scholarly journals Comparison of the Scaling Relationships of Leaf Biomass versus Surface Area between Spring and Summer for Two Deciduous Tree Species

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1010
Author(s):  
Mengdi Liu ◽  
Karl J. Niklas ◽  
Ülo Niinemets ◽  
Dirk Hölscher ◽  
Long Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Scaling Exponents ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Scaling Relationship ◽  
Adult Trees

The scaling relationship between either leaf dry or fresh mass (M) and surface area (A) can reflect the photosynthetic potential and efficiency of light harvesting in different broad-leaved plants. In growing leaves, lamina area expansion is typically finished before the completion of leaf biomass accumulation, thereby affecting the M vs. A scaling relationship at different developmental stages of leaves (e.g., young vs. adult leaves). In addition, growing plants can have different-sized leaves at different plant ages, potentially also changing M vs. A scaling. Furthermore, leaf shape can also change during the course of ontogeny and modify the M vs. A scaling relationship. Indeed, the effect of seasonal changes in leaf shape on M vs. A scaling has not been examined in any previous studies known to us. The study presented here was conducted using two deciduous tree species: Alangium chinense (saplings forming leaves through the growing season) and Liquidambar formosana (adult trees producing only one leaf flush in spring) that both have complex but nearly bilaterally symmetrical leaf shapes. We determined (i) whether leaf shapes differed in spring versus summer; (ii) whether the M vs. A scaling relationship varied over time; and (iii) whether there is a link between leaf shape and the scaling exponent governing the M vs. A scaling relationship. The data indicated that (i) the leaf dissection index in spring was higher than that in summer for both species (i.e., leaf-shape complexity decreased from young to adult leaves); (ii) there was a significant difference in the numerical value of the scaling exponent of leaf perimeter vs. area between leaves sampled at the two dates; (iii) spring leaves had a higher water content than summer leaves, and the scaling exponents of dry mass vs. area and fresh mass vs. area were all greater than unity; (iv) the scaling relationship between fresh mass and area was statistically more robust than that between leaf dry mass and area; (v) the scaling exponents of leaf dry and fresh mass vs. area of A. chinense leaves in spring were greater than those in summer (i.e., leaves in younger plants tend to be larger than leaves in older plants), whereas, for the adult trees of L. formosana, the scaling exponent in spring was smaller than that in summer, indicating increases in leaf dry mass per unit area with increasing leaf age; and (vi) leaf shape appears not to be related to the scaling relationship between either leaf dry or fresh mass and area, but is correlated with the scaling exponent of leaf perimeter vs. area (which tends to be a ½ power function). These trends indicate that studies of leaf morphometrics and scaling relationships must consider the influence of seasonality and plant age in sampling of leaves and the interpretation of data.

scholarly journals Leaf Fresh Weight Versus Dry Weight: Which is Better for Describing the Scaling Relationship between Leaf Biomass and Leaf Area for Broad-Leaved Plants?

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Huang ◽  
David Ratkowsky ◽  
Cang Hui ◽  
Ping Wang ◽  
Jialu Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Mass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Scaling Relationship ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Broad Leaved Species

Leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA) is considered to represent the photosynthetic capacity, which actually implies a hypothesis that foliar water mass (leaf fresh weight minus leaf dry weight) is proportional to leaf dry weight during leaf growth. However, relevant studies demonstrated that foliar water mass disproportionately increases with increasing leaf dry weight. Although scaling relationships of leaf dry weight vs. leaf area for many plants were investigated, few studies compared the scaling relationship based on leaf dry weight with that based on leaf fresh weight. In this study, we used the data of three families (Lauraceae, Oleaceae, and Poaceae, subfamily Bambusoideae) with five broad-leaved species for each family to examine whether using different measures for leaf biomass (i.e., dry weight and fresh weight) can result in different fitted results for the scaling relationship between leaf biomass and area. Reduced major axis regression was used to fit the log-transformed data of leaf biomass and area, and the bootstrap percentile method was used to test the significance of the difference between the estimate of the scaling exponent of leaf dry weight vs. area and that of leaf fresh weight vs. area. We found that there were five species across three families (Phoebe sheareri (Hemsl.) Gamble, Forsythia viridissima Lindl., Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Chimonobambusa sichuanensis (T.P. Yi) T.H. Wen, and Hibanobambusa tranquillans f. shiroshima H. Okamura) whose estimates of the scaling exponent of leaf dry weight to area and that of leaf fresh weight to area were not significantly different, whereas, for the remaining ten species, both estimates were significantly different. For the species in the same family whose leaf shape is narrow (i.e., a low ratio of leaf width to length) the estimates of two scaling exponents are prone to having a significant difference. There is also an allometric relationship between leaf dry weight and fresh weight, which means that foliar water mass disproportionately increases with increased leaf dry weight. In addition, the goodness of fit for the scaling relationship of leaf fresh weight vs. area is better than that for leaf dry weight vs. area, which suggests that leaf fresh mass might be more able to reflect the physiological functions of leaves associated with photosynthesis and respiration than leaf dry mass. The above conclusions are based on 15 broad-leaved species, although we believe that those conclusions may be potentially extended to other plants with broad and flat leaves.

scholarly journals Increase in Absolute Leaf Water Content Tends to Keep Pace with That of Leaf Dry Mass—Evidence from Bamboo Plants

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1345
Author(s):  
Weiwei Huang ◽  
Gadi V. P. Reddy ◽  
Yueyi Li ◽  
Jørgen Bo Larsen ◽  
Peijian Shi
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Venation Pattern ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Scaling Relationship

Leaves, as the most important photosynthetic organ of plants, are intimately associated with plant function and adaptation to environmental changes. The scaling relationship of the leaf dry mass (or the fresh mass) vs. leaf surface area has been referred to as “diminishing returns”, suggesting that the leaf area fails to increase in proportion to leaf dry mass (or fresh mass). However, previous studies used materials across different families, and there is lack of studies testing whether leaf fresh mass is proportional to the leaf dry mass for the species in the same family, and examining the influence of the scaling of leaf dry mass vs. fresh mass on two kinds of diminishing returns based on leaf dry mass and fresh mass. Bamboo plants (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) are good materials for doing such a study, which have astonishingly similar leaf shapes across species. Bamboo leaves have a typical parallel venation pattern. In general, a parallel venation pattern tends to produce a more stable symmetrical leaf shape than the pinnate and palmate venation patterns. The symmetrical parallel veins enable leaves to more regularly hold water, which is more likely to result in a proportional relationship between the leaf dry mass and absolute water content, which consequently determines whether the scaling exponent of the leaf dry mass vs. area is significantly different from (or the same as) that of the leaf fresh mass vs. area. In the present study, we used the data of 101 bamboo species, cultivars, forms and varieties (referred to as 101 (bamboo) taxa below for convenience) to analyze the scaling relationships between the leaf dry mass and area, and between leaf fresh mass and area. We found that the confidence intervals of the scaling exponents of the leaf fresh mass vs. dry mass of 68 out of the 101 taxa included unity, which indicates that for most bamboo species (67.3%), the increase in leaf water mass keeps pace with that of leaf dry mass. There was a significant scaling relationship between either leaf dry mass or fresh mass, and the leaf surface area for each studied species. We found that there was no significant difference between the scaling exponent of the leaf dry mass vs. leaf area and that of the leaf fresh mass vs. leaf area when the leaf dry mass was proportional to the leaf fresh mass. The goodness of fit to the linearized scaling relationship of the leaf fresh mass vs. area was better than that of the leaf dry mass vs. area for each of the 101 bamboo taxa. In addition, there were significant differences in the normalized constants of the leaf dry mass vs. fresh mass among the taxa (i.e., the differences in leaf water content), which implies the difference in the adaptabilities to different environments across the taxa.

scholarly journals Explaining Intricate Morphometric Variability with Environmental Predictors: The Case of Globularia cordifolia Species Complex

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 314
Author(s):  
Michele Innangi ◽  
Maja Friščić ◽  
Kroata Hazler Pilepić ◽  
Tiziana Danise ◽  
Fabio Conti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Environmental Predictors ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Perennial Shrubs ◽  
Temperature Seasonality ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Globularia is a genus of small evergreen and perennial shrubs that are widespread in Europe. Globularia section Empetron includes a group of three species, G. cordifolia, G. meridionalis, and G. neapolitana, that have been taxonomically disputed for more than 150 years. Many morphological features have been proposed to discriminate these species. Nevertheless, evidence from both past and recent literature suggest that these differences among species are not consistent. In order to shed new light in this long-disputed group, we investigated 10 populations of the G. cordifolia species complex with both classical and geometric morphometrics and used environmental predictors in multivariate regression to explain patterns of variation. Our results showed that bract area and calyx teeth length are correlated with solar radiation and annual precipitation, whereas leaf dry mass per unit area can be explained by temperature seasonality. Leaf shape can be explained by temperature seasonality as well, although with a lower amount of explanatory and predictive power. Despite a comparatively low sample size in terms of populations, our results were based on a large number of individuals and were supported by a robust statistical approach. We can conclude that differences among the three species of Globularia could be related to the combined effects of several ecological variables and might not have taxonomical value. Our novel approach provided an ecological interpretation on a species complex that makes up a continuum of forms within the environmental framework of the Mediterranean basin.

scholarly journals Scaling Relationships between Leaf Shape and Area of 12 Rosaceae Species

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Yu ◽  
Cang Hui ◽  
Hardev S. Sandhu ◽  
Zhiyi Lin ◽  
Peijian Shi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Width ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Rosaceae Species ◽  
Scaling Relationship ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Leaf surface area (A) and leaf shape have been demonstrated to be closely correlated with photosynthetic rates. The scaling relationship between leaf biomass (both dry weight and fresh weight) and A has been widely studied. However, few studies have focused on the scaling relationship between leaf shape and A. Here, using more than 3600 leaves from 12 Rosaceae species, we examined the relationships of the leaf-shape indices including the left to right side leaf surface area ratio (AR), the ratio of leaf perimeter to leaf surface area (RPA), and the ratio of leaf width to length (RWL) versus A. We also tested whether there is a scaling relationship between leaf dry weight and A, and between PRA and A. There was no significant correlation between AR and A for each of the 12 species. Leaf area was also found to be independent of RWL because leaf width remained proportional to leaf length across the 12 species. However, there was a negative correlation between RPA and A. The scaling relationship between RPA and A held for each species, and the estimated scaling exponent of RPA versus A approached −1/2; the scaling relationship between leaf dry weight and A also held for each species, and 11 out of the 12 estimated scaling exponents of leaf dry weight versus A were greater than unity. Our results indicated that leaf surface area has a strong scaling relationship with leaf perimeter and also with leaf dry weight but has no relationship with leaf symmetry or RWL. Additionally, our results showed that leaf dry weight per unit area, which is usually associated with the photosynthetic capacity of plants, increases with an increasing A because the scaling exponent of leaf dry weight versus A is greater than unity. This suggests that a large leaf surface area requires more dry mass input to support the physical structure of the leaf.

scholarly journals Effects of Salt Stress on the Leaf Shape and Scaling of Pyrus betulifolia Bunge

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu ◽  
Shi ◽  
Hui ◽  
Miao ◽  
Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Bilateral Symmetry ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Scaling Relationship ◽  
Shape Indices ◽  
Relationship Of

Leaf shape can reflect the survival and development of plants in different environments. In particular, leaf area, showing a scaling relationship with other leaf-shape indices, has been used to evaluate the extent of salt stress on plants. Based on the scaling relationships between leaf area and other leaf-shape indices in experiments at different levels of salt stress, we could examine which leaf-shape indices are also related to salt stress. In the present study, we explored the effects of different salt concentration treatments on leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA), the quotient of leaf perimeter and leaf area (QPA), the quotient of leaf width and length (QWL), the areal quotient (AQ) of left and right sides of a leaf and the standardized index (SI) for bilateral symmetry. We treated Pyrus betulifolia Bunge under NaCl salt solution of 2‰, 4‰ and 6‰, respectively, with fresh water with no salt as the control. The reduced major axis (RMA) was used to fit a linear relationship of the log-transformed data between any leaf trait measures and leaf area. We found that leaf fresh weight and dry weight decrease with salt concentration increasing, whereas the exponents of leaf dry weight versus leaf area exhibit an increasing trend, which implies that the leaves expanding in higher salt environments are prone to have a higher cost of dry mass investment to increase per unit leaf area than those in lower salt environments. Salt concentration has a significant influence on leaf shape especially QWL, and QWL under 6‰ concentration treatment is significantly greater than the other treatments. However, there is no a single increasing or decreasing trend for the extent of leaf bilateral symmetry with salt concentration increasing. In addition, we found that the scaling exponents of QPA versus leaf area for four treatments have no significant difference. It indicates that the scaling relationship of leaf perimeter versus leaf area did not change with salt concentration increasing. The present study suggests that salt stress can change leaf functional traits especially the scaling relationship of leaf dry weight versus leaf area and QWL, however, it does not significantly affect the scaling relationships between leaf morphological measures (including QPA and the extent of leaf bilateral symmetry) and leaf area.

scholarly journals The mass distribution of coarse particulate organic matter exported from an Alpine headwater stream

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Turowski ◽  
A. Badoux ◽  
K. Bunte ◽  
C. Rickli ◽  
N. Federspiel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Particulate Organic Matter ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Mountain Stream ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Scaling Exponents ◽  
Coarse Particulate Organic Matter ◽  
Strong Control

Abstract. Coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) particles span sizes from 1 mm, with a dry mass less than 1 mg, to large logs and entire trees, which can have a dry mass of several hundred kilograms. Pieces of different size and mass play different roles in stream environments, from being the prime source of energy in stream ecosystems to macroscopically determining channel morphology and local hydraulics. We show that a single scaling exponent can describe the mass distribution of CPOM heavier than 0.1 g transported in the Erlenbach, a steep mountain stream in the Swiss pre-Alps. This exponent takes an average value of −1.8, is independent of discharge and valid for particle masses spanning almost seven orders of magnitude. Similarly, the mass distribution of in-stream large woody debris (LWD) in several Swiss streams can be described by power law scaling distributions, with exponents varying between −1.8 and −2.0, if all in-stream LWD is considered, and between −1.3 and −1.8 for material locked in log jams. We found similar values for in-stream and transported material in the literature. We had expected that scaling exponents are determined by stream type, vegetation, climate, substrate properties, and the connectivity between channels and hillslopes. However, none of the descriptor variables tested here, including drainage area, channel bed slope and the percentage of forested area, show a strong control on exponent value. Together with a rating curve of CPOM transport rates with discharge, the scaling exponents can be used in the design of measuring strategies and in natural hazard mitigation.

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION AND EARLY SELECTION OF SILK BLOSSOM ( CALOTROPIS PROCERA ) GENOTYPES WITH FORAGE POTENTIAL

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 794-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
ISAIAS VITORINO BATISTA DE ALMEIDA ◽  
DIOGO GONÇALVES NEDER ◽  
FABIANE RABELO DA COSTA BATISTA ◽  
WELLISON FILGUEIRAS DUTRA
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Calotropis Procera ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize and select silk blossom genotypes (Calotropis procera) with forage potential. Between April and July 2014, we cultivated 89 genotypes in plastic tubes arranged in a randomized block design with three replications; each experimental plot was composed of 8 plants. The following characteristics were evaluated: plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), number of leaves (NL), total leaf area (TLA), leaf fresh mass (LFM), stem fresh mass (SFM), root fresh mass (RFM), leaf dry mass (LDM), stem dry mass (SDM), and root dry mass (RDM). Significant differences (p < 0.05) among genotypes were observed for all characteristics, except for NL at 45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) and for RFM at 60 DAS. Broad-sense heritability estimates and genotype means had medium and high values for most characteristics. Genetic variability among C. procera genotypes was observed. High gain selection was found for the characteristics TLA, PH, SFM, LFM, SDM, and LDM as the genotypes 79, 65, 48, 12, 51, 35, 63, 25, 1, and 46 are suitable for future breeding works to improve forage production.

scholarly journals Effects of leaf and plant age on specific leaf area in deciduous tree species Quercus cerris L. var. Cerris

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neslihan Karavin
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Quercus Cerris

In Quercus cerris L. var. cerris, four diameters at breast height (BDH) groups were selected as a surrogate for approximate plant age groups to study the effects of plant and leaf age on leaf dry mass, leaf area and specific leaf area. The forms of fluctuations in specific leaf area (SLA) of all DBH groups were similar during the growth period. The minimum SLA was calculated at the leaves’ mature phase. Leaf area did not differ significantly according to leaf age. Significant differences caused by leaf age were determined in mean leaf dry mass and SLA. No significant differences in mean SLA caused by plant age were found. Leaf area and leaf dry mass significantly varied among DBH groups. Leaf area was positively correlated with leaf dry mass, and SLA was negatively correlated with leaf dry mass, while there was no significant relationship with leaf area. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i2.18034 Bangladesh J. Bot. 42(2): 301-306, 2013 (December)

scholarly journals Leaf shape influences the scaling of leaf dry mass vs. area: a test case using bamboos

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuyan Lin ◽  
Karl J. Niklas ◽  
Yawen Wan ◽  
Dirk Hölscher ◽  
Cang Hui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass

scholarly journals Can Leaf Shape be Represented by the Ratio of Leaf Width to Length? Evidence from Nine Species of Magnolia and Michelia (Magnoliaceae)

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Peijian Shi ◽  
Kexin Yu ◽  
Ülo Niinemets ◽  
Johan Gielis
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Leaf Width ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Leaf Surface Area

Leaf shape is closely related to economics of leaf support and leaf functions, including light interception, water use, and CO2 uptake, so correct quantification of leaf shape is helpful for studies of leaf structure/function relationships. There are some extant indices for quantifying leaf shape, including the leaf width/length ratio (W/L), leaf shape fractal dimension (FD), leaf dissection index, leaf roundness index, standardized bilateral symmetrical index, etc. W/L ratio is the simplest to calculate, and recent studies have shown the importance of the W/L ratio in explaining the scaling exponent of leaf dry mass vs. leaf surface area and that of leaf surface area vs. leaf length. Nevertheless, whether the W/L ratio could reflect sufficient geometrical information of leaf shape has been not tested. The FD might be the most accurate measure for the complexity of leaf shape because it can characterize the extent of the self-similarity and other planar geometrical features of leaf shape. However, it is unknown how strongly different indices of leaf shape complexity correlate with each other, especially whether W/L ratio and FD are highly correlated. In this study, the leaves of nine Magnoliaceae species (>140 leaves for each species) were chosen for the study. We calculated the FD value for each leaf using the box-counting approach, and measured leaf fresh mass, surface area, perimeter, length, and width. We found that FD is significantly correlated to the W/L ratio and leaf length. However, the correlation between FD and the W/L ratio was far stronger than that between FD and leaf length for each of the nine species. There were no strong correlations between FD and other leaf characteristics, including leaf area, ratio of leaf perimeter to area, fresh mass, ratio of leaf fresh mass to area, and leaf roundness index. Given the strong correlation between FD and W/L, we suggest that the simpler index, W/L ratio, can provide sufficient information of leaf shape for similarly-shaped leaves. Future studies are needed to characterize the relationships among FD and W/L in leaves with strongly varying shape, e.g., in highly dissected leaves.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document