Characterization of the wood quality of pernambuco (Caesalpinia echinata Lam) by measurements of density, extractives content, microfibril angle, stiffness, color, and NIR spectroscopy

Holzforschung ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Charles Espey ◽  
Christian R. Mora ◽  
Robert Evans ◽  
Adam Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Caesalpinia Echinata

Abstract A total of 30 Caesalpinia echinata (pernambuco) sticks were ranked based on their suitability for making high quality bows and were assigned to one of the three following categories: 0=very poor to poor, 1=good to very good, and 2=excellent. From the end of each stick a sample was cut for wood property and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic analysis. Wood properties measured included air-dry density, extractives content, microfibril angle, stiffness and wood color. NIR spectra were evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and on the PC scores. Poor quality samples were discriminated from those of good to very good and excellent quality; however, samples from the two higher quality groups were mixed. Based on relationships observed between PC scores and wood properties, we suggest that, of the measured properties, density and stiffness were the most important in sample discrimination based on quality. Samples ranked in the excellent category had high average density (1119 kg m-3) and stiffness (25.2 GPa) and relatively low extractives content (21.2%) compared to samples in the very poor to poor category (density= 938 kg m-3, stiffness=18.9 GPa and extractives content=24.9%).

Radial variation in pernambuco (Caesalpinia echinata) wood properties

IAWA Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Jorge Luis Monteiro de Matos ◽  
Charles Espey
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Radial Variation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Property Variation ◽  
Caesalpinia Echinata

Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (pernambuco or pau-brasil) is recognized as the premier raw material for manufacturing stringed instrument bows. Several studies have identified properties considered important in determining the suitability of pernambuco wood for bow manufacture including density, modulus of elasticity (MOE), and, possibly, microfibril angle (MFA). No research has been conducted on how these properties vary within individual trees; however, an understanding of how pernambuco wood properties vary within trees is important as it may assist in the identification of trees or provenances most suited for the establishment of plantations, aid in developing an understanding of management practices on wood property variation for plantation-grown pernambuco and also facilitate the identification of regions within trees that possess optimal properties for bow manufacture. Radial variation in density, MFA and MOE was examined using SilviScan for three radial strips representing differing levels of wood quality in terms of perceived suitability for making high-quality bows. The lowest quality sample showed considerable radial variation compared to the higher quality samples for all properties and it also had the lowest average density. It was not possible to identify a strong pith to bark trend for any of the wood properties examined.

Nondestructive estimation of Pinus taeda L. wood properties for samples from a wide range of sites in Georgia

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
P D Jones ◽  
L R Schimleck ◽  
G F Peter ◽  
R F Daniels ◽  
A Clark III
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Preliminary studies based on small sample sets show that near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has the potential for rapidly estimating many important wood properties. However, if NIR is to be used operationally, then calibrations using several hundred samples from a wide variety of growing conditions need to be developed and their performance tested on samples from new populations. In this study, 120 Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) radial strips (cut from increment cores) representing 15 different sites from three physiographic regions in Georgia (USA) were characterized in terms of air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA), and stiffness. NIR spectra were collected in 10-mm increments from the radial longitudinal surface of each strip and split into calibration (nine sites, 729 spectra) and prediction sets (six sites, 225 spectra). Calibrations were developed using untreated and mathematically treated (first and second derivative and multiplicative scatter correction) spectra. Strong correlations were obtained for all properties, the strongest R2 values being 0.83 (density), 0.90 (MFA), and 0.93 (stiffness). When applied to the test set, good relationships were obtained (Rp2 ranged from 0.80 to 0.90), but the accuracy of predictions varied depending on math treatment. The addition of a small number of cores from the prediction set (one core per new site) to the calibration set improved the accuracy of predictions and importantly minimized the differences obtained with the various math treatments. These results suggest that density, MFA, and stiffness can be estimated by NIR with sufficient accuracy to be used in operational settings.

Estimation of the physical wood properties of green Pinus taeda radial samples by near infrared spectroscopy

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2297-2305 ◽  
Author(s):  
L R Schimleck ◽  
C Mora ◽  
R F Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Independent Set ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Green Wood

The application of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to the green wood of radial samples (simulated increment cores) and the development of calibrations for the prediction of wood properties are described. Twenty Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) radial strips were characterized in terms of air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA), and stiffness. NIR spectra were obtained in 10-mm steps from the radial longitudinal and transverse faces of each sample and used to develop calibrations for each property. NIR spectra were collected when the wood was green (moisture content ranged from approximately 100% to 154%) and dried to approximately 7% moisture content. Relationships between measured and NIR estimates for green wood were good; coefficients of determination (R2) ranged from 0.79 (MFA) to 0.85 (air-dry density). Differences between calibrations developed using the radial longitudinal and transverse faces were small. Calibrations were tested on an independent set. Predictive errors were relatively large for some green samples and relationships were moderate; R2p ranged from 0.67 (MFA) to 0.81 (stiffness). Dry wood calibrations demonstrated strong predictive relationships with R2p ranging from 0.87 (air-dry density) to 0.95 (stiffness). NIR spectroscopy has the potential to predict the air-dry density, MFA, and stiffness of 10-mm sections of green P. taeda wood samples.

scholarly journals High Resolution Scanning of Radial Strips cut from Increment Cores by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

IAWA Journal ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. David Jenes ◽  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Chi-Leung So ◽  
Alexander Clark III ◽  
Richard F. Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy provides a rapid method for the determination ofwood properties of radial strips. The spatial resolution of the NIR measurements has generally been limited to sections 10mm wide and as a consequence the estimation of wood properties of individual rings or within rings has not been possible. Many different NIR instruments can be used to collect NIR spectra from the surface of radial strips at relatively high spatial resolution and the purpose of this study was to compare wood property calibrations obtained using NIR spectra collected in 5 mm and 2 mm seetions with several different NIR instruments. We found that calibrations based on spectra collected in 5 mm seetions had good statistics, with those based on the Bruker Vector 22/N spectrometer the strongest. Of the three properties examined (density, microfibril angle and stiffness), density had the weakest statistics. When the spatial resolution was decreased to 2 mm, calibration and prediction statistics were weaker than those at 5 mm. RPDp's were relatively low with the highest being 1.76 for predicted stiffness based on NIR spectra obtained using the ASD Field Spec Pro spectrometer. Based on the low RPDp's, we conclude that none of the instruments examined were suitable for scanning radial strips at a spatial resolution of 2 mm.

Estimation of Eucalyptus delegatensis wood properties by near infrared spectroscopy

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1671-1675 ◽  
Author(s):  
L R Schimleck ◽  
R Evans ◽  
J Ilic
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Eucalyptus Delegatensis

The use of calibrated near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for the prediction of a range solid wood properties is described. The methods developed are applicable to large-scale nondestructive forest resource assessment and to tree breeding and silvicultural programs. A series of Eucalyptus delegatensis R.T. Baker (alpine ash) samples were characterized in terms of density, longitudinal modulus of elasticity (EL), microfibril angle (MFA), and modulus of rupture (MOR). NIR spectra were obtained from the radial–longitudinal face of each sample and used to generate calibrations for the measured physical properties. The relationships were good in all cases, with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.77 for MOR through 0.90 for EL to 0.93 for stick density. In view of the rapidly expanding range of applications for this technique, it is concluded that appropriately calibrated NIR spectroscopy could form the basis of a "universal" testing instrument capable of predicting a wide range of product properties from a single type of spectrum obtained from the product or from the raw material.

scholarly journals Classifying Wood Properties of Loblolly Pine Grown in Southern Brazil Using NIR-Hyperspectral Imaging

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 686
Author(s):  
Laurence Schimleck ◽  
Jorge L. M. Matos ◽  
Antonio Higa ◽  
Rosilani Trianoski ◽  
José G. Prata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Hyperspectral Imaging ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Improvement Programs

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is one of the most important commercial timber species in the world. While the species is native to the southeastern United States of America (USA), it has been widely planted in southern Brazil, where it is the most commonly planted exotic species. Interest exists in utilizing nondestructive testing methods for wood property assessment to aid in improving the wood quality of Brazilian grown loblolly pine. We used near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) on increment cores to provide data representative of the radial variation of families sampled from a 10-year-old progeny test located in Rio Negrinho municipality, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Hyperspectral images were averaged to provide an individual NIR spectrum per tree for cluster analysis (hierarchical complete linkage with square Euclidean distance) to identify trees with similar wood properties. Four clusters (0, 1, 2, 3) were identified, and based on SilviScan data for air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA), and stiffness, clusters differed in average wood properties. Average ring data demonstrated that trees in Cluster 0 had the highest average ring densities, and those in Cluster 3 the lowest. Cluster 3 trees also had the lowest ring MFAs. NIR-HSI provides a rapid approach for collecting wood property data and, when coupled with cluster analysis, potentially, allows screening for desirable wood properties amongst families in tree improvement programs.

Comparison of Pinus taeda L. wood property calibrations based on NIR spectra from the radial-longitudinal and radial-transverse faces of wooden strips

Holzforschung ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Reinhard Stürzenbecher ◽  
Christian Mora ◽  
P. David Jones ◽  
Richard F. Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Increment Core ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Radial Strip

Abstract When a radial strip is cut from an increment core it can potentially be cut with two orientations: parallel to longitudinal tracheids, i.e., a radial-longitudinal (RL) strip (the orientation of SilviScan samples), or at an orientation of 90° to the tracheids, i.e., a radial-transverse (RT) strip. Both strips could be used for near-infrared (NIR) analysis, but it is unknown how calibrations based on RT-face NIR spectra compare with those based on RL-face NIR spectra. A total of 20 Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) RL strips were characterized in terms of air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA), stiffness and several tracheid morphological characteristics. NIR spectra were collected in 10-mm increments from the RL and RT faces of matching strips and used to develop calibrations for each property. In general, RL-face NIR spectra gave calibrations that provided stronger relationships. Differences between the two sets of calibrations were small, indicating that either face could be used for NIR analysis.

Pinus Taeda L. Wood Property Calibrations Based on Variable Numbers of near Infrared Spectra per Core and Cores per Plantation

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Justin A. Tyson ◽  
P. David Jones ◽  
Gary F. Peter ◽  
Richard F. Daniels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Single Spectrum ◽  
Near Infrared Spectra ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Calibration Development

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy provides a rapid, non-destructive method for the estimation of several wood properties of increment cores. NIR spectra are collected from adjacent sections of the same core; however, not all spectra are required for calibration purposes as spectra from the same core are autocorrelated. Previously, we showed that wood property calibrations that included a single spectrum per core were almost as successful when used to predict the wood properties of sections of new cores, as calibrations based on multiple, consecutive spectra per core. However, it is not known, for calibration purposes, how many NIR spectra should be collected per core, nor how many cores are required to represent a plantation. In this study, we demonstrate that it is unnecessary to use NIR spectra from every section of a core for calibration development. One spectrum per core adequately represents it, provided that sections from other cores representing juvenile, mature and the juvenile/mature wood transition are included in the calibration set. Calibration and prediction statistics can be slightly improved by increasing the number of spectra per core from one to between three and five, with the addition of further spectra unnecessary. For the plantations examined in this study, a minimum of seven cores per plantation is recommended. Increasing the number of cores per plantation to ten (the maximum) is unnecessary and the small improvement is not worth the cost.

Effects of Loblolly Pine Wood and Pulp Properties on Sheet Characteristics

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID E. WHITE ◽  
CHARLES COURCHENE ◽  
THOMAS MCDONOUGH ◽  
LAURIE SCHIMLECK ◽  
GARY PETER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Pulp Fiber ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance

The effects of wood properties on the strength of bleachable and linerboard grade kraft pulps from 13-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) trees were investigated. Eighteen trees were selected based on breast height wood cores to represent specified ranges of specific gravity and lignin content. Air-dry density and stiffness (modulus of elasticity [MOE]), tracheid coarseness, radial diameter, tangential diameter, specific surface area, wall thickness, and microfibril angle (MFA) were estimated using SilviScan wood analysis technology and near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy. NIR spectra collected in 10 mm sections from the surface radial strips correlated very well with air-dry density, MFA, MOE, and tracheid wall thickness and were used to develop whole tree predictions. In addition, chemical composition, fiber properties, and handsheet strength were measured for both pulp grades. Statistical analysis indicated that wood density, wood fiber coarseness, and pulp fiber length had the greatest effects on sheet properties.

APPLICATION OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY TO A DIVERSE RANGE OF SPECIES DEMONSTRATING WIDE DENSITY AND STIFFNESS VARIATION

IAWA Journal ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Schimleck ◽  
Robert Evans ◽  
Jugo Ilic
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Longitudinal Modulus

The application of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to a large number of mixed species that display extremely wide variations in wood chemistry, anatomy and physical properties, is described. The mixed species samples were characterized in terms of density, longitudinal modulus of elasticity and microfibril angle. NIR spectra were obtained from the radial / longitudinal face of each sample and used to generate calibrations for the measured physical properties. The calibrations developed for density and longitudinal modulus of elasticity had the highest coefficients of determination (R2) and demonstrated that it is possible to develop general calibrations for these important wood properties across a wide range of species.The mixed species calibrations were used to estimate wood properties of two species, Eucalyptus delegatensis R.T. Baker and Pinus radiata D.Don. The results obtained for density and longitudinal modulus of elasticity indicated that mixed species calibrations can be used to rank trees. In practice the extreme variation of samples selected for this study would not be required. It is expected that refinement of calibrations, through sample selection, would provide more accurate prediction of physical properties.

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