scholarly journals Restoration of Shortleaf Pine (Pinus echinata)-Hardwood Mixtures in Low Quality Mixed Upland Hardwood Stands Using Cluster Planting and Natural Regeneration

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 457
Author(s):  
David Clabo ◽  
Wayne Clatterbuck
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Burn Treatment ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Cumberland Mountains

Cluster planting of shortleaf pine, along with various site preparation and release treatments, were tested to restore mixed shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.)–hardwood stands in areas where the shortleaf pine has diminished in recent years. Shortleaf pine–hardwood mixtures were once a common forest type throughout the Cumberland Mountains and Plateau physiographic regions of the southeastern United States. Knowledge of how to restore shortleaf pine–hardwood mixtures is limited throughout shortleaf pine’s large native range. The objectives of this study were to compare planted shortleaf pine and natural hardwood regeneration survival, growth, and composition following various site preparation and early release treatments. Cluster planting and partial timber harvesting were used to reintroduce shortleaf pine and create two-aged stands in the Cumberland Mountains of Tennessee, USA. Results indicated that shortleaf pine survival, basal diameter, and height growth did not differ following four growing seasons among treatments. Natural regeneration stem densities and heights within shortleaf pine clusters did not differ significantly by treatment. Natural regeneration stem densities differed by species group and height class across the site, while the treatment × species interaction term was also significant. At this early stage of stand development, the brown-and-burn treatment appears poised for greater shortleaf pine growth rates than the other treatments. The herbicide treatment had the fewest regenerating hardwoods per hectare and the most desirable hardwood species composition.

Establishment and Early Development of Even-Age Shortleaf Pine–Hardwood Mixtures Using Artificially Regenerated Shortleaf Pine and Various Site Preparation and Release Treatments

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-360
Author(s):  
David C Clabo ◽  
Wayne K Clatterbuck
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Burn Treatment ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Pyrus Calleryana ◽  
Exotic Invasive Species ◽  
Callery Pear

Abstract Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata)–hardwood mixtures were once a common forest type on upland sites throughout the southeastern United States. These forest types have declined throughout much of shortleaf pine’s native range. Information on restoring shortleaf pine–hardwood types when a shortleaf pine seed source is not present is lacking. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of four site-preparation and release treatments (control, burn, herbicide, and herbicide and burn) on the development of even-aged mixtures of planted shortleaf pine and natural hardwoods located on the Highland Rim physiographic province of Tennessee, USA. Three years after study establishment, statistical differences among treatments occurred for shortleaf pine survival and basal diameter. Survival was greatest in the herbicide-only treatment. Height and basal diameter growth were greatest in the herbicide and burn treatment. Stem densities were greater in treatments that did not include a herbicide release than those where herbicide was used alone or combined with prescribed burning. The herbicide and burn treatment had the greatest potential after 3 years for developing into a balanced, mixed shortleaf pine–hardwood stand, whereas most treatments had an influx of exotic, invasive species such as Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) and callery pear (Pyrus calleryana).

scholarly journals Shortleaf Pine Seed Production in Natural Stands in the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Shelton ◽  
Robert F. Wittwer
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Good Seed ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Ozark Mountains ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Production Areas

Abstract Seed production of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) was monitored from 1965 to 1974 to determine the periodicity of seed crops in both woods-run stands and seed-production areas. One bumper and two good seed crops occurred during the 9-yr period. The two largest crops occurred in successive years, then seed production was low for 4 yr before another good crop occurred. Mean annual seed production ranged from 84,000/ac in the western Ouachitas to 167,000/ac in seed-production areas in the southern Ozarks. Certain stand-level variables significantly influenced seed production. Seed production was positively related to stand age and negatively related to pine and hardwood basal areas; although frequently significant, no consistent relationship occurred with stand elevation. Results indicate that shortleaf pine seed production will usually be adequate for natural regeneration within most of the study area. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):74-80.

Emergence and Establishment of Shortleaf Pine Seeds Under Various Seedbed Conditions

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
J. A. Boggs ◽  
R. F. Wittwer
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Mountain Site ◽  
Ouachita Mountain ◽  
Direct Seeded

Abstract Emergence of direct-seeded shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) seeds and seedling establishment varied with time of seeding and seedbed conditions resulting from various burning intensities following fell-burn site preparation on a Ouachita Mountain site in southeastern Oklahoma. One-third of the site was classified as unburned, 42% in a medium-burn class, and 25% was subjected to a hot burn. Approximately three times more seedlings emerged on areas receiving a hot burn than on unburned seedbeds. Sowing in January with unstratified seed resulted in greater seedlingemergence than a March sowing with stratified seed (3.4 vs. 2.0%). Stocking ranged from 60% on winter sown, hot-burned plots to 3% on spring-sown, unburned plots at the end of the first year. Total seedling height averaged approximately 10 cm (4 in.) at the end of the first growing season. Concentrations of pine slash appeared to burn with the greatest intensity providing the most favorable seedbed conditions and a system which distributes slash more evenly over the site prior to burning could be beneficial in attaining more uniform regeneration. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):44-48.

scholarly journals Competition Effects on Growth and Crown Dimensions of Shortleaf and Loblolly Pine in Mature, Natural-Origin, Pine–Hardwood Mixtures of the Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas, USA: A Neighborhood Analysis

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 935
Author(s):  
Mohammad Bataineh ◽  
Ethan Childs
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Crown Dimensions

The need for a comprehensive and mechanistic understanding of competition has never been more important as plants adapt to a changing environment and as forest management evolves to focus on maintaining and enhancing complexity. With the recent decline in shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) land area, it is critical to determine the effects of competition on shortleaf pine and its performance against loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), the preferred planted replacement. We evaluate differences in shortleaf and loblolly pine 10 year mean basal area increment (BAI) and crown dimensions across a gradient of neighborhoods. Linear mixed-effects regression models were developed using BAI and several crown metrics as responses and crowding, competitor species abundance and identity, and initial size and species identity of focal tree as predictors. Crowding of focal trees negatively impacted BAI and crown size (p < 0.001, respectively). Although loblolly pine had three times higher BAI as compared to shortleaf pine within similar neighborhoods, BAI was variable, and the crowding effect did not differ between shortleaf and loblolly pine (p ranged from 0.51–0.99). Competitive impacts on focal trees did not differ by competitor identity (p ranged from 0.07–0.70). Distance-independent competition indices better explained the variation in BAI and horizontal crown metrics, while distance-dependent size ratios were more effective at evaluating vertical crown metrics. These findings highlight shortleaf pine competitive potential in mature, natural-origin stands and provide support for the restoration of pine–hardwood and hardwood–pine stratified mixtures as well as management of shortleaf pine at long rotations.

Long-term soil and shortleaf pine responses to site preparation ripping

New Forests ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gwaze ◽  
Mark Johanson ◽  
Carl Hauser
Keyword(s):  
Site Preparation ◽  
Shortleaf Pine

scholarly journals Understory Plant Response to Site Preparation and Fertilization of Loblolly and Shortleaf Pine Forests

1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale G. Brockway ◽  
Gale L. Wolters ◽  
Henry A. Pearson ◽  
Ronald E. Thill ◽  
V. Clark Baldwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Site Preparation ◽  
Plant Response ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Understory Plant

scholarly journals Natural Regeneration of the Tree Stand in the Bilberry Spruce Forest—Clear-Cutting Ecotone Complex in the First Post-Logging Decade

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1542
Author(s):  
Nadezhda V. Genikova ◽  
Viktor N. Mamontov ◽  
Alexander M. Kryshen ◽  
Vladimir A. Kharitonov ◽  
Sergey A. Moshnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting

Bilberry spruce forests are the most widespread forest type in the European boreal zone. Limiting the clear-cuttings size leads to fragmentation of forest cover and the appearance of large areas of ecotone complexes, composed of forest (F), a transition from forest to the cut-over site under tree canopy (FE), a transition from forest to the cut-over site beyond tree canopy (CE), and the actual clear-cut site (C). Natural regeneration of woody species (spruce, birch, rowan) in the bilberry spruce stand—clear-cut ecotone complex was studied during the first decade after logging. The effects produced by the time since cutting, forest edge aspect, and the ground cover on the emergence and growth of trees and shrubs under forest canopy and openly in the clear-cut were investigated. Estimating the amount and size of different species in the regeneration showed FE and CE width to be 8 m—roughly half the height of first-story trees. Typical forest conditions (F) feature a relatively small amount of regenerating spruce and birch. The most favorable conditions for natural regeneration of spruce in the clear-cut—mature bilberry spruce stand ecotone are at the forest edge in areas of transition both towards the forest and towards the clear-cut (FE and CE). Clear-cut areas farther from the forest edge (C) offer an advantage to regenerating birch, which grows densely and actively in this area.

scholarly journals Four-year-performance of oak and pine seedlings following mechanical site preparation with lightweight excavators

Silva Fennica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noé Dumas ◽  
Mathieu Dassot ◽  
Jonathan Pitaud ◽  
Jérôme Piat ◽  
Lucie Arnaudet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Pteridium Aquilinum ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation

Mechanical site preparation methods that used tools mounted on lightweight excavators and that provided localised intensive preparation were tested in eight experimental sites across France where the vegetation was dominated either by (L.) Moench or (L.) Kuhn. Two lightweight tools (Deep Scarifier: DS; Deep Scarifier followed by Multifunction Subsoiler: DS+MS) were tested in pine ( L., var. (Loudon) Hyl. or Aiton) and oak ( (Matt.) Liebl. or  L.) plantations. Regional methods commonly used locally (herbicide, disk harrow, mouldboard plow) and experimental methods (repeated herbicide application; untreated control) were used as references in the experiments. Neighbouring vegetation cover, seedling survival, height and basal diameter were assessed over three to five years after plantation. For pines growing in , seedling diameter after four years was 37% and 98% greater in DS and DS+MS, respectively, than in the untreated control. For pines growing in , it was 62% and 107% greater in the same treatments. For oak, diameter was only 4% and 15% greater in , and 13% and 25% greater in , in the same treatments. For pines, the survival rate after four years was 26% and 32% higher in and 64% and 70% higher in , in the same treatments. For oak, it was 3% and 29% higher in and 37% and 31% higher in . Herbicide, when applied for three or four years after planting, provided the best growth performances for pines growing in and and for oaks growing in . For these species and site combinations, DS+MS and DS treatments reduced the neighbouring vegetation cover for one to four years following site preparation.Molinia caeruleaPteridium aquilinumPinus sylvestrisPinus nigracorsicanaPinus pinasterQuercus petraeaQuercus roburM. caeruleaP. aquilinumM. caeruleaP. aquilinumM. caeruleaP. aquilinumM. caeruleaP. aquilinumM. caerulea P. aquilinumP. aquilinum

Frequent Prescribed Fire Sustains Old Field Loblolly Pine–Shortleaf Pine Woodland Communities: Results of a 53-Year Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M Robertson ◽  
Sharon M Hermann ◽  
Eric L Staller
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Southeastern Us ◽  
Pine Savannas

Abstract Frequently burned old field shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata)–loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) woodlands in the southeastern US provide important wildlife habitat and multiple ecosystem services. Because these communities differ in composition of dominant plant species and have different land use legacies than native pine savannas, the ability to prevent encroachment by off-site broadleaf woody tree species using fire alone is in question. We use a long-term fire experiment to demonstrate that old field pine communities have been prevented from transitioning to hardwood forests for over 50 years through judicious application of prescribed fire applied at 1–2 year intervals, whereas communities with three-year fire intervals show signs of transitioning to hardwood forest. We emphasize tailoring fire regimes to particular contexts of land use history to achieve the most historic and sustainable ecosystem structure and function possible for conservation of native flora and fauna. Study Implications: Demonstrating the ability to maintain natural forest structure of old field loblolly pine–shortleaf pine communities in the southeastern US using frequent prescribed fire has implications for the future sustainability of hundreds of thousands of hectares of such land used to provide critical habitat for many species of imperiled and culturally valued wildlife. It also provides insight into restoration of longleaf pine communities on postagricultural land as promoted by multiple highly funded government initiatives. Frequently burned pine savannas and woodlands are resilient to wildfire and sustain natural hydrological cycles, both important for mitigating the effects of global climate change.

Potential Benefits of Biochar and Mycorrhizal Fungi on Shortleaf Pine (Pinus echinata) Restoration in Northcentral Alabama

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey Iwamoto ◽  
Courtney Siegert ◽  
Joshua Granger ◽  
Krishna Poudel ◽  
Adam Polinko
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Potential Benefits
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