scholarly journals The Effects of Tree and Stand Traits on the Specific Leaf Area in Managed Scots Pine Forests of Different Ages

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 396
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Błasiak ◽  
Andrzej Węgiel ◽  
Adrian Łukowski ◽  
Sławomir Sułkowski ◽  
Mieczysław Turski
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Structure Tree ◽  
Northwestern Poland

The purpose of this study was to understand the relationships between stand structure (tree size, volume, biomass, social position, stand density) and the variability of specific leaf area (SLA) at the stand level, which could improve forest management modeling. The study was carried out on 100 trees selected from 10 stands of Scots pine located in northwestern Poland. The stands had been established in a similar way and were similarly managed. Five mid-aged (51–60 years) and five mature (81–90 years) pure Scots pine stands were selected. To obtain the SLA index, we used the direct method, which involves scanning ca. 50 needles from each part of the tree crown. The average SLA was from 4.65 to 6.62 m2·kg−1 and differed significantly according to the part of the crown measured (p < 0.0001) and the tree age (p < 0.0001). The smallest SLA was in the upper part of the crown and the largest in the lower part of the crown, which is in line with the known relation to the light exposure of needles. Mid-aged stands of Scots pine have higher SLA values than mature ones. Dominant trees in mid-aged stands have a lower SLA than more shaded intermediate ones, which is probably due to the different lighting conditions within the canopy. No clear relationship is observed between the stand density and the SLA.

scholarly journals Generalized biomass and leaf area allometric equations for European tree species incorporating stand structure, tree age and climate

2017 ◽  
Vol 396 ◽  
pp. 160-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Forrester ◽  
I.H.H. Tachauer ◽  
Peter Annighoefer ◽  
Ignacio Barbeito ◽  
Hans Pretzsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Allometric Equations ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Structure Tree

Factors controlling epiphytic lichen biomass during postfire succession in black spruce boreal forests

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 2168-2179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Boudreault ◽  
Yves Bergeron ◽  
Darwyn Coxson
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Epiphytic Lichens ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Epiphytic Lichen ◽  
Structure Tree ◽  
Species Groups

Alectorioid lichens are the dominant group of epiphytic lichens in boreal forests. Epiphytic lichen richness and abundance generally increase with stand age and within-stand heterogeneity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the importance of time elapsed since the last fire, stand structure, tree size, tree age, and branch height for epiphytic lichen biomass of the boreal forest of western Quebec. We sampled 12 sites belonging to four forest age classes (from 50 to >200 years). We assessed epiphytic lichen biomass of three species groups ( Bryoria , Evernia , and Usnea ) on 12 trees in each site. Our results showed that biomass of Bryoria and Usnea was higher in intermediate stages (between 101 and 200 years) compared with younger (50–100 years) and older (>200 years) stages. Biomass of the three species groups was greater on larger diameter trees (>16 cm) compared with smaller ones (<16 cm). These results indicate that the protection of postfire stands aged between 101 and 200 year should be prioritized to maintain the functional role of epiphytic lichens in managed landscapes.

Effects of species mixtures on growth and stand development of Douglas-fir and red alder

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 768-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R Radosevich ◽  
David E Hibbs ◽  
Claudio M Ghersa
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Forest Understory ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Structure Tree ◽  
Species Proportions ◽  
Species Mixtures

In the Pacific Northwest, a mixture of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) often results when red alder regenerates naturally in planted conifer stands. The relationships among stand structure, tree mortality, tree size, and understory development in the two species mixtures were explored at two sites for the first 16 years after planting. Treatments included a range of species proportions, and red alder was either planted simultaneously with Douglas-fir or planting was delayed for 5 years. Red alder was also removed from some simultaneously planted proportions. Both replacement effects (total stand density held constant) and additive effects (stand density doubled) of the interaction were considered. Red alder grew relatively better at Cascade Head Experimental Forest in the Coast Range, while Douglas-fir grew better at H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the less temperate Cascade Mountains. Possible production benefits from mixed plantings were examined using two methods of calculation. Potential production benefits from certain planted proportions of the two species occurred at H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest. No planting time or species proportion resulted in yield improvements over monoculture stands at Cascade Head Experimental Forest. Understory species also varied because of differences in site and stand characteristics that resulted from the differences in planting times and species proportions.

Stand and tree characteristics and stockability in Pinustaeda plantations in Hawaii and South Carolina

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Harms ◽  
Dean S. DeBell ◽  
Craig D. Whitesell
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Soil Moisture Regime ◽  
High Solar Radiation

Stand structure and crown architecture of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) spacing trials in Hawaii and South Carolina were examined for attributes that would explain markedly different stockabilities (stand density per mean stand DBH), respectively, 1740 and 850 trees/ha at a quadratic mean stand DBH of 25 cm. In plots spaced at 2.4 × 2.4 m, these stockabilities produced 604 m3/ha at age 25 in Hawaii, and 297 m3/ha in South Carolina. Data collected in these stands indicate that stockability differences were associated with differences in tree size-class structure, crown length, and leaf area. Both stands were characterized by a two-tiered height structure, but the crown bases of trees in the subdominant class in Hawaii extended 1–2 m below the bases of the crowns of the dominant height class. In the South Carolina stands the crown bases of both height classes were at the same level. Green crown lengths in Hawaii were 4–7 m longer than in South Carolina, and the associated crown leaf area of 63.9 m2 was five times greater. The differences in stockability was attributed to the Hawaiian site and climate, which provide a long growing season, high solar radiation, high sun angle, favorable temperatures, and a favorable soil moisture regime and foliage nutrient status, and to a lack of significant insect and disease pests. The influence of genotype on stockability was not testable with these data.

The effect of stand structure and stand density on the leaf area–sapwood area relationship of lodgepole pine

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan C. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of sapwood area to leaf area in lodgepole pine was examined across a variety of habitat types and stand densities in northwest Montana. No statistical differences were found between plots with regard to either habitat type or stand density. A nonlinear relationship was found between leaf area and sapwood area. Increasing amounts of sapwood were associated with a decrease in the leaf area–sapwood area ratio. A large amount of within-plot variation in the sapwood area–leaf area relationship was explained by differences between dominant trees and trees of other crown classes. Leaf area (LA) was best estimated by the equation LA = 0.12 × S − 0.0003 × S2 + 0.06 × S × D, where LA is leaf area, S is sapwood area, and D is the crown class (dominant). Differences between dominant and subdominant trees appear to be related to ring width and its associated permeability. Differences in sapwood area–leaf area equations among different studies may be due in part to differences in stand structure.

Needle longevity of Scots pine in relation to foliar nitrogen content, specific leaf area, and shoot growth in different forest types

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1225-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margus Pensa ◽  
Arne Sellin
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Needle Age ◽  
Needle Longevity ◽  
Length Increment

The aim of the study was to examine whether the variation in needle longevity of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is of a community-specific nature. Altogether 300 trees were examined in Vaccinium, dry heath, and pine bog forests in Estonia. Mean number of needle age-classes was 4.1 for all forest types, while mean survivorship of needles averaged 70% in Vaccinium forests and 80% in the others (p < 0.01). Mean mass-based nitrogen content (Nm) of the needles was the highest in Vaccinium forests (11.8 mg·g–1, p < 0.05) and lower in dry heath (10.4 mg·g–1) and pine bog (9.8 mg·g–1) forests. Specific leaf area (SLA) did not differ between Vaccinium (6.3 mm2·mg–1) and dry heath (6.0 mm2·mg–1) forests but was lower in pine bog forests (5.5 mm2·mg–1, p < 0.05). Shoot length increment was the smallest in pine bog forests (45.1 mm·year–1, p < 0.05) and did not differ between Vaccinium (92.2 mm·year–1) and dry heath (95.2 mm·year–1) forests. Our findings confirm that the small-scale variation in needle longevity of Scots pine has a community-specific pattern and is in accordance with the trends in Nm and SLA.

Predicting the number, death, and self-pruning of branches in Scots pine

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1225-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harri Mäkinen ◽  
Francis Colin
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Sample Tree ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Variance Component Models ◽  
Component Models

Branchiness of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was studied in 19 thinning experiments in southern and central Finland. Data were collected from 229 trees growing on sites of different fertility, stand densities, ages, and canopy positions. The data were used to construct models for (i) the number of new branches on the stem apex, (ii) the probability of a branch being alive, and (iii) the proportion of the actual number of dead branches out of the predicted initial number of branches on the whorls below the crown base. Generalized variance component models were used to separate the stand-, plot-, and tree-level variation in the dependent variables. The number of new branches was closely connected to the height increment of the current year, slightly modified by the height/diameter at breast height ratio (h/DBH). The probability of a branch being alive was connected to its age, tree age, h/DBH, and its relative diameter within the branch whorl. Self-pruning of branches was faster on large trees with long crowns than on thin trees with short crowns. The indices describing the stand density and spatial arrangement of the neighbouring trees around the sample tree reduced the residuals only slightly.

Comparison of direct and indirect estimation of leaf area index in mature Norway spruce stands of eastern Germany

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Küßner ◽  
Reinhard Mosandl
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Indirect Estimation ◽  
Eastern Germany ◽  
Spruce Stands

IIn three mature Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands of the Erzgebirge (Ore Mountains) in eastern Germany, the performance of the LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer (LI-COR instruments) was tested for indirect estimation of leaf area index (LAI). The LAI-2000 calculates effective leaf area index (LAIe, m2/m2) resulting from radiation measurements and subsequent model calculations. LAIe underestimated directly estimated half the total leaf area index (LAI0.5t, m2/m2) by 37-82% as determined from allometric relationships derived from subsample harvesting. The degree of underestimation was dependent upon stand density in two of three spruce stands examined; it was the highest in sparsely stocked plots. The relationship of LAIe to allometrically determined LAI0.5t for one of the three stands differed significantly from the other two spruce stands and the underestimation of LAI0.5t was less distinct. This was explained by stand structure, i.e., higher amounts of nonassimilating surfaces relative to LAI0.5t. These results indicate that the LAI-2000 is not generally applicable for estimation of LAI in mature spruce stands of the Erzgebirge because of effects of stand structure on LAIe-LAI0.5t relationships, which are stand specific.

Variation of specific leaf area and upscaling to leaf area index in mature Scots pine

Trees ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Wang Xiao ◽  
I. A. Janssens ◽  
J. Curiel Yuste ◽  
R. Ceulemans
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Area Index
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