scholarly journals Geographic Variations of the Wood Density and Fiber Dimensions of the Persian Oak Wood

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1003
Author(s):  
Noorollah Nazari ◽  
Mohsen Bahmani ◽  
Saleh Kahyani ◽  
Miha Humar ◽  
Gerald Koch
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Geographic Variations ◽  
Oak Wood ◽  
Fiber Dimensions ◽  
The Relationship

Persian oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) is a valuable native species in Iranian forests with very limited availability of data on its wood properties. The objective of the current study was to determine the influence of altitude and slope on physical properties and fiber dimensions of Persian oak wood. In addition, the relationship among wood properties, site conditions (temperature and rainfall) and growth traits of trees (tree height, DBH, basal area, age, crown diameter, crown basal area, volume and annual diameter increment) were studied by principal component analysis (PCA). Three altitude levels (1730, 1980 and 2250 m) and three slope classes (<30%, 30–45% and >45%) were considered in the current study. It was determined that trees growing in the intermediate altitude (1980 m) showed the highest oven-dry density values, and those in the lowest altitude (1730 m) revealed the lowest ones. The results also indicate significant statistical differences between altitude levels and slope classes on the fiber length, fiber diameter and volumetric swelling at the 99% confidence interval while no significant differences were found between average values of oven-dry density among different altitudes and slopes. PCA analysis indicated that altitude and temperature are the most important factors affecting the wood properties. Knowledge of the relationship between wood properties and environmental factors are essential in terms of both forestry management and wood applications.

scholarly journals Genetic Evaluation and Combined Selection for the Simultaneous Improvement of Growth and Wood Properties in Catalpa bungei Clones

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 868
Author(s):  
Yao Xiao ◽  
Junhui Wang ◽  
Huiling Yun ◽  
Guijuan Yang ◽  
Jianwei Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Genetic Gains ◽  
Catalpa Bungei ◽  
Combined Selection

Catalpa bungei is an important timber tree. Improvements in growth and wood quality are important goals of C. bungei breeding, and it is necessary to understand the genetic parameters of specific target traits and genetic correlation between growth traits and wood properties for tree breeding. In this study, the genetic parameters of height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and wood properties were estimated and genetic and phenotypic correlations between growth traits and wood properties were evaluated in C. bungei. Finally, different selection scenarios were used to evaluate and select optimal clones. The results showed that there were significant differences in growth and wood properties among clones. The wood hardness (0.66–0.79), basic density (0.89), air-dried density (0.89) and compression strength parallel to the grain of wood (CSP) (0.84) had high repeatability. The variance component proportions indicated that the variation in wood properties came mainly from different genotypes (clones) rather than from different individuals of the same clone. The DBH showed a significant negative genetic correlation with the hardness of radial section (HRS) (−643), basic density (−0.531) and air-dry density (−0.495). This unfavorable relationship makes it difficult to improve growth and wood quality simultaneously in C. bungei. We selected the optimal clones under different scenarios, and we obtained 7.75–9.06% genetic gains for growth in the scenario in which height and DBH were the target traits. Genetic gains of 7.43–14.94% were obtained for wood properties by selecting optimal clones in the scenario in which wood properties were the target traits. Approximately 5% and 4% genetic gains were obtained for growth and wood properties, respectively, for the combined selection. This study provides new insights into the genetic improvement of wood quality in C. bungei.

scholarly journals FIBER MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BRANCH AND STEM WOOD OF HAWTHORN (CRATAEGUS AZAROLUS L.) GROWN IN ZAGROS FORESTS

Wood Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-402
Author(s):  
Huijun Dong ◽  
Mohsen Bahmani ◽  
Miha Humar ◽  
Sohrab Rahimi
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Length ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Fiber Morphology ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fresh Insight ◽  
Branch Wood

This study aims at investigating the effect of three altitude levels (below 1800 m, 1800-2000 m and above 2000 m) on the physical and biometric properties of stem-wood and branch-wood of hawthorn species. Moreover, the relationship between wood dry density and volumetric swelling, fiber length, fiber diameter, cell wall thickness were studied. Results indicated that altitude had significant effects on the dry density, volumetric swelling and fiber length of stem wood while did not significant effects on the density of branch wood. Additionally, some physical and biometric properties had relatively greater correlation coefficients in branch wood than in stem wood whereas others had higher coefficients in stem wood compared to branch wood. Deep understanding of properties this wood species will provide a fresh insight into the relationship between wood properties and environmental factors.

scholarly journals Competition Indices and Their Relationship With Basal Area Increment of Araucaria

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Arnoni Costa ◽  
César Augusto Guimarães Finger ◽  
André Felipe Hess
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Basal Area Increment ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Multivariate Technique ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Mathematical Equations ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Competition Indices

Models that report the effect of competition are important for forest management since forests with higher levels of competition have lower increment rates, and their use is necessary to plan forest interventions. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effect of competition in the basal area increment of individual trees of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze in a natural forest. A total of 397 subject trees were measured, covering the diametric range. The dendrometric and morphometric characteristics of subject trees and their competitors were obtained, and 22 distance-dependent and distance-independent competition indices were calculated, in addition to increment cores extracted radially from the trunk at diameter at breast height. The relationship between models of periodic annual increment in basal area based on competition indices has allowed to obtain R2 values of 0.425 and Syx% ≥ 50.2. The multivariate technique of principal component analysis has shown that three principal components explain 78.43% of total variation. The first component was responsible for explaining 52.95%, with similar eigenvector for 11 competition indices, evidencing that these models can be used to describe especies competition, although they show different variables and mathematical equations in calculations. Results show the importance of competition to predict increment of Araucaria in individual trees.

Characterization of the wood quality of pernambuco (Caesalpinia echinata Lam) by measurements of density, extractives content, microfibril angle, stiffness, color, and NIR spectroscopy

Holzforschung ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Charles Espey ◽  
Christian R. Mora ◽  
Robert Evans ◽  
Adam Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Caesalpinia Echinata

Abstract A total of 30 Caesalpinia echinata (pernambuco) sticks were ranked based on their suitability for making high quality bows and were assigned to one of the three following categories: 0=very poor to poor, 1=good to very good, and 2=excellent. From the end of each stick a sample was cut for wood property and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic analysis. Wood properties measured included air-dry density, extractives content, microfibril angle, stiffness and wood color. NIR spectra were evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and on the PC scores. Poor quality samples were discriminated from those of good to very good and excellent quality; however, samples from the two higher quality groups were mixed. Based on relationships observed between PC scores and wood properties, we suggest that, of the measured properties, density and stiffness were the most important in sample discrimination based on quality. Samples ranked in the excellent category had high average density (1119 kg m-3) and stiffness (25.2 GPa) and relatively low extractives content (21.2%) compared to samples in the very poor to poor category (density= 938 kg m-3, stiffness=18.9 GPa and extractives content=24.9%).

scholarly journals Inheritance and Correlation Analysis of Pulpwood Properties, Wood Density, and Growth Traits of Slash Pine

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjie Li ◽  
Xianyin Ding ◽  
Jingmin Jiang ◽  
Qifu Luan
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Wood Traits ◽  
Breeding Selection ◽  
The Relationship

Slash pine (Pinus elliottii) is the most important and a fast-growing material that is used for industrial timber and pulp production. A breeding program of slash pine that aims to improve wood properties has been employed for the past decade. This study analysed the genetics and correlation of growth traits and wood properties of a total of 1059 individual plants from 49 families of P. elliottii. Heritability, family ranking, genetic gain, and the relationship between these traits were estimated. The results showed that there was a significant negative genetic correlation between the holocellulose and lignin content. The heritabilities of these four traits were ranked from 0.18 to 0.32. The chemical wood traits did not show a strong correlation with diameter at breast height (DBH) and wood density. However, it is still possible to combine wood traits for selection. It was suggested that the genetic breeding selection could improve the growth and quality of P. elliottii.

scholarly journals Effects of altitude on density and biometric properties of hornbeam wood (Carpinus betulus)

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. e011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Kiaei ◽  
Valiullah Moosavi ◽  
Seyed Eshagh Ebadi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Carpinus Betulus ◽  
Fiber Dimensions

Aim of the study: This study aimed to investigate the effect of altitude difference on the wood dry density, fiber dimensions, and morphological properties of hornbeam wood (Carpinus betulus L.).Area of study: The study area was located in the province of Mazandaran, north of Iran.Material and method: 18 mature trees were randomly selected and harvested at six altitude levels (300, 500, 700, 900, 1100, and 1300 m) in the north of Iran. The clear test samples‎ were prepared‎ at diameter at breast height (DBH) to measure the wood dry density, fiber length, fiber diameter, cell wall thickness, Runkel coefficients, flexibility coefficients, and slenderness coefficients. Further ‎analyses included the relationships between the wood properties and site conditions (temperature, ‎precipitation, crown canopy, ‎and understory herb layer) as well as tree’s main dimensions ‎(tree height and the DBH).Main results: The results indicated significant effects of altitude variations on the studied ‎properties. The pattern variations of wood properties were very regular at different levels of height. The average fiber length and fiber diameter decreased while the wood dry density and cell wall thickness increased with increasing the altitude levels. The average values of wood dry density, fiber length, fiber diameter, cell wall thickness, slenderness coefficients, flexibility coefficients, and Runkel coefficients of hornbeam wood were 698 kg/m3, 1.42mm, 25.58 µm, 5.72µm, 55.55, 54.04%, and 0.93, respectively, in the above six altitudes. Pearson matrix correlation showed that there were significant relationships between temperature, crown canopy, tree height and DBH ‎with the studied wood properties (except the slenderness coefficients)‎.Research highlights: The hornbeams grown at altitudes above 900-1300 m were not suitable for pulp and ‎paper production‎ due to relatively higher Runkel coefficients, the lower flexibility coefficients, as well as smaller fiber length than other altitude levels.Additional Keywords: Carpinus betulus; altitude variation; density; fiber dimensions; morphological properties.Abbreviations used: WDD (wood dry density); FL (fiber length); FD (fiber diameter), CWT (cell wall thickness); FC (flexibility coefficient); RC (Runkel coefficients); SC (slenderness coefficient).

scholarly journals Anatomical characterization and technological properties of Pterogyne nitens wood, a very interesting species of the Brazilian Caatinga biome

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allana Katiussya Silva Pereira ◽  
Dalton Longue Júnior ◽  
Ana Márcia Macedo Ladeira Carvalho ◽  
Caio da Silva Mafra Neto
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Slenderness Ratio ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Natural Fertility ◽  
Charcoal Production ◽  
Caatinga Biome ◽  
Flexibility Coefficient ◽  
Fiber Dimensions ◽  
Tree Development

AbstractPterogyne nitens is commonly known in northeastern Brazil as a lesser-known fast-growing species in the Caatinga biome, which is a difficult place for tree development due to the low natural fertility soils and low availability of water. Due to the importance of expanding information about the anatomical wood properties of Caatinga native species, the aim of this work was to characterize the anatomical elements, to macroscopically describe the wood and make inferences about its possible end-uses. Maceration was performed which enabled measuring fiber dimensions, pore frequency and the following technological indexes: cell wall fraction, slenderness ratio, Runkel index and flexibility coefficient. Histological sections enabled describing the arrangements of the cellular elements in different observation sections and to determine the pore diameter. P. nitens wood has anatomical arrangements characterized by confluent axial parenchyma, being diffuse-porous with the presence of tylosis and heterogeneous/stratified rays (biseriate). The fibers were classified as very short (length 0.81 mm), not flexible and Runkel index 0.82. The pores were few in number with a frequency of 32.9 pores/mm2, distributed in a diffuse format and many were obstructed by tylosis. Based on the anatomical results and considering other technological studies, P. nitens wood is most suitable for charcoal production.

What Does Human Development Index Rating Mean in Terms of Individualism/Collectivism?

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria José Sotelo ◽  
Luis Gimeno
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Relationship

The authors explore an alternative way of analyzing the relationship between human development and individualism. The method is based on the first principal component of Hofstede's individualism index in the Human Development Index rating domain. Results suggest that the general idea that greater wealth brings more individualism is only true for countries with high levels of development, while for middle or low levels of development the inverse is true.

HUBUNGAN KEPADATAN BIVALVIA DENGAN PARAMETER LINGKUNGAN DI PESISIR TANJUNG PURA KABUPATEN BANGKA TENGAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-121
Author(s):  
Sudiyar . ◽  
Okto Supratman ◽  
Indra Ambalika Syari
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Random System ◽  
System Method ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Anadara Granosa

The destructive fishing feared will give a negative impact on the survival of this organism. This study aims to analyze the density of bivalves, distribution patterns, and to analyze the relationship of bivalves with environmental parameters in Tanjung Pura village. This research was conducted in March 2019. The systematic random system method was used for collecting data of bivalves. The collecting Data retrieval divided into five research stasions. The results obtained 6 types of bivalves from 3 families and the total is 115 individuals. The highest bivalve density is 4.56 ind / m², and the lowest bivalves are located at station 2,1.56 ind / m²,  The pattern of bivalve distribution in the Coastal of Tanjung Pura Village is grouping. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that Anadara granosa species was positively correlated with TSS r = 0.890, Dosinia contusa, Anomalocardia squamosa, Mererix meretrix, Placamen isabellina, and Tellinella spengleri were positively correlated with currents r = 0.933.

scholarly journals Nonverbal Semantics Test (NVST)—A Novel Diagnostic Tool to Assess Semantic Processing Deficits: Application to Persons with Aphasia after Cerebrovascular Accident

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 359
Author(s):  
Katharina Hogrefe ◽  
Georg Goldenberg ◽  
Ralf Glindemann ◽  
Madleen Klonowski ◽  
Wolfram Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Cerebrovascular Accident ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Verbal Abilities ◽  
Verbal Tasks ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
The Relationship

Assessment of semantic processing capacities often relies on verbal tasks which are, however, sensitive to impairments at several language processing levels. Especially for persons with aphasia there is a strong need for a tool that measures semantic processing skills independent of verbal abilities. Furthermore, in order to assess a patient’s potential for using alternative means of communication in cases of severe aphasia, semantic processing should be assessed in different nonverbal conditions. The Nonverbal Semantics Test (NVST) is a tool that captures semantic processing capacities through three tasks—Semantic Sorting, Drawing, and Pantomime. The main aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between the NVST and measures of standard neurolinguistic assessment. Fifty-one persons with aphasia caused by left hemisphere brain damage were administered the NVST as well as the Aachen Aphasia Test (AAT). A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted across all AAT and NVST subtests. The analysis resulted in a two-factor model that captured 69% of the variance of the original data, with all linguistic tasks loading high on one factor and the NVST subtests loading high on the other. These findings suggest that nonverbal tasks assessing semantic processing capacities should be administered alongside standard neurolinguistic aphasia tests.

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