3D reconstruction and calculation of surface area and volume of bell pepper

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-113
Author(s):  
Zoltán Gillay ◽  
László Fenyvesi
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Acceptable Error ◽  
Volume Calculation ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Area And Volume

There was a method developed that generates the three-dimensional model of not axisymmetric produce, based on an arbitrary number of photos. The model can serve as a basis for calculating the surface area and the volume of produce. The efficiency of the reconstruction was tested on bell peppers and artificial shapes. In case of bell peppers 3-dimensional reconstruction was created from 4 images rotated in 45° angle intervals. The surface area and the volume were estimated on the basis of the reconstructed area. Furthermore, a new and simple reference method was devised to give precise results for the surface area of bell pepper. The results show that this 3D reconstruction-based surface area and volume calculation method is suitable to determine the surface area and volume of definite bell peppers with an acceptable error.

scholarly journals An Anatomically Placed Tibial Tunnel does not Completely Surround a Simulated PCL Reconstruction Graft in the Proximal Tibia

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Kim ◽  
Dustin Baker ◽  
Brian Albers ◽  
Scott G. Kaar
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Tibial Tunnel ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pcl Reconstruction ◽  
Posterior Cortex ◽  
Modeling Software ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tibial Cortex ◽  
Area And Volume

Abstract Introduction It is hypothesized that anatomic tunnel placement will create tunnels with violation of the posterior cortex and subsequently an oblique aperture that is not circumferentially surrounded by bone. In this article, we aimed to characterize posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tibial tunnel using a three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) model. Methods Ten normal knee CTs with the patella, femur, and fibula removed were used. Simulated 11 mm PCL tibial tunnels were created at 55, 50, 45, and 40 degrees. The morphology of the posterior proximal tibial exit was examined with 3D modeling software. The length of tunnel not circumferentially covered (cortex violation) was measured to where the tibial tunnel became circumferential. The surface area and volume of the cylinder both in contact with the tibial bone and that not in contact with the tibia were determined. The percentages of the stick-out length surface area and volume not in contact with bone were calculated. Results The mean stick-out length of uncovered graft at 55, 50, 45, and 40 degrees were 26.3, 20.5, 17.3, and 12.7 mm, respectively. The mean volume of exposed graft at 55, 50, 45, and 40 degrees were 840.8, 596.2, 425.6, and 302.9 mm3, respectively. The mean percent of volume of exposed graft at 55, 50, 45, and 40 degrees were 32, 29, 25, and 24%, respectively. The mean surface of exposed graft at 55, 50, 45, and 40 degrees were 372.2, 280.4, 208.8, and 153.3 mm2, respectively. The mean percent of surface area of exposed graft at 55, 50, 45, and 40 degrees were 40, 39, 34, and 34%, respectively. Conclusion Anatomic tibial tunnel creation using standard transtibial PCL reconstruction techniques consistently risks posterior tibial cortex violation and creation of an oblique aperture posteriorly. This risk is decreased with decreasing the angle of the tibial tunnel, though the posterior cortex is still compromised with angles as low as 40 degrees. With posterior cortex violation, a surgeon should be aware that a graft within the tunnel or socket posteriorly may not be fully in contact with bone. This is especially relevant with inlay and socket techniques.

Triangulation Based on 3D Reconstruction Technique

2011 ◽  
Vol 121-126 ◽  
pp. 4249-4253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Jie Hou ◽  
Li Guo Gu
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Reconstruction Technique ◽  
Object Model ◽  
Incremental Method ◽  
Mesh Model ◽  
Triangular Mesh Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

For decades of research on triangulation, Scattered surface area triangulation has achieved some results, but a lot of algorithms extended to three-dimensional space still have some problems.In this paper I analyzes the existing algorithms and propose a idea based on the Combination of the incremental method and divide algorithm ,which directly realize the triangulation of scattered points in space. Through the triangulation of space scattered point ,it's result eventually meet the triangular mesh model of the reconstruction and the mesh is very uniform. The model reproduce the object model intuitively and clearly. This study provide meaning of the reference and guide in such a work

Minecraft Comes to Math Class

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 334-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Moore
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Eighth Grade ◽  
Eighth Grade Students ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Math Class ◽  
Area And Volume

Eighth-grade students use a character from Minecraft® to explore surface area and volume, resulting in the creation of a three-dimensional “Cylindrical Steve.”

scholarly journals Three-dimensional ATUM-SEM reconstruction and analysis of hepatic endoplasmic reticulum-organelle interactions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Jiang ◽  
Linlin Li ◽  
Xi Chen ◽  
Jiazheng Liu ◽  
Jingbin Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Surface Area Ratio ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Membrane Surface Area ◽  
Membrane Contact Sites

AbstractThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a contiguous and complicated membrane network in eukaryotic cells, and membrane contact sites (MCSs) between the ER and other organelles perform vital cellular functions, including lipid homeostasis, metabolite exchange, calcium level regulation, and organelle division. Here, we establish a whole pipeline to reconstruct all ER, mitochondria, lipid droplets, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and nuclei by automated tape-collecting ultramicrotome scanning electron microscopy (ATUM-SEM) and deep-learning techniques, which generates an unprecedented 3D model for mapping liver samples. Furthermore, the morphology of various organelles is systematically analyzed. We found that the ER presents with predominantly flat cisternae and is knitted tightly all throughout the intracellular space and around other organelles. In addition, the ER has a smaller volume-to-membrane surface area ratio than other organelles, which suggests that the ER could be more suited for functions that require a large membrane surface area. Moreover, the MCSs between the ER and other organelles are explored. Our data indicate that ER-mitochondrial contacts are particularly abundant, especially for branched mitochondria. In addition, ER contacts with lipid droplets, lysosomes, and peroxisomes are also plentiful. In summary, we design an efficient method for obtaining a 3D reconstruction of biological structures at a nanometer resolution. Our study also provides the first 3D reconstruction of various organelles in liver samples together with important information fundamental for biochemical and functional studies in the liver.

3D Reconstruction of Proteasomes Using Random Conical Tilting

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 272-273
Author(s):  
R. Hegerl ◽  
G. Pfeifer ◽  
B. Dahlmann ◽  
W. Baumeister
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ammonium Molybdate ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Single Particles ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Cylinder Axis ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Image Pairs

Proteasomes isolated from the archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum and negatively stained with ammonium molybdate appear in two preferred orientations on electron micrographs. Describing the particle roughly as cylinder-shaped, the orientations "end-on" and "side-on" are defined by the cylinder axis being normal and parallel to the specimen support, respectively. Two-dimensional averages are available from both views. The complexity of the particle, however, prevents an intuitive deduction of a three-dimensional model from these two views. Due to the occurence of two preferred orientations, the object is, in principle, well suited for a 3D reconstruction based on random conical tilting. The side-on view was used for 3D reconstruction for two reasons: First, two-dimensional averages led us to suppose that the particles do not suffer from rotations around their cylinder axis, and second, parallelism of the long cylinder axis and the specimen support promises to give a stable object inclination.The proteasomes were isolated and prepared for electron microscopy as described previously. Many pairs of micrographs were taken in a Philips EM 420 at a magnification of 36000 and an electron dose of about 2000 e/nm2. The first exposure of each pair shows the specimen with a tilt angle of about 60 deg, the second one is untilted (Fig. 1). Several image pairs were selected for computer processing using a favourable distribution of particles and acceptable focus conditions as selection criteria. After digitizing corresponding areas (2048 by 2048 pixels, pixel size 15 μm = 0.42 nm at object level) in each pair using an Eikonix 1412 camera, small images of single particles were extracted from the untilted image and aligned with respect to translation and rotation. Knowing the tilt angle and tilt axis azimuth, position and rotation parameters of the particles could be transferred to the tilted image thus enabling the extraction of a set 227 of projections ready for a three-dimensional back projection (Fig. 2). All computation was done with the EM-system.

scholarly journals THE INVARIATOR DESIGN: AN UPDATE

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Manuel Cruz-Orive ◽  
Ximo Gual-Arnau
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Point ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Test Line ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Euclidean Spaces ◽  
Oriented Plane ◽  
Three Dimensional Space ◽  
Area And Volume

The invariator is a method to generate a test line within an isotropically oriented plane through a fixed point, in such a way that the test line is effectively motion invariant in three dimensional space. Generalizations exist for non Euclidean spaces. The invariator design is convenient to estimate surface area and volume simultaneously. In recent years a number of new results have appeared which call for an updated survey. We include two new estimators, namely the a posteriori weighting estimator for surface area and volume, and the peak-and-valley formula for surface area.

Earthwork Actuarial Software System Design and Development

2011 ◽  
Vol 267 ◽  
pp. 578-583
Author(s):  
Qiao Mei Su ◽  
Jian Min Wang ◽  
Jiao Jiao Guo
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Complex Form ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Software System ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Volume Calculation ◽  
Engineering Construction ◽  
Special Software

Earthwork is an important content in engineering construction. This paper explores a scientific method of earthwork calculation, designs and develops corresponding software which accurately calculates the earthwork, effectively reduces engineering investment and budget deviation. It mainly studies the three-dimensional model building by the complex form through two period observations. The model building methodology mainly adopts the elevation of two period observation data`s mutual insertion to establish the two period superposition triangle net. And then getting the method of calculating tri-prism volume formed by triangular. This method, the volume calculation principle is simple, high precision, and the design of the special software system is based on the above method. At present, the software system applies in the engineering, and it has computational fast, convenient, results accuracy and reliable etc., advantages.

Leafing through Irregular Shapes

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Alessandra King
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Middle School Students ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
School Students ◽  
Classroom Experience ◽  
Irregular Shapes ◽  
Area And Volume

By the time middle school students start a prealgebra course, they should have explored a variety of familiar two-dimensional and three-dimensional shapes and should have been exposed to the concepts of perimeter, area, and volume. They know that they can assign numerical values to some attributes of a shape, such as length and surface area. However, my classroom experience confirms the statement that although “students may have developed an initial understanding of area…, many will need additional experiences in measuring directly to deepen their understanding of the area of two-dimensional shapes” (NCTM 2000, p. 242). In addition, the students' previous practice with area is usually with polygons, circles, or a combination of both. However, many real-life objects cannot be described or approximated with simple geometric shapes or with combinations of shapes. Therefore, this activity, which asks students to estimate the area of irregular shapes using finer and finer grids, is not only novel but also a way to apply mathematics to real life.

scholarly journals Digital restoration research and three-dimensional model construction on Xieqiqu

2015 ◽  
Vol II-5/W3 ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gao ◽  
W. Piao ◽  
J. Guo
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Heritage Conservation ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Cultural Heritage Conservation ◽  
Digital Restoration ◽  
History Of ◽  
Summer Palace

As the Baroque style complex in Yuanmingyuan (Old Summer Palace), Xiyanglou (Western Buildings) carries a unique history of the imperial resort. The significance of its restoration has drawn much attention from home and aboard in the field of cultural heritage conservation. Yuanmingyuan Digital Restoration Research Project was officially launched in 2013. Five out of the thirteen scenes in Xiyanglou, namely Xieqiqu (Harmonious Wonder), Haiyantang (Hall of National Peace), Fangwaiguan (Belvedere), Xushuilou(Water Supply Building) and Guanshuifa (Throne to observe water displays), have been studied and restored digitally within the first two years of the project. Among all the scenes in Xiyanglou, Xieqiqu is the first European-style palace and the first scene to be studied in the Digital Restoration Research Project. The 3D reconstruction of the site is based on the current-day survey of the ruins in combination with the historic archival research. Taking Xieqiqu as a case, this paper introduces the digital restoration methodologies, progress and achievements of Yuanmingyuan Digital Restoration Research Project.

scholarly journals THE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MULTI-IMAGE 3D RECONSTRUCTION SOFTWARE WITH DIFFERENT SENSORS

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-1-W5 ◽  
pp. 515-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Mousavi ◽  
M. Khosravi ◽  
M. Ahmadi ◽  
N. Noori ◽  
A. Hosseini Naveh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Complete Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Final Model ◽  
Stereo Camera ◽  
Dimensional Models ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
3D Digitization

Today, multi-image 3D reconstruction is an active research field and generating three dimensional model of the objects is one the most discussed issues in Photogrammetry and Computer Vision that can be accomplished using range-based or image-based methods. Very accurate and dense point clouds generated by range-based methods such as structured light systems and laser scanners has introduced them as reliable tools in the industry. Image-based 3D digitization methodologies offer the option of reconstructing an object by a set of unordered images that depict it from different viewpoints. As their hardware requirements are narrowed down to a digital camera and a computer system, they compose an attractive 3D digitization approach, consequently, although range-based methods are generally very accurate, image-based methods are low-cost and can be easily used by non-professional users. One of the factors affecting the accuracy of the obtained model in image-based methods is the software and algorithm used to generate three dimensional model. These algorithms are provided in the form of commercial software, open source and web-based services. Another important factor in the accuracy of the obtained model is the type of sensor used. Due to availability of mobile sensors to the public, popularity of professional sensors and the advent of stereo sensors, a comparison of these three sensors plays an effective role in evaluating and finding the optimized method to generate three-dimensional models. Lots of research has been accomplished to identify a suitable software and algorithm to achieve an accurate and complete model, however little attention is paid to the type of sensors used and its effects on the quality of the final model. The purpose of this paper is deliberation and the introduction of an appropriate combination of a sensor and software to provide a complete model with the highest accuracy. To do this, different software, used in previous studies, were compared and the most popular ones in each category were selected (Arc 3D, Visual SfM, Sure, Agisoft). Also four small objects with distinct geometric properties and especial complexities were chosen and their accurate models as reliable true data was created using ATOS Compact Scan 2M 3D scanner. Images were taken using Fujifilm Real 3D stereo camera, Apple iPhone 5 and Nikon D3200 professional camera and three dimensional models of the objects were obtained using each of the software. Finally, a comprehensive comparison between the detailed reviews of the results on the data set showed that the best combination of software and sensors for generating three-dimensional models is directly related to the object shape as well as the expected accuracy of the final model. Generally better quantitative and qualitative results were obtained by using the Nikon D3200 professional camera, while Fujifilm Real 3D stereo camera and Apple iPhone 5 were the second and third respectively in this comparison. On the other hand, three software of Visual SfM, Sure and Agisoft had a hard competition to achieve the most accurate and complete model of the objects and the best software was different according to the geometric properties of the object.

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