scholarly journals Effects of CaO on the Clonal Growth and Root Adaptability of Cypress in Acidic Soils

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 922
Author(s):  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Guoqing Jin ◽  
Tan Chen ◽  
Zhichun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter Weight ◽  
Diameter Classes ◽  
Area And Volume

Cypress (Cupressus funebris Endl.) is a major tree species planted for forestland restoration in low-fertility soil and in areas where rocky desertification has occurred. Calcium (Ca) fertilizer can adjust the pH of soil and has an important effect on the growth of cypress. Soil and water losses are serious in Southern China, and soil acidification is increasing, which results in high calcium loss. However, the adaptability of cypress clones to different concentrations of calcium in acidic soils has not been studied. In this investigation, a potted-plant experiment was set up with three concentrations of calcium oxide (CaO) fertilizer (0, 3, and 6 g·kg−1) added under local soil conditions with 0 and 3 g·kg−1 nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer. The effects of CaO on the growth, root development, and nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency of cypress clones were analyzed. The growth, root development, and nutrient absorption and utilization of cypress differed when calcium fertilizer was applied to acidic soils with different degrees of fertility. In the soil with 0 g·kg−1 NPK fertilizer, the 3 and 6 g·kg−1 CaO treatments significantly increased the clonal growth of cypress seedling height, basal diameter, and dry-matter weight. In addition, the length, surface area, and volume of the roots less than 2.0 mm of root diameter also significantly increased, indicating that the fine cypress roots were somewhat able to adapt to differing Ca levels under lower fertility conditions. Moreover, the efficiency of N, P, and Ca accumulation was highest in the 3 g·kg−1 CaO treatment. After adding 3 g·kg−1 CaO fertilizer to the soil with 3 g·kg−1 NPK fertilizer, only the root dry-matter weight increased significantly, indicating that root development (including root length, surface area, and volume) in the D1–D3 diameter classes (≤1.5 mm in diameter) was significantly elevated. When CaO application reached 6 g·kg−1, the seedling height, basal diameter, and dry-matter weight of each organ decreased, as did the length, surface area, and volume of the roots in the all diameter classes, indicating that the addition of excessive CaO to fertile soil could inhibit the growth and root development of cypress. In Ca-deficient low-quality acidic soils, adding CaO fertilizer can promote the development of fine roots and the uptake and utilization of N, P, and Ca. The results of this study provide a basis for determining the optimal fertilization strategy when growing cypress in acidic soils in Southern China.

scholarly journals Aşılı Tüplü Asma Fidanı Üretiminde Çeliklerde Göz Köreltme, Bazalda Yeniden Kesim ve Yaralamanın Fidan Randımanı ve Kalitesine Etkileri

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 1630
Author(s):  
Rüstem Cangi ◽  
Gözde Öncel Deveci
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Labour Costs ◽  
Standard Application ◽  
Graft Success ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Dry Matter Weight ◽  
Root Quality

In this study, the effects of re-cutting, wounding and disbudding over the base of dormant rootstock cuttings on the grafting success, final take and grapevine sapling quality in grafted grapevine sapling production were investigated. Five different treatments were experimented in this study as of T-1 (in which the base of the rootstock was cut and two distal buds from the base were disbud (standard application); T-2 (in which the base of the rootstock was not cut but two distal buds were disbud); T-3 (in which only the base of the rootstock was cut); T-4 (in which the base of the rootstock was cut and three buds were disbud) and T-5 (in which the base of the rootstock was crashed with a hammer and two distal buds were disbud). Scions of Royal cultivar were grafted on 5BB,1613 Couderc and 140 Ruggeri rootstocks by omega grafting machine. Grafted cuttings were planted and grown in plastic pots in a greenhouse. The callusing development and rooting performance of grafted cuttings, the final take of the first grade of the sapling and sapling itself, final take of potted grafted saplings, fresh and dry matter weight of shoot and root were evaluated. The existence of bud on base of rootstock and re-cutting of the base affected graft success positively. Re-cutting of 140 Ru rootstock of the base positively affected callusing and root development. Graft success ratios ranged from 71% (140 Ru, T-3) to 100% (1613C, T-2). Total final take ratios varied between 25% (140 Ru, T-3) and 90% (5BB, T-3) and the final take of the first grade ranged from 2.5% (140 Ru, T-2) to 37% (1613C, T-2,3,4). The existence of bud on the base portion of rootstock had a positive effect on final take and sapling quality parameters. As a result, existence of bud on the base of rootstock positively affected the graft success, shoot and root quality. Re-cutting of the base of the 140 Ru had a positive effect on graft success and final take ratios. In order to reduce the labour costs, there is no need to cut the base portion of 1613 C and 5BB rootstocks.

scholarly journals Seedling growth, root development and nutrient use efficiency of Cypress clones in response to calcium fertilizer

Dendrobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Guoqing Jin ◽  
Zhichun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
Fertile Soil ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Accumulation Efficiency

Cypress (Cupressus funebris Endl.) is an important tree species in the subtropical regions of China; it is also a major tree species for afforestation and forest land restoration under low-fertility soil conditions. Cypress is considered a calcicolous tree, and its growth and development can be promoted significantly by exchangeable calcium (Ca2+) in the soil. However, most of the subtropical regions have low-fertility acidic soils, in which Ca2+ gradually becomes a limiting element for Cypress growth. In this study, different concentrations of Ca2+ fertilizer were added under fertile soil (3 g·kg-1 NPK fertilizer added) and low-fertility soil (0 g·kg-1 NPK fertilizer added) conditions. Cypress clones responded differently to Ca2+ addition in different soil conditions. The seedling height and dry matter quality of Cypress in fertile soil were significantly greater than those in low-fertility soil, but plant height and dry biomass did not differ significantly among Ca2+ treatments. The accumulation efficiencies of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and Ca all differed significantly among the Ca2+ treatments. In low-fertility soil, the addition of 3 g·kg-1 Ca2+ significantly promoted development of roots 0.5–2 mm in diameter, and both the C1 and C2 clones achieved their highest N, P and Ca accumulation efficiencies. When the Ca2+ concentration increased to 6 g·kg-1, the seedling height, dry matter quality and root development were lower than those of the 3 g·kg-1 Ca2+ treatment. In the fertile soil, the addition of Ca2+ significantly inhibited development of roots 0.5–1 mm in diameter. The highest N accumulation efficiency was achieved under the 0 g·kg-1 Ca2+ treatment, and the highest Ca accumulation efficiency was achieved under the 6 g·kg-1 Ca2+ treatment. Seedling height, root dry weight, roots 0–1.5 mm in diameter and Ca accumulation showed a significant interaction effect between NPK fertilizer and Ca2+. Therefore, Ca accumulation was more efficient in low-fertility soils. Under low-fertility soil conditions, the addition of CaSO4 can promote the root development of seedlings and advance and prolong the fast growth period of seedling height. Cypress clones can be used as an important tree species for afforestation under low-fertility soil conditions, especially under calcareous soil conditions.

3D reconstruction and calculation of surface area and volume of bell pepper

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-113
Author(s):  
Zoltán Gillay ◽  
László Fenyvesi
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Acceptable Error ◽  
Volume Calculation ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Area And Volume

There was a method developed that generates the three-dimensional model of not axisymmetric produce, based on an arbitrary number of photos. The model can serve as a basis for calculating the surface area and the volume of produce. The efficiency of the reconstruction was tested on bell peppers and artificial shapes. In case of bell peppers 3-dimensional reconstruction was created from 4 images rotated in 45° angle intervals. The surface area and the volume were estimated on the basis of the reconstructed area. Furthermore, a new and simple reference method was devised to give precise results for the surface area of bell pepper. The results show that this 3D reconstruction-based surface area and volume calculation method is suitable to determine the surface area and volume of definite bell peppers with an acceptable error.

scholarly journals Responses of Root Characteristic Parameters and Plant Dry Matter Accumulation, Distribution and Transportation to Nitrogen Levels for Spring Maize in Northeast China

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 308
Author(s):  
Yang Yu ◽  
Chunrong Qian ◽  
Wanrong Gu ◽  
Caifeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Characteristic Parameters ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Matter Transport

Improving nitrogen use efficiency is a significant scientific problem to be solved. Two maize hybrids JD27 (Jidan 27) and SD19 (Sidan 19) were selected to study the effects of nitrogen levels on root characteristic parameters and plant dry matter accumulation, distribution and transportation. We set five different nitrogen levels, which were nitrogen deficiency (000N), low nitrogen (075N), medium nitrogen (150N), high nitrogen (225N) and excessive nitrogen (300N). The results showed that the root length and root surface area of JD27 were significantly higher than those of SD19 under 075N. With the increase of nitrogen levels, the root difference among varieties gradually decreased. The root length, projection area, total surface area and total volume reached the maximum values at silking stage. The average root diameter kept stable or decreased slowly with the growth stage. The dry matter accumulation of JD27 was higher than that of SD19 at all growth stages. Increasing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer can promote the transport of dry matter to grain and improve dry matter transport efficiency after anthesis. Under the treatment of medium and high nitrogen fertilizer, maize was easy to obtain a higher yield, but excessive nitrogen fertilizer inhibited the increase of yield. This study provides theoretical and practical guidance for maize production techniques.

scholarly journals Growth and yield performance of soybean with the application of Bradyrhyzobium inoculant via furrow and seed

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4Supl1) ◽  
pp. 2387
Author(s):  
Santiel Alves Vieira Neto ◽  
Fábio Ribeiro Pires ◽  
João Carlos Madalão ◽  
Douglas Gomes Viana ◽  
Carlos César Evangelista de Menezes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Dry Matter Weight

Given the high costs of agricultural production, especially due to the price of fertilisers, particularly nitrogen, the use of inoculants to supply nitrogen to soybean crops is a widely recommended practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of applying inoculants through seed and planting furrow in soil previously cultivated with soybean and Brazilian native “cerrado” biome soil under greenhouse conditions. Seven treatments were tested: 1) inoculation via seed (inoculant + fungicide + micronutrient), 2) treatment via seed (fungicide + micronutrient), 3) control (only seed), 4) inoculation via furrow-dose 1 (recommended dose), 5) inoculation via furrow-dose 2 (twice the recommended dose), 6) inoculation via furrow-dose 3 (three times the recommended dose) and 7) inoculation via furrow-dose 1 + seed inoculation. We evaluated plant height, fresh and dry matter weight of the aerial part and nodules, number of total, viable and non-viable nodules, number of pods per plant and grain yield. Inoculation was more effective when used in cerrado soil, but soybean performance in treatments without inoculation was higher in previously cultivated soil. Application through furrow proved to be a viable practice due to the similarity of the results obtained with the traditional application by seed.

Theoretical and empirical scaling patterns and topological homology in bone trabeculae.

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-590
Author(s):  
S M Swartz ◽  
A Parker ◽  
C Huo
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Cancellous Bone ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Bone Trabeculae ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
Vertebrate Skeleton ◽  
Area And Volume

Trabecular or cancellous bone is a major element in the structural design of the vertebrate skeleton, but has received little attention from the perspective of the biology of scale. In this study, we investigated scaling patterns in the discrete bony elements of cancellous bone. First, we constructed two theoretical models, representative of the two extremes of realistic patterns of trabecular size changes associated with body size changes. In one, constant trabecular size (CTS), increases in cancellous bone volume with size arise through the addition of new elements of constant size. In the other model, constant trabecular geometry (CTG), the size of trabeculae increases isometrically. These models produce fundamentally different patterns of surface area and volume scaling. We then compared the models with empirical observations of scaling of trabecular dimensions in mammals ranging in mass from 4 to 40x10(6)g. Trabecular size showed little dependence on body size, approaching one of our theoretical models (CTS). This result suggests that some elements of trabecular architecture may be driven by the requirements of maintaining adequate surface area for calcium homeostasis. Additionally, we found two key consequences of this strongly negative allometry. First, the connectivity among trabecular elements is qualitatively different for small versus large animals; trabeculae connect primarily to cortical bone in very small animals and primarily to other trabeculae in larger animals. Second, small animals have very few trabeculae and, as a consequence, we were able to identify particular elements with a consistent position across individuals and, for some elements, across species. Finally, in order to infer the possible influence of gross differences in mechanical loading on trabecular size, we sampled trabecular dimensions extensively within Chiroptera and compared their trabecular dimensions with those of non-volant mammals. We found no systematic differences in trabecular size or scaling patterns related to locomotor mode.

scholarly journals Growth of bare root Pinus taeda, L. seedlings cultivated under five densities in nursery

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
José Geraldo de Araújo Carneiro ◽  
Deborah Guerra Barroso ◽  
Luis Maurício da Silva Soares
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Collar Diameter ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Root Collar ◽  
Dry Matter Weight

Seedlings compete for nutrients, water and light. The available area for each seedling affects their behavior related to requirements for these resources. This experiment evaluated the influence of five plant densities on the growth of bare root Pinus taeda, L. seedlings in a nursery after outplanting. The analyzed characteristics were: height (H), root collar diameter (D), H/D ratio, and dry matter weight. Higher densities stimulated H growth and the lowest densities increased D average and dry matter weight and lowered the H/D ratio. Seedlings were distributed by H, D and H/D classes. Higher densities had a larger number of seedlings in larger H classes. Larger numbers of seedlings with larger D and lower H/D ratios were found in lower densities. Ten months after outplanting the seedlings grown in lower densities had higher survival percentages and growth. Some saplings of standardized heights were uprooted with the objective of studying their root systems. The lowest densities stimulated higher numbers of first and second order roots as well as fresh and dry matter weights of thin roots with mycorrhizae presence. In both parts of the experiment, the density of 278 seedlings m-2 yielded equivalent averages as compared to the lowest densities.

scholarly journals Soil resistance to penetration and least limiting water range for soybean yield in a haplustox from Brazil

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amauri Nelson Beutler ◽  
José Frederico Centurion ◽  
Alvaro Pires da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Least Limiting Water Range ◽  
Dry Matter Weight ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

The objective of this study was determine the resistance to penetration (PR), least limiting water range (LLWR) and critical bulk density (Db-crit) for soybean yield in a medium-textured oxisol (Haplustox). The treatments represented the soil compaction by passing a tractor over the site 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 times, with 4 replications in a randomized experimental design. Samples were collected from 0.02-0.05, 0.07-0.10 and 0.15-0.18 m depths. Soybean (Glycine max cv. Embrapa 48) was sowed in December 2002. Plant height, number of pods, aerial dry matter, weight of 100 seeds, and the yield in 3.6 m² plots were recorded. Soybean yield started reduction at the PR of 0.85 MPa and Db of 1.48 Mg m-3. The LLWR was limited in highest part by water content at field capacity (0.01 MPa tension) and in lowest part by water content at PRcrit, achieved the Db-crit to yield at 1.48 Mg m-3.

scholarly journals Effects of Moringa oleifera LAM, Leguminous Plants and NPK Fertilizer Comparatively on Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato in Alley Cropping System

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-35
Author(s):  
IN Abdullahi ◽  
PO Anyaegbu ◽  
D Aliagbor
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Alley Cropping ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Leguminous Plants ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato

The research work conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of University of Abuja was aimed at assessing the effect of Moringa oleifera, selected leguminous plants and inorganic fertilizer on the performance of orange fleshed sweet potato in Alley Cropping System. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) using five treatments with three replications was applied. Data collected include: percentage survival of sweet potato, length per vine (cm), number of leaves per vine, leaf area of sweet potato, weed dry matter (g/m2), yield of sweet potato roots. Highest number of leaves (28) per plant was recorded in the control plot while the plots with NPK fertilizer had the highest length per vine (94.55cm) though not significantly (p>0.05) different from others. Higher percent survival (88%) of sweet potato was recorded from control plots. Stands grown in Arachis hypogeae plots produced the highest leaf area (0.202m2) while plots in which NPK fertilizer was applied experienced highest weed dry matter (4.083g/m2) although highest root yield (1.2t/ha) was recorded from the plots with NPK fertilizer. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i3.11061 International Journal of Environment Vol.3(3) 2014: 24-35

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