scholarly journals Particleboards from Recycled Wood

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ján Iždinský ◽  
Zuzana Vidholdová ◽  
Ladislav Reinprecht
Keyword(s):  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Uf Resin ◽  
Decay Test ◽  
Wood Particles ◽  
Points Of View

The effective recovery of wood waste generated in wood processing and also at the end of wood product life is important from environmental and economic points of view. In a laboratory, 16 mm-thick three-layer urea–formaldehyde (UF)-bonded particleboards (PBs) were produced at 5.8 MPa and 240 °C and with an 8 s/mm pressing factor, using wood particles prepared from (1) fresh spruce wood (C), (2) a mixture of several recycled wood products (R1), and (3) recycled faulty PBs bonded with UF resin (R2). Particles from spruce wood were combined with particles from R1 or R2 recyclates in weight ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 50:50 and 0:100. In comparison to the control spruce PB, the PBs containing the R1 recyclate from old wood products were characterized by lower thickness swelling after 2 and 24 h (TS-2h and TS-24h), lower by 18 and 31%; water absorption after 2 and 24 h (WA-2h and WA-24h), lower by 33 and 28%; modulus of rupture in bending (MOR), lower by 28%; modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE), lower by 18%; internal bond (IB), lower by 33%; and resistance to decay determined by the mass loss under the action of the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana (Δm), lower by 32%. The PBs containing the R2 recyclate from faulty PBs were also characterized by a lower TS-2h and TS-24h, lower by 45% and 59%; WA-2h and WA-24h, lower by 61% and 51%; MOR, lower by 37%; MOE, lower by 17%; and IB, lower by 33%; however, their biological resistance to C. puteana was more effective, with a decreased Δm in the decay test, lower by 44%.

scholarly journals Particleboards from Recycled Pallets

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1597
Author(s):  
Ján Iždinský ◽  
Ladislav Reinprecht ◽  
Zuzana Vidholdová
Keyword(s):  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Uf Resin ◽  
Worldwide Production ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Growth Activity ◽  
Serpula Lacrymans

Worldwide production of wooden pallets continually increases, and therefore in future higher number of damaged pallets need to be recycled. One way to conveniently recycle pallets is their use for the production of particleboards (PBs). The 3-layer PBs, bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin, were prepared in laboratory conditions using particles from fresh spruce logs (FSL) and recycled spruce pallets (RSP) in mutual weight ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 50:50 and 0:100. Particles from RSP did not affect the moisture properties of PBs, i.e., the thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA). The mechanical properties of PBs based on particles from RSP significantly worsened: the modulus of rupture (MOR) in bending from 14.6 MPa up to 10 MPa, the modulus of elasticity (MOE) in bending from 2616 MPa up to 2012 MPa, and the internal bond (IB) from 0.79 MPa up to 0.61 MPa. Particles from RSP had only a slight negative effect on the decay resistance of PBs to the brown-rot fungus Serpula lacrymans, while their presence in surfaces of PBs did not affect the growth activity of moulds at all.

scholarly journals Particleboards from Recycled Thermally Modified Wood

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1462
Author(s):  
Ján Iždinský ◽  
Zuzana Vidholdová ◽  
Ladislav Reinprecht
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Serpula Lacrymans ◽  
Thermally Modified Wood ◽  
Modified Wood

In recent years, the production and consumption of thermally modified wood (TMW) has been increasing. Offcuts and other waste generated during TMWs processing into products, as well as already disposed products based on TMWs can be an input recycled raw material for production of particleboards (PBs). In a laboratory, 16 mm thick 3-layer PBs bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin were produced at 5.8 MPa, 240 °C and 8 s pressing factor. In PBs, the particles from fresh spruce wood and mixed particles from offcuts of pine, beech, and ash TMWs were combined in weight ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 50:50 and 0:100. Thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA) of PBs decreased with increased portion of TMW particles, i.e., TS after 24 h maximally about 72.3% and WA after 24 h maximally about 64%. However, mechanical properties of PBs worsened proportionally with a higher content of recycled TMW—apparently, the modulus of rupture (MOR) up to 55.5% and internal bond (IB) up to 46.2%, while negative effect of TMW particles on the modulus of elasticity (MOE) was milder. Decay resistance of PBs to the brown-rot fungus Serpula lacrymans (Schumacher ex Fries) S.F.Gray increased if they contained TMW particles, maximally about 45%, while the mould resistance of PBs containing TMW particles improved only in the first days of test. In summary, the recycled TMW particles can improve the decay and water resistance of PBs exposed to higher humidity environment. However, worsening of their mechanical properties could appear, as well.

scholarly journals Improving Thermal Conductivity Coefficient in Oriented Strand Lumber (OSL) Using Sepiolite

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid R. Taghiyari ◽  
Abolfazl Soltani ◽  
Ayoub Esmailpour ◽  
Vahid Hassani ◽  
Hamed Gholipour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Thermal Conductivity Coefficient ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
The Core ◽  
Uf Resin ◽  
Hardness Values

An issue in engineered wood products, like oriented strand lumber (OSL), is the low thermal conductivity coefficient of raw material, preventing the fast transfer of heat into the core of composite mats. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of sepiolite at nanoscale with aspect ratio of 1:15, in mixture with urea-formaldehyde resin (UF), and its effect on thermal conductivity coefficient of the final panel. Sepiolite was mixed with UF resin for 20 min prior to being sprayed onto wood strips in a rotary drum. Ten percent of sepiolite was mixed with the resin, based on the dry weight of UF resin. OSL panels with two resin contents, namely 8% and 10%, were manufactured. Temperature was measured at the core section of the mat at 5-second intervals, using a digital thermometer. The thermal conductivity coefficient of OSL specimens was calculated based on Fourier’s Law for heat conduction. With regard to the fact that an improved thermal conductivity would ultimately be translated into a more effective polymerization of the resin, hardness of the panel was measured, at different depths of penetration of the Janka ball, to find out how the improved conductivity affected the hardness of the produced composite panels. The measurement of core temperature in OSL panels revealed that sepiolite-treated panels with 10% resin content had a higher core temperature in comparison to the ones containing 8% resin. Furthermore, it was revealed that the addition of sepiolite increased thermal conductivity in OSL panels made with 8% and 10% resin contents, by 36% and 40%, respectively. The addition of sepiolite significantly increased hardness values in all penetration depths. Hardness increased as sepiolite content increased. Considering the fact that the amount of sepiolite content was very low, and therefore it could not physically impact hardness increase, the significant increase in hardness values was attributed to the improvement in the thermal conductivity of panels and subsequent, more complete, curing of resin.

The Effect Of Weight Fraction And Size On The Properties Of Sago Particles Urea Formaldehyde Particleboard

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tay Chen Chiang ◽  
Sinin Hamdan ◽  
Mohd Shahril Osman
Keyword(s):  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Density Level ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
Uf Resin ◽  
Low Emission

We live in a world where wood products are hard to ignore. The sheer flexibility in the number of applications where the wood is used means that it is one of the most sought resources in the world. The wood products industry faces challenges in promoting sustainable management of forest resources. Composite materials have advantage of having an optimized performance, minimized weight and volume, cost effectiveness, chemical resistance and resistance to biodegradation. The research in this paper is focused on sago particles with adhesive of low emission urea formaldehyde (UF) resin 51.6% solid content. The fabrication and testing method are based on JIS A 5908 standard. A single-layer particleboard by using the sago particles has been established at targeted density level 600kg/m3. Particles with weight fractions of 90%, 85%, 80%, 75% and 70% were used in the fabrication of sago composite boards. The results of the test demonstrated that the samples with different weight fraction and size have great influence on the mechanical properties like: MOR, screw test and internal bonding. The findings had demonstrated that the level of weight fraction and size had affects the performance of a board. At the next stage of the research the comparison between sago and wood particleboard will be carried out to identify the feasibility of these materials in the industrial application.

Relation of transverse compression properties and the degree of brown rot biodeterioration of Pinus glabra in the soil block test

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 1067-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Janzen ◽  
Darrel D. Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Compression Strength ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Transverse Compression ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Significant Strength ◽  
Soil Block ◽  
Decay Test

Abstract Improved methods are needed for detecting and quantifying the effect of decay fungi on wood products. The focus of the present paper is a soil block decay test with exposure to the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum, where the changes in elasticity and strength were compared in both the radial and tangential directions as a function of the decay degree. The stress-strain analysis was employed by a transverse compression (transC) testing technique in which a load was applied over the specimen’s tangential or radial surface. It was found that early effects of decay were detected in either direction of loading, but the overall reduction in elasticity and compression strength after 7 days of exposure to the fungus was approximately two times greater in the radial direction. This difference is interpreted that decay occurs mainly in the earlywood (EW). Significant strength loss at 5% compression was detected after 2 days of exposure to the fungus. However, 3 days of exposure was required before significant strength loss was evident as a result of the reduction in modulus of elasticity (MOE) or mass loss (ML). In comparison to ML, the compression strength loss was found to be a more sensitive measure of wood decay.

scholarly journals Physico-Mechanical and Biological Durability of Citric Acid-Bonded Rubberwood Particleboard

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Zhou Huaxu ◽  
Lee Seng Hua ◽  
Paridah Md Tahir ◽  
Zaidon Ashaari ◽  
Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al-Edrus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Peak Intensity ◽  
Uf Resin ◽  
Citric Acid Content ◽  
Acidic Nature ◽  
Biological Durability

This study investigated the effects of different citric acid content on the physico-mechanical and biological durability of rubberwood particleboard. Particleboards with density of 700 kg/m3 were produced with three different citric acid contents, namely 10, 15 and 20 wt%. Particleboards made from 10 wt% urea formaldehyde (UF) resin were served as control for comparison purposes. FTIR analysis was carried out and the formation of ester linkages between -OH on cellulose and carbonyl groups of citric acid was confirmed. The peak intensity increased along with increasing citric content, which indicated that a higher amount of ester linkages were formed at higher citric acid content. Citric acid-bonded particleboard had inferior physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling) and mechanical properties (internal bonding strength, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity) compared to that of the UF-bonded particleboard. However, the performance of particleboard was enhanced with increasing citric acid content. Meanwhile, citric acid-bonded particleboard displayed significantly better fungal and termite resistance than UF-bonded particleboard owing to the acidic nature of citric acid. It can be concluded that citric acid is a suitable green binder for particleboard but some improvement is needed during the particleboard production process.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Particleboard using Acacia Mangium Wood Particles Binded With Seaweed-Based Adhesives

2021 ◽  
Vol 2129 (1) ◽  
pp. 012001
Author(s):  
K C Liew ◽  
A R Samin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Brown Seaweed ◽  
Acacia Mangium ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Internal Bonding ◽  
Wood Particles ◽  
Internal Bonding Strength

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties of particleboards made from Acacia mangium wood particles binded with three different types of seaweed-based adhesive. Red seaweed (RS), brown seaweed (BS) and green seaweed (GS) were used as the seaweed-based adhesives., while particleboard using urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive was produced as control. Adhesives and wood particles were mixed and then undergone mat-forming, pre-pressing, hot-pressing and conditioning process. The test pieces for bending test (Modulus of Elasticity, MOE; Modulus of Rupture, MOR), and internal bonding strength (IB) were cut into size according to JIS A 5908: 2003. From mechanical properties results attained, for internal bonding strength test, all boards using RS, BS and GS adhesives were found to be significantly different at p≤0.05. Apart from that, RS adhesive showed highest MOE and MOR at 529.4259 N/mm2 and 1.7900 N/mm2, respectively. As a conclusion, the mechanical properties of particleboard using RS, BS, and GS adhesives showed RS stands out as the better adhesive among them which have significant effects on its strength.

scholarly journals The Impacts of Calamity Logging on the Sustainable Development of Spruce Fuel Biomass Prices and Spruce Pulp Prices in the Czech Republic

Forests ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Mansoor Maitah ◽  
Daniel Toth ◽  
Karel Malec ◽  
Seth Nana Kwame Appiah-Kubi ◽  
Kamil Maitah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Predictive Model ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Wood Pulp ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Wood Biomass ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Spruce Wood

Currently, due to the calamity of unplanned harvesting, the amount of biomass from wood products has increased. Forests occupy 33.7% of the total area of the Czech Republic; therefore, wood and non-wood forest products are important renewables for the country. Wood biomass consists mainly of branches and bark that are not used in the wood or furniture industry. However, it can be used in bioenergy, including wood processing for fuel. As spruce production in the Czech Republic increased from the planned 15.5 million to almost 36.8 million trees in 2020, the price of wood biomass can be expected to be affected. This study aims to develop a predictive model for estimating the decline in the price of wood biomass for wood processors, such as firewood or sawdust producers, as well as for the paper industry. Wood biomass prices are falling with each additional million m3 of spruce wood harvested, as is the decline in wood pulp, which is intended for the paper and packaging industries. The proposed predictive model based on linear regressions should determine how the price of wood biomass will decrease with each additional million harvested spruce trees in the Czech Republic. This tool will be used for practical use in the forestry and wood industry. The linear regression model is suitable for practical forestry use due to its simplicity and high informative value. The aim of the research is to model the dependence of the prices of firewood in the form of wood briquettes and pellets for domestic and industrial processing, as well as the prices of wood pulp on the volume of unplanned logging. It is a guide for the practice of how to use excess spruce wood from unplanned mining in the field of alternative processing with a sustainable aspect for households or heat production for households. The intention is to carry out modelling in such a way that it does not include prices of higher quality wood assortments, which are intended for the woodworking industry.

Juvenile and mature wood characteristics of short and long rotation teak in Java

IAWA Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayan Darmawan ◽  
Dodi Nandika ◽  
Rita Kartika Sari ◽  
Annisah Sitompul ◽  
Istie Rahayu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Length ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Teak Wood

Teak wood (Tectona grandis) as an important forest resource in Indonesia has been processed to wood furniture in large quantities to fulfill an increasing need of both local and international consumers. To satisfy the increasing demand for wood products, teak wood has been supplied from the State forests (Perhutani) and Community teak plantations. Community teak has been harvested at shorter age rotations (7–10 years) than Perhutani teak (40–60 years). This paper discusses the occurrence and characteristics of juvenile wood in Perhutani and Community teak based on density, shrinkage, bending strength (modulus of rupture - MOR, modulus of elasticity - MOE), fiber length, and microfibril angle (MFA). A segmented modeling approach was used to find the juvenile mature transition. Fiber length and MFA appear to be good anatomical indicators of radial increment demarcation between juvenile and mature wood, although maturation radial increment varies slightly between the fiber length and MFA. The use of radial increment density, shrinkage, MOR, and MOE were not appropriate, because of low coefficients of determination and a large range of radial increment for transition from juvenile to mature wood. The maturations were estimated to start at radial increments 10 and 14 cm from the pith by fiber length, and 11 and 15 cm from the pith by MFA for Perhutani and Community teak, respectively. The projected figures for the proportion of juvenile wood at breast height for Perhutani and Community teak were 65% and 100%, respectively. The results also indicate that short-rotation Community teak was not remarkably inferior in shrinkage, MOE and MOR compared to Perhutani teak, although it was less dense, less attractive and less durable due to lower heartwood content. Therefore, careful attention should be given to the use of the Community teak in some wood-processing technologies.

scholarly journals Physical and Mechanical Properties of Engineered Coconut Trunk Veneer (ECTV) for Interior Products

CORD ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Izran K.
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Uf Resin ◽  
Mixed Layers ◽  
Different Parts

A study was undertaken to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of engineered coconut (Cocos nucifera) veneer (ECTV). The coconut trunks (40 – 50 years old) were obtained from Hutan Melintang, Perak and were peeled into veneers at Bestgrade Sdn. Bhd. The veneers were obtained from two different parts of coconut trunks viz inner and outer which were used to fabricate 5-ply engineered coconut veneers. The ECTVs were fabricated at FRIM’s Bio-Composite Laboratory. They were manufactured with urea formaldehyde (UF) resin and with three combinations namely 100% inner, 100% outer and alternate outer & inner veneers (mix). The densities for the engineered veneers made of 100% outer, 100% inner, and mixed layers were 944.1 kg/m3, 858.15 kg/m3 and 891.11 kg/m3, respectively. Results showed that the Modulus of Rupture (MOR) of the ECTV made from 100% outer veneers had the highest mean MOR value (88.69 MPa), followed by those made from the mixed veneers (74.35 MPa) and 100% inner (58.44 MPa), respectively.  On the other hand, the Modulus Of Elasticity (MOE) values were 10.12 Mpa for outer, 8,210 Mpa for inner and 10,075 Mpa for mixed. Overall, the testing results showed that the ECTV met the standard requirements.

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