scholarly journals Can Leaf Shape be Represented by the Ratio of Leaf Width to Length? Evidence from Nine Species of Magnolia and Michelia (Magnoliaceae)

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Peijian Shi ◽  
Kexin Yu ◽  
Ülo Niinemets ◽  
Johan Gielis
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Leaf Width ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Leaf Surface Area

Leaf shape is closely related to economics of leaf support and leaf functions, including light interception, water use, and CO2 uptake, so correct quantification of leaf shape is helpful for studies of leaf structure/function relationships. There are some extant indices for quantifying leaf shape, including the leaf width/length ratio (W/L), leaf shape fractal dimension (FD), leaf dissection index, leaf roundness index, standardized bilateral symmetrical index, etc. W/L ratio is the simplest to calculate, and recent studies have shown the importance of the W/L ratio in explaining the scaling exponent of leaf dry mass vs. leaf surface area and that of leaf surface area vs. leaf length. Nevertheless, whether the W/L ratio could reflect sufficient geometrical information of leaf shape has been not tested. The FD might be the most accurate measure for the complexity of leaf shape because it can characterize the extent of the self-similarity and other planar geometrical features of leaf shape. However, it is unknown how strongly different indices of leaf shape complexity correlate with each other, especially whether W/L ratio and FD are highly correlated. In this study, the leaves of nine Magnoliaceae species (>140 leaves for each species) were chosen for the study. We calculated the FD value for each leaf using the box-counting approach, and measured leaf fresh mass, surface area, perimeter, length, and width. We found that FD is significantly correlated to the W/L ratio and leaf length. However, the correlation between FD and the W/L ratio was far stronger than that between FD and leaf length for each of the nine species. There were no strong correlations between FD and other leaf characteristics, including leaf area, ratio of leaf perimeter to area, fresh mass, ratio of leaf fresh mass to area, and leaf roundness index. Given the strong correlation between FD and W/L, we suggest that the simpler index, W/L ratio, can provide sufficient information of leaf shape for similarly-shaped leaves. Future studies are needed to characterize the relationships among FD and W/L in leaves with strongly varying shape, e.g., in highly dissected leaves.

scholarly journals Scaling Relationships between Leaf Shape and Area of 12 Rosaceae Species

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Yu ◽  
Cang Hui ◽  
Hardev S. Sandhu ◽  
Zhiyi Lin ◽  
Peijian Shi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Width ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Rosaceae Species ◽  
Scaling Relationship ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Leaf surface area (A) and leaf shape have been demonstrated to be closely correlated with photosynthetic rates. The scaling relationship between leaf biomass (both dry weight and fresh weight) and A has been widely studied. However, few studies have focused on the scaling relationship between leaf shape and A. Here, using more than 3600 leaves from 12 Rosaceae species, we examined the relationships of the leaf-shape indices including the left to right side leaf surface area ratio (AR), the ratio of leaf perimeter to leaf surface area (RPA), and the ratio of leaf width to length (RWL) versus A. We also tested whether there is a scaling relationship between leaf dry weight and A, and between PRA and A. There was no significant correlation between AR and A for each of the 12 species. Leaf area was also found to be independent of RWL because leaf width remained proportional to leaf length across the 12 species. However, there was a negative correlation between RPA and A. The scaling relationship between RPA and A held for each species, and the estimated scaling exponent of RPA versus A approached −1/2; the scaling relationship between leaf dry weight and A also held for each species, and 11 out of the 12 estimated scaling exponents of leaf dry weight versus A were greater than unity. Our results indicated that leaf surface area has a strong scaling relationship with leaf perimeter and also with leaf dry weight but has no relationship with leaf symmetry or RWL. Additionally, our results showed that leaf dry weight per unit area, which is usually associated with the photosynthetic capacity of plants, increases with an increasing A because the scaling exponent of leaf dry weight versus A is greater than unity. This suggests that a large leaf surface area requires more dry mass input to support the physical structure of the leaf.

scholarly journals Determination of leaf characteristics in different medlar genotypes using the ImageJ program

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
Sina Cosmulescu ◽  
Flavia Scrieciu ◽  
Manuela Manda
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Imagej Software ◽  
Non Destructive

The size and shape of leaves can vary significantly between different genotypes within the same species and they implicitly influence plant growth and therefore productivity. The aim of this study was to compare the length, width, and surface area of leaf in nine medlar genotypes (Mespilus germanica L.) through image segmentation procedure using ImageJ software. The data indicate large variations for leaf surface area characteristics from one genotype to another, 2.12 fold for leaf surface area (22.95–48.8 cm²), 1.38 times for leaf length (8.8–12.18 cm) and 1.6 times for leaf width (3.5–5.60 cm). Leaf shape and leaf surface area vary between different genotypes analysed, and the method used can represent a good, non-destructive model of quick and reliable estimation of the medlar leaves surface area. The information obtained can be used in physiology studies, regardless of genetic material.

scholarly journals Influence of leaf shape on the scaling of leaf surface area and length in bamboo plants

Trees ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Jian Shi ◽  
Yi-Rong Li ◽  
Ülo Niinemets ◽  
Edward Olson ◽  
Julian Schrader
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Bamboo Leaves ◽  
Scaling Relationship ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract Key message Using more than 10,000 bamboo leaves, we found that the scaling between leaf surface area and length follows a uniform power law relationship mainly relying on the degree of variation in leaf shape (reflected by the ratio of leaf width to length). Abstract A recent study based on leaf data of different plant taxa showed that the scaling of leaf surface area (A) with linear leaf dimensions was best described by the Montgomery equation (ME) that describes A as the product of leaf length (L) and width (W). Following from ME, a proportional relationship between A and the square of L has been proposed, but the validity of this simplified equation strongly depends on leaf shape (W/L ratio). Here, we show that the simplified equation can be applied to a group of closely related plants sharing a similar W/L ratio with low degree of uncertainty. We measured A, L and W of more than 10,000 leaves from 101 graminoid taxa (subfamily Bambusoideae) having similar elongated leaf shapes. We found that ME applies to the leaves of all bamboo taxa investigated. The power law equation that was used to describe a scaling relationship of A vs. L also predicted leaf area with high accuracy, but the variability measured as the root-mean-square error (RMSE) was greater than that using ME, indicating that leaf width also plays an important role in predicting leaf area. However, the dependence of the prediction accuracy of A on W is intimately associated with the extent of the variation in W/L ratio. There was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.95 for the 101 bamboo taxa) between RMSE and the coefficient of variation in W/L ratio. Thereby, our results show that leaf area of bamboo plants can be calculated by the product of L and W with a proportionality coefficient ranging from 0.625 to 0.762, i.e., the leaf area of bamboo leaves approximately equals 70% of a rectangular area formed by L and W. The pooled data of ln(A) vs. ln(WL) of 101 bamboo taxa were located on or very close to the regression line without being affected by interspecific differences. However, interspecific differences in W/L ratio largely affected the scaling relationship of A vs. L, which led to large deviations of the data of ln(A) vs. ln(L) from the regression line. This implies that the square relationship between A and L does not apply to all species even if those are very closely related taxa.

SOOTY MOULD DISEASES OF SOME TREES FROM AURANGABAD DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA (INDIA)

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
NAVALSINGH J. TODAWAT
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Sooty Mould ◽  
Leaf Surface Area

Sooty mould diseases of Tress from Aurangabad district were surveyed. During the survey of tress, 5 species were found infected by fungal pathogens causing sooty mould diseases. Disease is easily identifiable by the presence of a black, velvety growth covering the leaf surface area. The fungus produces mycelium which is superficial and dark grows on the flowers, leaf, stem and sometime on fruits also. The severity of disease depends on the honeydew secretions by insects. The diseases were found to be caused by 5 species of fungi viz. Capnodium anonae, C. ramosum, Capnodium sp., Meliola bangalorensis and Meliola ranganthii.

INFLUENCE OF GROWTH REGULATORS AND LED IRRADIATORS ON PINE STRAWBERRY ADAPTATION

1970 ◽  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
M. G. Markova ◽  
E. N. Somova
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Fragaria X Ananassa ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Light Effects ◽  
Control Version

Work on going through the adaptation stage of rooted micro-stalks comes down to searching for new growth regulators and studying the influence of external conditions, which include, among other things, light effects. The data of 2018-2019 on the effect of growth regulators Siliplant, EcoFus and experimental LED phytoradiators on the adaptation of rooted micro-stalks of garden strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa duch) in vivo are presented. The object of research is rooted micro-stalks of garden strawberries of the Korona variety. It was revealed that, at the adaptation stage of rooted micro-stalks of strawberries, the most effective was the treatment of plants by spraying with Siliplant at a concentration of 1.0 ml/l and the combined treatment with Siliplant and EcoFus at concentrations of 0.5 ml/l: regardless of lighting, the survival rate averaged 99.4 - 99.7%, the leaf surface area increased significantly from 291.85 mm2 to 334.4 mm2. The number of normally developed leaves of strawberry microplants increased significantly after treatment with all preparations from 3.5 to 6.0, 5.8 and 6.5 pcs/plant, and a significant increase in the height of strawberry rosettes was facilitated by treatment with Siliplant and Siliplant together with EcoFus. Regardless of growth regulators, the most effective was the experimental LED phyto-irradiator with a changing spectrum, which contributed to an increase in leaf surface area, height of rosettes and the number of normally developed leaves in strawberry microplants. When illuminated with a flashing phytoradiator, these indicators are lower than in the control version, but not significantly. By the end of the rooting stage, all microplants of garden strawberries corresponded to GOST R 54051-2010.

Particle size, leaf pubescence and condition of humidity at leaf surfaces are key factors determining the retention of volcanic ash on crop foliage.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noa Ligot ◽  
Benoît Pereira ◽  
Patrick Bogaert ◽  
Guillaume Lobet ◽  
Pierre Delmelle
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Volcanic Risk ◽  
Chilli Pepper ◽  
Leaf Pubescence ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Plant Foliage ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Ash Deposit

<p>Volcanic ashfall negatively affects crops, causing major economic losses and jeopardising the livelihood of farmers in developing countries where agriculture is at volcanic risk. Ash on plant foliage reduces the amount of incident light, thereby limiting photosynthesis and plant yield. An excessive ash load may also result in mechanical plant damages, such as defoliation and breakage of the stem and twigs. Characterising crop vulnerability to ashfall is critical to conduct a comprehensive volcanic risk analysis. This is normally done by describing the relationship between the ash deposit thickness and the corresponding reduction in crop yield, i.e. a fragility function. However, ash depth measured on the ground surface is a crude proxy of ash retention on plant foliage as this metrics neglects other factors, such as ash particle size, leaf pubescence and condition of humidity at leaf surfaces, which are likely to influence the amount of ash that stays on leaves.</p><p>Here we report the results of greenhouse experiments in which we measured the percentage of leaf surface area covered by ash particles for one hairy leaf plant (tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L.) and one hairless leaf plant (chilli pepper, Capsicum annuum L.) exposed to simulated ashfalls. We tested six particle size ranges (≤ 90, 90-125, 125-250, 250-500, 500-1000, 1000-2000 µm) and two conditions of humidity at leaf surfaces, i.e. dry and wet. Each treatment consisted of 15 replicates. The tomato and chilli pepper plants exposed to ash were at the seven- and eight-leaf stage, respectively. An ash load of ~570 g m<sup>-2 </sup>was applied to each plant using a homemade ashfall simulator. We estimated the leaf surface area covered by ash from pictures taken before and immediately after the simulated ashfall. The ImageJ software was used for image processing and analysis.</p><p>Our results show that leaf coverage by ash increases with decreasing particle size. Exposure of tomato and chilli pepper to ash ≤ 90 μm always led to ~90% coverage of the leaf surface area. For coarser particles sizes (i.e. between 125 and 500 µm) and dry condition at leaf surfaces, a significantly higher percentage (on average 29 and 16%) of the leaf surface area was covered by ash in the case of tomato compared to chilli pepper, highlighting the influence of leaf pubescence on ash retention. In addition, for particle sizes between 90 and 500 µm, wetting of the leaf surfaces prior to ashfall enhanced the ash cover by 19 ± 5% and 34 ± 11% for tomato and chilli pepper, respectively.</p><p>These findings highlight that ash deposit thickness alone cannot describe the hazard intensity accurately. A thin deposit of fine ash (≤ 90 µm) will likely cover the entire leaf surface area, thereby eliciting a disproportionate effect on plant foliage compared to a thicker but coarser deposit. Similarly, for a same ash depth, leaf pubescence and humid conditions at the leaf surfaces will enhance ash retention, thereby increasing the likelihood of damage. Our study will contribute to improve the reliability of crop fragility functions used in volcanic risk assessment.</p>

scholarly journals Growth and productivity of wheat plants under drought in the critical phase of ontogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
O. I. Zhuk ◽  
O.O. Stasik
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Critical Phase ◽  
Leaf Surface Area

Aim. The goal of this work was to study the effect of drought in the critical phase of ontogenesis on the growth and productivity of breed winter wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). Methods. Wheat plants of cultivars Darunok Podillya and Podolyanka were grown under optimal nutrition and well-water conditions until the earing-flowering phase, after that the experimental plants were transferred to drought regime for 8 days, after that the optimal water supply was restored to the end of vegetation. During the experiment, the leaf surface area, the mass of internodes and ear were determined. Ripened plants were analyzed according to the structure of the yield. Results. It was established that the effect of drought in the critical phase of ontogenesis the earing-flowering caused to the decreasing in leaf surface area, mass of internodes, ear, mass and number of grains in the ear and plant, weight of 1000 grains. Conclusions. Water deficit in the soil in the critical phase of earing-flowering led to a decrease in the productive of breed winter wheat plants due to the inhibition of growth of ear, decreasing grain number and the mass of ear and grains. Keywords: Triticum aestivum L., internode, ear, productivity, drought.

scholarly journals Влияние элементов технологии возделывания винограда на урожай и КПД ФАР клона 337 сорта Каберне-Совиньон в условиях Западного предгорно-приморского района Крыма

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
Alexander Dikan ◽  
Domnica Kashirina ◽  
Irina Ryff
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Photosynthetically Active Radiation ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Efficiency Coefficient ◽  
Active Radiation ◽  
Strong Linear Correlation ◽  
Leaf Surface Area

Приводятся результаты трехлетних исследований по клону 337 сорта Каберне-Совиньон в Западном предгорно-приморском районе Крыма. Показано влияние различной нагрузки на куст (11, 17 и 22 глазка) и зеленых операций (чеканка побегов, нормирование урожая, удаление листьев в зоне гроздей с восточной стороны) на величину урожая и коэффициент полезного действия (КПД) фотосинтетически активной радиации (ФАР). Установлено, что максимальная величина КПД ФАР была 0,52% при нагрузке на куст в две лозы плодоношения без последующих зеленых операций. Изменение КПД ФАР на 93,4% зависит от изменения площади листовой поверхности куста. Между КПД ФАР и урожаем винограда с куста существует сильная линейная корреляционная связь и регрессионная зависимость. Изменение массы урожая винограда с куста на 99,9% зависит от изменения площади листовой поверхности куста и КПД ФАР. Увеличенная нагрузка до 17-22 глазков при обрезке будет способствовать наиболее рациональному использованию ресурсов продуктивности кустов клона 337 сорта Каберне-Совиньон в Западном предгорно-приморском районе Крыма.The paper summarizes results of a three-year study on clone 337 of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ cultivar in the western piedmont-coastal region of Crimea. The paper demonstrates the influence of various bush loads (11, 17 and 22 eyes) and green operations (shoot trimming, harvest regulation, leaf removal in the bunch area on the eastern side) on the yield size and efficiency coefficient of photosynthetically active radiation. It was found that the maximum efficiency of photosynthetically active radiation made 0.52% with the bush load of two fruiting canes without subsequent green operations. The 93.4% variance of the efficiency coefficient of photosynthetically active radiation is dependent on leaf surface area variations of the bush. There is a strong linear correlation and regressional relationship between the efficiency of photosynthetically active radiation and the yield of grapes per bush. The 99.9% increase of the yield per bush weight depends on the change in the leaf surface area of the bush and the efficiency coefficient of photosynthetically active radiation. Increasing the load up to 17-22 buds when pruning will contribute to the most rational use of bush productivity resources of clone 337 of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ in the western piedmont-coastal region of Crimea.

scholarly journals Predicting the allometry of leaf surface area and dry mass

2009 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 531-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl J. Niklas ◽  
Edward D. Cobb ◽  
Hanns-Christof Spatz
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Leaf Surface Area
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document