ростки пшеницы, арахис, миндаль, ядра фисташковых и ореха грецкого подвергли измельчению в крупку размером 2 3 мм для дальнейшей обработки на вальцевом станке (d 0,2 мм). Измельченное сырье помещали в радиопрозрачный короб и трижды подвергали воздействию ЭМП НЧ по 20 мин с перерывом по 30 мин. Обработанное электромагнитным полем сырье заключили в сетчатую кассету и загрузили внутрь СО2экстрактора, работающего в докритическом режиме при давлении 6,5 МПа и температуре 22С. Продолжительность процесса экстракции сырья, ч: орехового 4,0 зернового 2,5. Установлено увеличение выхода биокомпонентов в экстракт из орехов и зерна, подвергнутых воздействию электромагнитных волн, по сравнению с контрольными образцами без обработки ЭМП НЧ. Выход СО2экстрактивных веществ из сырья до обработки и после обработки ЭМП НЧ составил, : арахис 8,0 и 14,1 орех грецкий 10,2 и 16,3 семена амаранта 4,7 и 5,4 семена винограда 6,0 и 6,5 соответственно. Концентрация фенольных веществ в экстрактах повысилась на 15, витаминов С и Р на 6,2 и 7,0 соответственно. Применение электромагнитного излучения НЧ привело к сокращению продолжительности экстракции из зернового и орехового сырья в 1,2 раза. A technology has been developed for producing CO2 extracts with an increased yield of CO2 extractives after preliminary processing of grain and nut raw materials with a low frequency electromagnetic field (LF EMF) of 28,36 Hz. Vegetable raw materials amaranth seeds, grapes, milk thistle, wheat germ, peanuts, almonds, pistachio kernels and walnuts kernels were crushed into a grain size of 2 3 mm for further processing on a roller machine (d 0,2 mm). The crushed raw material was placed in a radiotransparent box and exposed to LF EMF three times for 20 min with a break of 30 min. The raw material processed by the electromagnetic field was enclosed in a mesh cassette and loaded inside a CO2 extractor operating in a subcritical mode at a pressure of 6,5 MPa and a temperature of 22C. The duration of the extraction process of raw materials, h: nut 4,0 grain 2,5. An increase in the yield of biocomponents in the extract from nuts and grains exposed to electromagnetic waves was established compared with the control samples without processing the LF EMF. The yield of СО2 extractive substances from the raw materials before and after the treatment of LF EMF was, : peanuts 8,0 and 14,1 walnut 10,2 and 16,3 amaranth seeds 4,7 and 5,4 grape seeds 6,0 and 6,5, respectively. The concentration of phenolic substances in the extracts increased by 15, vitamins C and P by 6,2 and 7,0, respectively. The use of electromagnetic radiation of low frequency led to a reduction in the duration of extraction from grain and nut raw materials by 1,2 times.

Peroxide Cellulose — New Raw Material for Chemical Processing

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-118
Author(s):  
R. Z. Pen ◽  
A. V. Byvshev ◽  
I. L. Shapiro ◽  
O. A. Kolmakova ◽  
A. A. Polyutov
Keyword(s):  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Processing
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