scholarly journals The Influence of Vegetation Succession on Bearing Capacity of Forest Roads Made of Unbound Aggregates

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1137
Author(s):  
Sylwester M. Grajewski ◽  
Andrzej Czerniak ◽  
Ewa E. Kurowska
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Deformation Modulus ◽  
Vegetation Succession ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Plant Succession ◽  
Functional Feature ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
The Road ◽  
Unbound Aggregates

The aim of the research was to verify a common opinion concerning a positive influence of plants on the bearing capacity and durability of forest roads made of unbound aggregates. The surface bearing capacity is defined as the ability to transfer traffic loads without any excessive deformations which would hinder regular use of the surface and shorten its durability. It is a significant functional feature of any road. The article analyzed the influence of road surface plant succession on its bearing parameters. The research was conducted on sections of experimental road constructed using macadam technology and reinforced partly with a biaxial geogrid. Measurements were taken with a lightweight Zorn ZFG 3000 GPS type deflectometer with a 300 mm pressure plate radius and 10 kg drop weight which allowed to measure dynamic deformation modulus (Evd) and s/v parameter regarded as an indicator of compaction accuracy of the studied layer. Evd values and s/v parameters, which were obtained by measuring the road pavement covered in vegetation and after having it mechanically removed (mowed), were submitted to the analysis; next, they were compared with the results of an analysis done on areas naturally deprived of the plant cover and located in the immediate vicinity of the measuring points. The conducted research has indicated unfavorable influence of vegetation succession on the bearing parameters of the analyzed sections. The greatest drop in the mean Evd value was 39%, and s/v parameter deteriorated as much as 9%. Hence, a regular mowing of the road surface (including the maneuvering, storage and passing areas) should be taken as standard and mandatory procedures of forest road maintenance.

scholarly journals NEURAL FUZZY NETWORK FOR ASSESSING TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS FOR FOREST ROADS

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-103
Author(s):  
Vladimir Pobedinskiy ◽  
Sergey Buldakov ◽  
Andrey Berstenev ◽  
Elena Anastas
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
The Road ◽  
Logging Roads ◽  
Fuzzy Network

The article is devoted to the problem of improving road construction technologies, in particular, technological solutions for logging roads. As you know, in road construction, the choice and justification of technological solutions for the road surface is one of the first stages of design, the efficiency of which affects further project as a whole, timing and costs of construction. The solution to such a problem is extremely difficult and, first of all, due to the many interrelated parameters, factors, as well as the uncertainties of data in the problem. The task becomes much more complicated when it is also necessary to take into account the economic indicators of road construction project. But it is in this form that it is of the greatest interest, since these characteristics are often the most important in practice. For these reasons, the problem remains completely unsolved. Therefore, requires further research, as noted, taking into account the uncertainties in the problem. Intelligent systems based on the theory of fuzzy sets, neural networks and their hybrid solutions are proposed for this class of problems, as a result of modern achievements in the field of mathematics and information technologies. Thus, the purpose of this research was to develop a neural network for evaluating technological solutions for logging roads. The result of the research was the development of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy network such as ANFIS, which allows calculating the cost of the road surface depending on the main technological and initial financial parameters. The neural network can be recommended for the design of forest roads, as well as for rapid assessment of the effectiveness of various technological solutions during competitive (tender) selection.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF HIGH AND LOW DENSITY AIRBORNE LIDAR DATA FOR FOREST ROAD QUALITY ASSESSMENT

2016 ◽  
Vol III-8 ◽  
pp. 167-172
Author(s):  
K. Kiss ◽  
J. Malinen ◽  
T. Tokola
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
High Density ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Airborne Laser Scanning ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Surface Wear ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Density Data ◽  
The Road ◽  
Airborne Laser

Good quality forest roads are important for forest management. Airborne laser scanning data can help create automatized road quality detection, thus avoiding field visits. Two different pulse density datasets have been used to assess road quality: high-density airborne laser scanning data from Kiihtelysvaara and low-density data from Tuusniemi, Finland. The field inventory mainly focused on the surface wear condition, structural condition, flatness, road side vegetation and drying of the road. Observations were divided into poor, satisfactory and good categories based on the current Finnish quality standards used for forest roads. Digital Elevation Models were derived from the laser point cloud, and indices were calculated to determine road quality. The calculated indices assessed the topographic differences on the road surface and road sides. The topographic position index works well in flat terrain only, while the standardized elevation index described the road surface better if the differences are bigger. Both indices require at least a 1 metre resolution. High-density data is necessary for analysis of the road surface, and the indices relate mostly to the surface wear and flatness. The classification was more precise (31–92%) than on low-density data (25–40%). However, ditch detection and classification can be carried out using the sparse dataset as well (with a success rate of 69%). The use of airborne laser scanning data can provide quality information on forest roads.

scholarly journals Rill Erosion in Unpaved and Rock-Paved Roads after Wildfire in a Mediterranean Forest

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja ◽  
Demetrio Antonio Zema
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Rill Erosion ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Unpaved Roads ◽  
The Road ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
La Mancha ◽  
Input Variables

Forest roads are often subject to intense runoff and erosion, and the rates can be increased by other disturbance factors, such as wildfires. Since scarce literature exists on the effects of wildfires on rill erosion of forest roads, this study presents the first results of a wider research, evaluating rill erosion in four different types of roads on a forest in Hellìn (Castilla-La Mancha, Central-Eastern Spain): unpaved roads made of native materials (soil found at the study site) and rock-paved roads, both built in unburned areas as well as unpaved and rock-paved roads, in fire-affected areas. In general, the unpaved roads are more subject to rill erosion compared to the rock-paved roads. In particular, the road of burned areas shows an erodibility that is higher by more than 200% compared to the unpaved and unburned roads, and even by about 400% compared to rock-paved roads (in both burned and unburned areas). A modeling approach based on distance linear models and distance-based redundancy analysis has identified the slope of road surface and upstream hillslope as well as the percent bare soil over the road surface as important input variables to predict rill erosion in future modeling experiences. All these variables may be easily measured by quick field surveys. Although the analytical approach of this study is limited to the geometric characteristics of erosion features, the results and the methods developed are useful to support the activity of land managers to better understand the magnitude of road erosion and to develop efficient measures for its control and mitigation.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF HIGH AND LOW DENSITY AIRBORNE LIDAR DATA FOR FOREST ROAD QUALITY ASSESSMENT

2016 ◽  
Vol III-8 ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kiss ◽  
J. Malinen ◽  
T. Tokola
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
High Density ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Airborne Laser Scanning ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Surface Wear ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Density Data ◽  
The Road ◽  
Airborne Laser

Good quality forest roads are important for forest management. Airborne laser scanning data can help create automatized road quality detection, thus avoiding field visits. Two different pulse density datasets have been used to assess road quality: high-density airborne laser scanning data from Kiihtelysvaara and low-density data from Tuusniemi, Finland. The field inventory mainly focused on the surface wear condition, structural condition, flatness, road side vegetation and drying of the road. Observations were divided into poor, satisfactory and good categories based on the current Finnish quality standards used for forest roads. Digital Elevation Models were derived from the laser point cloud, and indices were calculated to determine road quality. The calculated indices assessed the topographic differences on the road surface and road sides. The topographic position index works well in flat terrain only, while the standardized elevation index described the road surface better if the differences are bigger. Both indices require at least a 1 metre resolution. High-density data is necessary for analysis of the road surface, and the indices relate mostly to the surface wear and flatness. The classification was more precise (31–92%) than on low-density data (25–40%). However, ditch detection and classification can be carried out using the sparse dataset as well (with a success rate of 69%). The use of airborne laser scanning data can provide quality information on forest roads.

Forest road quality control using ALS data

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1636-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Kiss ◽  
Jukka Malinen ◽  
Timo Tokola
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Airborne Laser Scanning ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Topographic Position ◽  
The Road ◽  
Topographic Position Index ◽  
Airborne Laser ◽  
Position Index

Good road conditions are necessary for the smooth transportation of forest machines and products. High-density airborne laser scanning data were used here to determine the quality of road surfaces and ditching systems. Forest roads in Kiihtelysvaara, Finland, were assessed in August 2013. Eight categories (structural condition, seasonal damage, drying, bridges, surface wear, visibility, coppicing, and flatness) have been inventoried and divided into three quality classes: poor, satisfactory, and good. The topographic position index, standardize elevation index, and hydrology tools were used on digital elevation models with different resolutions to test which categories could be derived. The road surface quality was most clearly related to surface wearing and flatness, and the topographic position index described the road surface best at resolutions of 0.20 m and 0.25 m; however, the standardized elevation index was superior at a 0.50 m resolution. The ditching system plays an important role in the drying of roads, and the hydrological tools and land facet analysis were most suitable for identifying the location of ditches and assessing their quality at 0.20 m and 0.25 m resolutions, respectively. The road surface was classified in all resolutions at least 66% correctly, whereas the ditches were classified in all resolutions at least 60% correctly. The results confirm that airborne laser scanning data can be used for obtaining quality information on forest roads.

scholarly journals The technical aspects of using timber in the construction of forest roads

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Trzciński ◽  
Paweł Kozakiewicz ◽  
Rafał Selwakowski
Keyword(s):  
Deformation Modulus ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
The Road ◽  
Secondary Deformation ◽  
Reference Sections ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Forest District

AbstractThis study is on the ecological aspects and interest of the State Forest National Forests Holding (SF) units in reinforcing the ground subgrade by using timber raft construction and brushwood mattresses in forest road construction. The aim of the study was to analyse the technical parameters of forest roads made on a ground subgrade reinforced with timber raft construction and brushwood mattresses. As part of the research, the scope of SF units’ application of technological solutions and the parameters of existing forest district roads made on a timber substructure were determined. A road with reference sections using different variants of subgrade reinforced with timbers logs (oak, pine) and brushwood mattresses were studied. The technical parameters of features ensuring usability, such as, among others, the bearing capacity of the pavement, were selected for the analysis. The ability of the tested pavements to support vehicle axle loads was determined based on the deflection of the surface as well as the primary (MEI) and secondary (MEII) deformation modulus with a calculated deformation indicator (I0). The deformation modulus ME of the pavement and road subgrade were determined using a VSS plate with a diameter of 300 mm. It indicated a large range of results of secondary deformation of surfaces using timber raft construction (107-204 MN·m-2) and brushwood mattresses (26-58 MN·m-2), which are dependent mainly on the diameter of the logs used, their arrangement and the road fill used.

Tire-Road Interactions — Harmony or Conflict?

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-84
Author(s):  
A. R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Water Drainage ◽  
The Road ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Tire Wear

Abstract This is a summary of work by the author and his colleagues, as well as by others reported in the literature, that demonstrate a need for considering a vehicle, its tires, and the road surface as a system. The central theme is interaction at the footprint, especially that of truck tires. Individual and interactive effects of road and tires are considered under the major topics of road aggregate (macroscopic and microscopic properties), development of a novel road surface, safety, noise, rolling resistance, riding comfort, water drainage by both road and tire, development of tire tread compounds and a proving ground, and influence of tire wear on wet traction. A general conclusion is that road surfaces have both the major effect and the greater potential for improvement.

scholarly journals CNN-Based Road-Surface Crack Detection Model That Responds to Brightness Changes

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1402
Author(s):  
Taehee Lee ◽  
Yeohwan Yoon ◽  
Chanjun Chun ◽  
Seungki Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Crack ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Semantic Segmentation ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Image Brightness ◽  
The Road ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Models

Poor road-surface conditions pose a significant safety risk to vehicle operation, especially in the case of autonomous vehicles. Hence, maintenance of road surfaces will become even more important in the future. With the development of deep learning-based computer image processing technology, artificial intelligence models that evaluate road conditions are being actively researched. However, as the lighting conditions of the road surface vary depending on the weather, the model performance may degrade for an image whose brightness falls outside the range of the learned image, even for the same road. In this study, a semantic segmentation model with an autoencoder structure was developed for detecting road surface along with a CNN-based image preprocessing model. This setup ensures better road-surface crack detection by adjusting the image brightness before it is input into the road-crack detection model. When the preprocessing model was applied, the road-crack segmentation model exhibited consistent performance even under varying brightness values.

scholarly journals Laboratory experiment on the nano-TiO2 photocatalytic degradation effect of road surface oil pollution

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 922-933
Author(s):  
Qing’e Wang ◽  
Kai Zheng ◽  
Huanan Yu ◽  
Luwei Zhao ◽  
Xuan Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Degradation ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Degradation Effect

AbstractOil leak from vehicles is one of the most common pollution types of the road. The spilled oil could be retained on the surface and spread in the air voids of the road, which results in a decrease in the friction coefficient of the road, affects driving safety, and causes damage to pavement materials over time. Photocatalytic degradation through nano-TiO2 is a safe, long-lasting, and sustainable technology among the many methods for treating oil contamination on road surfaces. In this study, the nano-TiO2 photocatalytic degradation effect of road surface oil pollution was evaluated through the lab experiment. First, a glass dish was used as a substrate to determine the basic working condition of the test; then, a test method considering the impact of different oil erosion degrees was proposed to eliminate the effect of oil erosion on asphalt pavement and leakage on cement pavement, which led to the development of a lab test method for the nano-TiO2 photocatalytic degradation effect of oil pollution on different road surfaces.

scholarly journals Effects of Speeds and Weights of Travelling Vehicles on the Road Surface Temperature

2021 ◽  
pp. 100077
Author(s):  
Samim Mustafa ◽  
Hidehiko Sekiya ◽  
Aya Hamajima ◽  
Iwao Maeda ◽  
Shuichi Hirano
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Surface Temperature ◽  
On The Road
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