scholarly journals Spatial Habitat Suitability Models of Mangroves with Kandelia obovata

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shang-Shu Shih
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Habitat Suitability ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Kandelia Obovata ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Inundation Frequency ◽  
Rising Sea Levels ◽  
Mangrove Trees ◽  
Mangrove Biomass ◽  
Spatial Habitat

Mangrove forests provide important estuarine ecosystem services but are threatened by rising sea levels and anthropogenic impacts. Understanding the habitat characteristics required for mangrove growth is significant for mangrove restoration and integrated management. This study aims to build spatial habitat suitability index (HSI) models for Kandelia obovata mangrove trees. Biological and habitat-related environmental data were collected in the Wazwei and Guandu wetlands in northern Taiwan. We adopted inundation frequency, soil sorting coefficient, and water salinity as the key environmental factors to build HSI models. The dependent variable of these environmental factors was the mangrove biomass per unit area. Significant differences were found for the mangrove biomass on different substrata and shore elevations. The tidal creek had the lowest elevation, and mangrove areas were found at the highest elevations. The oxidization level of the substrate under mangrove forests was high, indicating that the root system of mangroves could carry oxygen into the soil and result in oxidation. Human activities were found to lead to the reduced growth conditions of mangroves. The validation of the HSI model, considering the inundation frequency and soil sorting coefficient, proved to be reliable, with an accuracy ranging from 78% to 90%. A better simulation was found after revising the model by incorporating the factor of water salinity. The model forecast of the mangrove responses to the sea-level rise indicated an increase in the inundation frequency and thus an induced shift and shrinkage of the mangrove area. The increased HSI values of the bare mudflat area demonstrate an option for the potential restoration of mangrove trees. Given the findings of this study, we concluded that mangroves could spread from estuaries to upstream areas due to rising sea levels and might be limited by humanmade impacts. Restoring degraded floodplains is suggested for mangrove habitat rehabilitation.

Environmental Change and Migration: Legal and Political Frameworks

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1045-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan F Martin
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Humanitarian Emergencies ◽  
Institutional Responses ◽  
Rising Sea Levels ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Competition For Resources ◽  
Slow Onset

With this paper I focus on international legal norms and organizational roles and relations applicable to migration induced by environmental change. I examine movements stemming directly and indirectly from environmental factors related to climate change—including, for example, movements resulting from intensified drought and desertification affecting livelihoods, rising sea levels, intensified acute natural disasters, and competition for resources that result in intensified conflict. The analysis focuses on the extent to which legal and institutional responses affect patterns of mobility, especially in slow-onset situations, and the extent to which governance, more generally, affects the likelihood that people will migrate as a result of environmental factors, especially in humanitarian emergencies. I conclude that immigration policies, governance, and the level of development in affected countries play a crucial role in determining the responses to natural hazards and conflict. They also help determine if migration poses technical or managerial challenges or presents political challenges. Given the current gaps in appropriate migration policies, more attention needs to be placed on identifying and testing new frameworks for managing potential movements. Attention needs to be given to both sides of the environment and migration nexus: (1) identifying adaptation strategies that allow people to remain where they currently live and work; and (2) identifying migration and relocation strategies that protect people's lives and livelihoods when they are unable to remain.

scholarly journals Mapping the Mangrove Vulnerability Index Using Geographical Information System

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-81
Author(s):  
Fatimah Shafinaz Amad ◽  
Mohd Zulkifli Mohd Yunus ◽  
Ahmad Khairi Abd Wahab ◽  
Nuremira Ibrahim ◽  
Izni Izati Mohamad
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Management Planning ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Intertidal Zones ◽  
Sediment Loss ◽  
Rising Sea Levels ◽  
Planning Experts

A mangrove vulnerability assessment's goal is to generate recommendations for reducing vulnerability. Mangrove forests, which grow in the intertidal zones and estuary mouths between land and sea, exist in two worlds at once. Mangroves provide crucial stability for preventing shoreline erosion. It helps to maintain land level by sediment accretion while balancing sediment loss by serving as buffers catching materials washed downstream. Climate change, especially the associated increase in sea level, poses a serious threat to mangrove coastal areas, and it is critical to devise strategies to mitigate vulnerability through strategic management planning. Experts are attempting to determine how mangroves have been affected by climate change and rising sea levels. How do we forecast the consequences and effect of rising sea levels on mangroves, and then adjust and mitigate them accordingly? Vulnerability implies the risk of being assaulted or hurt, whether physically or emotionally. Environmental vulnerability is a feature of impact exposure as well as ecological systems' susceptibility and adaptive potential to environmental tensors. Researchers in this study ranked mangrove vulnerability on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 indicating very low vulnerability and 5 indicating very high vulnerability. The Physical Mangrove Index (PMI), Biological Mangrove Index (BMI), and Threat Mangrove Index (HMI) are the three major groups of the Mangrove Vulnerability Index (MVI)). The study's main objective is to develop an accurate and efficient GIS database system that has been formulated and tested or implemented in three (3) separate areas, namely, Kukup Island, Tanjung Piai, and Sungai Pulai. The study develops a GIS-based Mangrove Vulnerability Index (MVI) Model for a selected ecosystem, and highlights mangrove vulnerability by ranking them from least to most vulnerable using parameters. The study also provides a forecast for the mangrove loss in the next 50 and 100 years, as well as to classify areas where mangroves are most vulnerable.

scholarly journals Can the Dongzhaigang Mangrove in China Adapt to Sea Level Rise in the Future?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruyi Ding ◽  
Rongshuo Cai ◽  
Xiuhua Yan ◽  
Jiang Sun ◽  
Hongjian Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Mangrove Area ◽  
Rising Sea Levels

Abstract Considering climate change, coastal mangroves are facing serious threats from rising sea levels. However, whether the largest contiguous Dongzhaigang mangrove in China can adapt to future sea level rise, which is very critical for mangrove restoration and management, has been little known. Using the data of historical monitor since the 1950s, supplementary field research of mangrove wetland sediment rates measured, satellite remote sensing, digital elevation model, global climate models, and ArcGIS, we investigated the Dongzhaigang mangrove area changes, related causes, and the impacts of future sea level rise under greenhouse gas emission scenarios, as representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5. The study revealed that: (1) during 1956–1987, total mangrove area had decreased by ~ 50%, from ~ 3417 hm2 to ~ 1710 hm2. This was mainly because of the impacts of human activities, such as fish pond reclamation and the use of former mangrove land for economic tree planting. After the 1990s, the total mangrove area was maintained at ~ 1711 hm2, mainly because of the establishment of the nature reserve in 1986, along with protective and restorative measures; (2) under the intermediate and high RCP 4.5 and 8.5, sea level increases are likely to cause > 25% of the mangroves to disappear by 2100, whereas for the low RCP 2.6, only 17% of the mangroves are likely to be affected; and (3) taking measures such as reestablishing ponds as mangrove forests, plant restoration, and biological shore protection could improve the adaptation of mangroves to the impacts of rising sea levels.

scholarly journals No Room in the Ark? Climate Change and Biodiversity in the Pacific Islands of Oceania.

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 192 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Cameron Duffy
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Rising Sea Levels ◽  
The Rich

The islands of Pacific Oceania face unprecedented anthropogenic climate change within this century. Rising sea levels, increasing ocean acidification, warming land and sea temperatures, increasing droughts, and changes in the frequency and intensity of storms are likely to reorder or destroy ecosystems such as coral reefs, mangrove and montane forests, and coastal wetlands. For the developed nations, an array of measures could ameliorate these effects. Developing nations, whose economies may be significantly damaged by climate change, face major impacts on their citizens, identifying conservation of biodiversity as a lesser priority. Conservation in these countries may not succeed unless the rich nations are willing to pay for preservation of biodiversity hotspots or where preservation of biodiversity satisfies the needs of local communities, often through traditional management and land tenure systems in rural areas. These communities will need useable information, as well as technical advice on how to reduce stressors on changing ecosystems such as wetlands, mangrove forests and coral reefs, if they are going to achieve conservation. The resulting process if it involves local people may appear inefficient, relative to international expectations, but will be more effective over a wide area in conserving biodiversity.

Growth of Mangrove Forests and the Influence on Flood Disaster at Amami Oshima Island, Japan

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 486-494
Author(s):  
Akira Tai ◽  
◽  
Akihiro Hashimoto ◽  
Takuya Oba ◽  
Kazuki Kawai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Flood Disaster ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Waves And Tides ◽  
Rising Sea Levels ◽  
Sea Dike

“Mangrove” is the generic name for plants growing on tropical and subtropical tidal flats. The mangrove is used for many things, including disaster protecting land from high waves and tides and tsunamis, cleaning rivers and drainage containing soil and sand, and providing a variety of organisms with living space. Climate change and rising sea levels are threatening the future of the mangrove. Developing effective ways to conserve mangroves is thus needed, but more must be known about how the mangrove’s ecology and how it develops. It has been pointed out, for example, that mangroves increased flooding by the Sumiyo River in Amami Oshima. We studied ways to develop the mangrove at the Sumiyo River mouth in Amami Oshima and its influence in local flooding, finding that the current mangrove forest had little influence on flooding and that sediment deposition accelerating in Sumiyo Bay due to a sea dike could enlarge the mangrove forest in future.

scholarly journals SENSORS TO QUANTIFY COASTAL SCHEME FLOOD RESISTANCE AND RESILIENCE

2020 ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Jenny Brown ◽  
Margaret Yelland ◽  
Rebecca Morris ◽  
Beth Strain
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Hazard Management ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Flood Resistance ◽  
Coastal Resilience ◽  
Rising Sea Levels ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

In England about 5 million properties are at risk of flooding. Socio-economic growth, rising sea levels and extreme weather will exacerbate this issue in the next 100 years. Building coastal resilience is vital worldwide to save people from the impact of flooding and the costs of damage and insurance. In Australia the use of mussel reefs and mangrove forests combined with man-made structures are being trialed to see how well they protect shorelines. Ways to measure the evolving effectiveness of nature-based hazard management are now required to determine the cost-benefit over various management epochs. Using capacitance-wire technology we have developed innovative systems to measure the required field data: overtopping, wave, water level and inundation conditions at the land-sea interface.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9IpZpOPW3I&feature=youtu.be

An Imperial Disaster

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Kingsbury
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Bay Of Bengal ◽  
Full Moon ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Natural Event ◽  
Cholera Epidemic ◽  
British Rule ◽  
Great Rivers ◽  
Rising Sea Levels

The storm came on the night of 31 October. It was a full moon, and the tides were at their peak; the great rivers of eastern Bengal were flowing high and fast to the sea. In the early hours the inhabitants of the coast and islands were overtaken by an immense wave from the Bay of Bengal — a wall of water that reached a height of 40 feet in some places. The wave swept away everything in its path, drowning around 215,000 people. At least another 100,000 died in the cholera epidemic and famine that followed. It was the worst calamity of its kind in recorded history. Such events are often described as "natural disasters." This book turns that interpretation on its head, showing that the cyclone of 1876 was not simply a "natural" event, but one shaped by all-too-human patterns of exploitation and inequality — by divisions within Bengali society, and the enormous disparities of political and economic power that characterized British rule on the subcontinent. With Bangladesh facing rising sea levels and stronger, more frequent storms, there is every reason now to revisit this terrible calamity.

Potential impacts of global warming on water resources in southern California

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 165-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Beuhler
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Scenario Planning ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Rising Sea Levels

Global warming will have a significant impact on water resources within the 20 to 30-year planning period of many water projects. Arid and semi-arid regions such as Southern California are especially vulnerable to anticipated negative impacts of global warming on water resources. Long-range water facility planning must consider global climate change in the recommended mix of new facilities needed to meet future water requirements. The generally accepted impacts of global warming include increased temperature, rising sea levels, more frequent and severe floods and droughts, and a shift from snowfall to rain. Precipitation changes are more difficult to predict. For Southern California, these impacts will be especially severe on surface water supplies. Additionally, rising sea levels will exacerbate salt-water intrusion into freshwater and impact the quality of surface water supplies. Integrated water resources planning is emerging as a tool to develop water supplies and demand management strategies that are less vulnerable to the impacts of global warming. These tools include water conservation, reclamation, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater and desalination of brackish water and possibly seawater. Additionally, planning for future water needs should include explicit consideration of the potential range of global warming impacts through techniques such as scenario planning.

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