scholarly journals Who Owns REDD+? Carbon Markets, Carbon Rights and Entitlements to REDD+ Finance

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 959
Author(s):  
Charlotte Streck
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Carbon Market ◽  
Benefit Sharing ◽  
Carbon Markets ◽  
Trading Systems ◽  
Private Standards ◽  
The United Nations

The question of who is entitled to benefit from transactions under the United Nations framework to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) remains one of the most controversial issues surrounding cooperative efforts to reduce deforestation in developing countries. REDD+ has been conceived as an international framework to encourage voluntary efforts in developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance carbon removals from forest activities. It was designed as an international framework under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to enable the generation of emission reductions and removals (ERRs) at the national—and, provisionally, the subnational—level and is, thus, primarily a creature of international law. However, in defining forest carbon ERRs, the international framework competes with national emission trading systems and domestic REDD+ legislation as well as private standards that define units traded on the voluntary carbon market. As results-based and carbon market systems emerge, the question remains: Who can claim participation in REDD+ and voluntary carbon market projects? The existence of different international, national and private standards that value ERRs poses a challenge to countries that participate in REDD+ as well as to communities and private actors participating in voluntary carbon market projects. This paper seeks to clarify the nature and limitation of rights pertaining to REDD+ market transactions. It also links the notion of carbon rights to both carbon markets and government’s decision on benefit sharing. Applying a legal lens, this paper helps to understand the various claims and underlying rights to participate in REDD+ transactions and addresses ambiguities that can lead to conflict around REDD+ implementation. The definition of carbon rights and the legal nature of carbon credits depend on local law and differ between countries. However, by categorizing carbon rights, the paper summarizes several legal considerations that are relevant for regulating REDD+ and sharing the financial benefits of transacting ERRs.

scholarly journals Who Owns REDD+? Carbon Markets, Carbon Rights and Entitlements to REDD+ Finance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Streck
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Carbon Market ◽  
Carbon Markets ◽  
Carbon Credits ◽  
Trading Systems ◽  
Private Standards ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Payment Schemes ◽  
Definition Of

The questions on who is entitled to benefit from REDD+ transactions remains one of the most controversially debated issues around cooperative efforts to reduce deforestation in developing countries. REDD+ has been conceived as international framework for voluntary efforts of developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance carbon removals from forest activities. Designed as international framework under the UNFCCC that calculates emission reductions and removals (ERRs) at the national -and as an interim step on the subnational level – REDD+ is primarily a creature of international law. However, in defining forest-carbon ERRs the international framework competes with national emission trading systems and domestic REDD+ legislation as well as private standards that define units traded on the voluntary carbon market. The definition of various carbon units is closely linked to the question on who is entitled to participate in REDD+ and benefit from the sale of ERRs under results-based payment schemes or carbon market transactions. This paper applies a legal lens to the various claims to participate in REDD+ transactions. It tries to disentangle the various rights to ERRs, various carbon credits, and payments that come with REDD+ and that almost always create confusion and not seldom conflict around REDD+ implementation. The definition of carbon rights and the legal nature of carbon credits depends on local law and differs between countries. However, there are a number of legal considerations that apply and certain underlying concepts are relevant for the understanding of REDD+ transactions and the allocation of benefits and burdens of conservation activities.

Conference on the Role of Industrialisation in Developing Countries

1964 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-442
Author(s):  
Ronald Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
United Nations ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Business Executives ◽  
Agricultural Revolution ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations

At the fourth Cambridge conference on development problems, the role of industry was discussed by ministers, senior officials, economic advisers, and business executives, from 22 African, Asian, and Caribbean countries, the United Nations, and the World Bank. Have some, if not all, of Africa's new nations now reached the stage when it would pay them to put their biggest bets on quick industrialisation? Or must they go on putting most of their money and brains into bringing about an agricultural revolution first, before striving for industrial take-off? These questions started the conference off on one of its big themes.

EKREM TATOGLUAND KEITH W. GLAISER, Dimensions of Western Foreign Direct Investment in Turkey (Westport, Conn.: Quorum Books, 2000). Pp. 226. $67.50 cloth.

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asim Erdilek
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Multinational Corporation ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Foreign Investor ◽  
Managerial Control ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Nations

The surge in foreign direct investment (FDI)—investment with managerial control by the foreign investor, usually a multinational corporation—has been the major driver of globalization in the past two decades and the accelerator of economic development in many developing countries. It has, however, bypassed Turkey. By all relevant relative measures found in the United Nations' annual World Investment Report, Turkey has failed to attract much FDI.

scholarly journals Marine Genetic Resources in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Promoting Marine Scientific Research and Enabling Equitable Benefit Sharing

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex D. Rogers ◽  
Amy Baco ◽  
Elva Escobar-Briones ◽  
Kristina Gjerde ◽  
Judith Gobin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Benefit Sharing ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
The United Nations

Growing human activity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) is driving increasing impacts on the biodiversity of this vast area of the ocean. As a result, the United Nations General Assembly committed to convening a series of intergovernmental conferences (IGCs) to develop an international legally-binding instrument (ILBI) for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of ABNJ [the biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) agreement] under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The BBNJ agreement includes consideration of marine genetic resources (MGR) in ABNJ, including how to share benefits and promote marine scientific research whilst building capacity of developing states in science and technology. Three IGCs have been completed to date with the fourth delayed by the Covid pandemic. This delay has allowed a series of informal dialogues to take place between state parties, which have highlighted a number of areas related to MGR and benefit sharing that require technical guidance from ocean experts. These include: guiding principles on the access and use of MGR from ABNJ; the sharing of knowledge arising from research on MGR in ABNJ; and capacity building and technology transfer for developing states. In this paper, we explain what MGR are, the methods required to collect, study and archive them, including data arising from scientific investigation. We also explore the practical requirements of access by developing countries to scientific cruises, including the sharing of data, as well as participation in research and development on shore whilst promoting rather than hindering marine scientific research. We outline existing infrastructure and shared resources that facilitate access, research, development, and benefit sharing of MGR from ABNJ; and discuss existing gaps. We examine international capacity development and technology transfer schemes that might facilitate or complement non-monetary benefit sharing activities. We end the paper by highlighting what the ILBI can achieve in terms of access, utilization, and benefit sharing of MGR and how we might future-proof the BBNJ Agreement with respect to developments in science and technology.

Persistent Barriers to E-commerce in Developing Countries

2012 ◽  
pp. 205-220
Author(s):  
William Wresch ◽  
Simon Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Web Sites ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Logistics Services ◽  
Shipping Costs ◽  
The United Nations

Studies summarized by the United Nations Commission on Trade and Development show that companies in developing countries face problems executing e-commerce strategies. To determine which barriers might be transitional and which might be persistent, a longitudinal study was conducted of companies in five Caribbean countries. Interviews were conducted with 23 companies in 2004. Interviews were repeated in 2008 with those companies that were still in operation. Some improvements were found in general telecommunications support, but persistent barriers were found in logistics services, and new problems were identified in increased competition and increased shipping costs. As a result of these changes, the general focus of managers shifted from establishing web sites and making them visible to more general managerial tasks connected to finding a place in an increasingly competitive environment. The results of this study suggest improved strategies for companies in developing countries seeking to use e-commerce to expand their markets.

POLITIČKA VOLjA KAO CONDICIO SINE QUO NON IMPLEMENTACIJE MEĐUNARODNIH ANTIKORUPCIONIH KONVENCIJA – OSVRT NA KONVENCIJU UJEDINjENIH NACIJA PROTIV KORUPCIJE

2021 ◽  
pp. 255-276
Author(s):  
Branislav Simonović ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Satisfactory Level ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
The United Nations

International anti-corruption conventions are of great importance for building universal standards aimed at combating corruption. Despite the fact that most countries have ratified regional anti-corruption conventions and the universal - UN Convention against Corruption, the implementation of conventions in developing countries is not at a satisfactory level. One of the biggest challenges is the lack of political will to fight corruption. This paper analyzes some systemic weaknesses of the United Nations Convention against Corruption regarding ambiguity, vagueness and optionality in the application of some norms of the convention, as well as weaknesses in the system of monitoring the implementation of the convention, which do not contribute to improving political will to fight corruption.

When Perceptions and Aspirations Clash

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-110
Author(s):  
Dawn Chatty
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
United Nations High Commissioner ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Turkish State

This chapter talks about refugees crossing the borders into neighboring countries, which reveals a discrepancy between the reality on the ground and the standardized approaches taken by humanitarian actors. It cites Turkey as the country where the humanitarian presence was limited, and the Turkish state and civil society took the lead without the support of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in responding to refugee needs. It also argues that the refugee response in Turkey was provided without undermining refugee agency and dignity. The chapter emphasizes that global templates for humanitarian assistance built from experiences in very different contexts and among populations of significantly different makeup are not easily integrated into Middle Eastern concepts of refuge, hospitality, and charity. It criticizes the architecture of assistance that was built upon templates developed largely among agrarian and poor developing countries.

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