scholarly journals The Assessment of Two Species of Soapberry as Resources for High-Quality Biodiesel Production with an Optimized Method of Ultrasound-Assisted Oil Extraction

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-Qi Zhang ◽  
Lin Jin ◽  
Jie Duan ◽  
Guo-Chun Zhao ◽  
Yuan-Yuan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
High Price ◽  
Ultrasonic Power ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Kernel Oil

Biodiesel has many advantages, yet its high price has become the main obstacle to market acceptance. Selecting non-edible woody oil plant resources and optimizing the oil extraction process will contribute to the effective utilization of raw materials and development of the related biodiesel industry. This study presents a detailed evaluation of two Sapindus species (Sapindus delavayi (Franch.) Radlk. and Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.) as promising feedstocks for biodiesel production. As ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) is considered a green and efficient oil extraction method, the process was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) using a Box–Behnken design (BBD) in our study. The kernel oil yield of S. delavayi was up to 43.67% ± 0.16% under the optimized extraction conditions (the ultrasonic power was 109W, extracting at 65 °C for 25 min, and the liquid–solid ratio was 9 mL·g−1). The kernel oil yield of S. mukorossi was as high as 45.96% ± 0.21% under the optimized extraction conditions (the ultrasonic power was 114W, extracting at 68 °C for 26 min, and the liquid–solid ratio was 9 mL·g−1). The fatty acid profiles of S. delavayi and S. mukorossi kernel oils showed a high percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (74.91% and 76.32%, respectively) and a low percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (11.11% and 7.83%, respectively) and saturated fatty acids (13.98% and 15.85%, respectively). Most of the properties of the two biodiesels conformed to EN 14214:2014, ASTM D6751–2018 and GB 25199–2017 standards, except for oxidation stability. In general, the results provided the optimized extraction method using ultrasound for the two species oil extraction and proved that the two kernel oils are potentially useful feedstocks for high-quality and low-cost biodiesel production.

Chemical composition and industrial benefits of dikanut (irvingia gabonensis) kernel oil

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saheed Adewale Omoniyi ◽  
Michael Ayodele Idowu ◽  
Abiodun Aderoju Adeola ◽  
Adekunle Ayodeji Folorunso
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Appreciable Amount ◽  
Pressing Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Saponification Value

Purpose This paper aims to review the chemical composition and industrial benefits of oil extracted from dikanut kernels. Design/methodology/approach Several literatures on chemical composition of dikanut kernels, methods of oil extraction from dikanut kernels and chemical composition of oil extracted from dikanut kernels were critically reviewed. Findings The review showed that proximate composition of dikanut kernels ranged from 2.10 to 11.90 per cent, 7.70 to 9.24 per cent, 51.32 to 70.80 per cent, 0.86 to 10.23 per cent, 2.26 to 6.80 per cent and 10.72 to 26.02 per cent for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash and carbohydrate contents, respectively. The methods of oil extraction from dikanut kernels include soxhlet extraction method, novel extraction method, enzymatic extraction method and pressing method. The quality attributes of dikanut kernel oil ranged from 1.59 to 4.70 g/100g, 0.50 to 2.67 meq/Kg, 4.30 to 13.40 g/100g, 187.90 to 256.50 mg KOH/g and 3.18 to 12.94 mg KOH/g for free fatty acid, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value and acid value, respectively. Also, the percentage compositions of oleic, myristic, stearic, linolenic, palmitic, lauric, saturated fatty acids, monosaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids ranging from 0.00 to 6.90, 20.50 to 61.68, 0.80 to 11.40, 0.27 to 6.40, 5.06 to 10.30, 27.63 to 40.70, 97.45 to 98.73, 1.82 to 2.12 and 0.27 to 0.49 respectively. The results showed that dikanut kernels has appreciable amount of protein, carbohydrate and high level of fat content while oil extracted from dikanut kernels have high saponification value, high myristic acid and high lauric acid. Research limitations/implications There are scanty information/published works on industrial products made from oil extracted from dikanut kernels. Practical implications The review helps in identifying different methods of extraction of oil from dikanut kernels apart from popular soxhlet extraction method (uses of organic solvent). Also, it helps to identify the domestic and industrial benefits of oil extracted from dikanut kernels. Originality/value The review showed that oil extracted from dikanut kernels could be useful as food additive, flavour ingredient, coating fresh citrus fruits and in the manufacture of margarine, oil creams, cooking oil, defoaming agent, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products.

scholarly journals Mixed Aqueous Surfactants Solution for Rapid Oil Extraction from Palm Kernel Seed

2021 ◽  
pp. 4050-4057
Author(s):  
Baba Makun ◽  
Kamoru Adio Salam ◽  
Abdullahi Mohammed Evuti ◽  
Tunde. F. Adepoju
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Brij 35 ◽  
Aqueous Surfactants

Adverse effects associated with the use of hexane or other similar organic extraction solvents for extracting oil from oilseeds have been a drive for alternative less toxic oil extracting solvents. This research focuses on oil extraction from grinded palm kernel using solution of mixed aqueous polyoxythylene (23) lauryl ether (BRIJ-35) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) surfactants and sodium chloride (NaCl) as the electrolyte. Grinded Biomass was agitated in the solution of the mixed surfactant, allowing the extracted oil to be liberated from the seeds as separate phase from the aqueous phase. The effect of SDS concentration, NaCl concentration, contact time and liquid/seed ratio on oil yield was studied. The extracted oil was subjected to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope (FT-IR) characterization to determine the functional groups present in the oil. At optimum conditions for the mixed aqueous surfactant extraction (0.2379 wt.% SDS, 0.5995 wt.% BRIJ-35, 0.3wt.% NaCl, 10 ml/g liquid/solid ratio, 25 min contact time at 25oC), an optimum 78% oil yield was obtained. In contrast, at 50oC for 24hr, an optimum of 81% and 82% oil yield were obtained respectively when hexane and petroleum ether were used as oil extracting solvents. Addition of BRIJ-35 and NaCl to the SDS solution improved the oil yield. Oil extracted using mixed aqueous surfactants, petroleum ether and hexane have the same functional groups indicating the surfactant does not affect the quality of the oil extracted.

scholarly journals Enhancing Downstream Processing Of Algal-Based Biofuel Using Novel Fused Bacteria And Green Solvents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asma Fiayaz
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Algal Biomass ◽  
Downstream Processing ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Combination Method ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Fusion Technique ◽  
Sugar Release ◽  
Bio Oil

The present study investigated the utilization of algal biomass to produce bio-oil and acetone, butanol, and ethanol (ABE) products. Novel Clostridia fusants (C. beijernickii + C. thermocellum-CbCt and C. acetobutylicum + C. thermocellocum-CaCt) were developed using protoplast fusion technique and subsequently subjected to UV radiation for strain enhancement. Resultant mutated fusants showed improvement in thermal stability and higher resistance to biobutanol toxicity. Algal biomass was initially subjected to various hydrolysis treatments prior to fermentation. Combination treatment of thermal, chemical, and enzymatic resulted in maximum sugar release of 27.78 g/L. Maximum biobutanol concentration from fermentation using CbCt resulted in 7.98 g/L. Fermentation using CaCt produced a concentration of 7.39 g/L. Oil extraction from virgin algae investigated a green, bio-based approach using terpenes with ultrasonication and a modified, Bligh and Dyer method, separately. Combination method, ultrasonication followed by the modified Bligh and Dyer, resulted in oil yield of 46.27% (dlimonene) and 39.85% (p-cymene). Oil extraction was also produced from an algae sample following fermentation. Combined extraction method using fermentation sample resulted in oil yield of 65.04%.

scholarly journals Enhancing Downstream Processing Of Algal-Based Biofuel Using Novel Fused Bacteria And Green Solvents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asma Fiayaz
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Algal Biomass ◽  
Downstream Processing ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Combination Method ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Fusion Technique ◽  
Sugar Release ◽  
Bio Oil

The present study investigated the utilization of algal biomass to produce bio-oil and acetone, butanol, and ethanol (ABE) products. Novel Clostridia fusants (C. beijernickii + C. thermocellum-CbCt and C. acetobutylicum + C. thermocellocum-CaCt) were developed using protoplast fusion technique and subsequently subjected to UV radiation for strain enhancement. Resultant mutated fusants showed improvement in thermal stability and higher resistance to biobutanol toxicity. Algal biomass was initially subjected to various hydrolysis treatments prior to fermentation. Combination treatment of thermal, chemical, and enzymatic resulted in maximum sugar release of 27.78 g/L. Maximum biobutanol concentration from fermentation using CbCt resulted in 7.98 g/L. Fermentation using CaCt produced a concentration of 7.39 g/L. Oil extraction from virgin algae investigated a green, bio-based approach using terpenes with ultrasonication and a modified, Bligh and Dyer method, separately. Combination method, ultrasonication followed by the modified Bligh and Dyer, resulted in oil yield of 46.27% (dlimonene) and 39.85% (p-cymene). Oil extraction was also produced from an algae sample following fermentation. Combined extraction method using fermentation sample resulted in oil yield of 65.04%.

scholarly journals Prunus avium kernel oil characterization: a comparative study of four varieties from Sefrou, Morocco

OCL ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Younes Aqil ◽  
Ihssane Ouassor ◽  
Walid Belmaghraoui ◽  
Souad El Hajjaji
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Oil Characterization

Four varieties of Prunus avium (Burlat, Napoleon, Coeur de pigeon, Van) kernel oils were extracted using a soxhlet apparatus with n-hexane as solvent. These oils composition was compared amongst them, with fatty acids, phytosterols and tocopherols identification and physicochemical characterization of said oils. Several differences, such as in oil yield were observed, “Coeur de pigeon” variety being the highest with a 23.5% yield. Twelve fatty acids were identified in all the varieties with linoleic and oleic fatty acids being the most abundant. β-sitosterol, Campesterol and Δ5-Avenasterol were the major compounds in the sterols assay performed. Also, total tocopherols ranged from 352.22 mg/kg (Var. Coeur de pigeon) to 2072.55 mg/kg (Var. Napoleon), with γ-tocopherol being the dominant one. These results suggest that these oils have numerous active compounds that can be further exploited.

HIGH TEMPERATURE SOLID-CATALYZED IN-SITU TRANSESTERIFICATION FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (5-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Syakirah Talha ◽  
Sarina Sulaiman ◽  
Azlin Suhaida Azmi
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
In Situ Transesterification ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Single Process ◽  
Transesterification Method

In-situ transesterification method is a simplified method for biodiesel production where the oil was simultaneously extracted and transesterified into alkyl ester in-situ in one single process. This process combines the steps of lipid (oil) extraction and transesterification. The alcohol used was methanol as it is widely available and economically feasible. In this study, in situ transesterification was conducted using solid coconut waste and a novel heterogeneous catalyst synthesized from eggshells and solid coconut waste by calcination. Reaction temperature, catalyst loading, and methanol to solid ratio were varied from 70 to 120˚C, 0.5 to 10.5 wt %, and 8:1 to 12:1 respectively. Meanwhile, reaction time was fixed to 3 hrs. Heterogeneous catalyst can help to reduce the steps in separation and purification of the product. Moreover, utilizing waste in the production can lower the production cost as well as help to save and clean the environment. The highest biodiesel yield was observed at the condition of 95˚C, 0.5 wt % catalyst, and 10:1 methanol to solid ratio.

scholarly journals Solvent Extraction of Jatropha Oil for Biodiesel Production: Effects of Solvent-to-Solid Ratio, Particle Size, Type of Solvent, Extraction Time, and Temperature on Oil Yield

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Justin W. Ntalikwa
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Solid Ratio

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of solvent-to-solid ratio, particle size, extraction time, and temperature on the extraction of Jatropha oil using three organic solvents, i.e., n-hexane, petroleum ether, and ethanol. The Soxhlet extraction method was used, and the parameters were varied in the following ranges: extraction temperature of 24–80°C, extraction time of 2 to 8 h, solvent-to-solid ratio of 4 : 1 to 7 : 1, and particle size of 0.5–0.8 mm. After obtaining optimal conditions, a large volume of Jatropha oil was prepared, purified, and subjected to analysis of quality parameters. It was found that the oil content of the Jatropha curcas L. seeds used was 48.2 ± 0.12% w/w. The highest oil yield of 47.5 ± 0.11% w/w corresponding to an oil recovery of 98.6 ± 0.3% w/w was obtained with n-hexane under the following conditions: solvent-to-solid ratio of 6 : 1, particle size of 0.5–0.8 mm, extraction time of 7 h, and extraction temperature of 68°C. This was followed by that of petroleum ether (46.2 ± 0.15% w/w) and lastly by ethanol (43 ± 0.18% w/w). The quality parameters of the oil extracted compared favorably well with most of the values reported in the literature, suggesting that the oil was of good quality for biodiesel production. Environmental and safety concerns over the use of hexane pose a great challenge. Thus, ethanol, which is environmentally benign, is recommended for application. The conditions for ethanol extraction that gave high oil yield were as follows: extraction temperature of 70°C, extraction time of 7 h, solvent-to-solid ratio of 6 : 1, particle size of 0.5–0.8 mm, and oil yield of 43 ± 0.18% w/w corresponding to an oil recovery of 89.2 ± 0.4% w/w.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the variability of citrullus colocynthis (l) schrad as potential biodiesel feedstock: oil content, oil yield and the fatty acid composition

2021 ◽  
Vol 304 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Abdelhamid Benmoumou ◽  
Saïd El Madidi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Citrullus Colocynthis ◽  
Seed Oil Content

Citrullus colocynthis has been garnering interest in recent times as a potential biodiesel feed stockcrop due to its high seed oil content and its natural adaptation to drought The variability seed oil content (OC), Oil yield (kg/ha) (OY) and fatty acid composition were investigated for 12 accessions collected in different localities in Morocco. Analysis of the data revealed high variability among the accessions, with seed oil content ranging between 17.1 and 24.3 % of seed weight and Oil yield from 35.3 to 172.7 kg/ha. The predominant fatty acid of the seed oil was linoleic acid, C18:2, ranging from 67.0 to 73.0 % of total fatty acids and the average values of unsaturated fatty acids vary between 75.25 and 81.94 %.The wide range of variations found in this study for the traits measured offers the possibility of genetic improvement to develop cultivars for biodiesel production compatible with sustainable and ecological agriculture.

scholarly journals Green Solvent Improving Mechanical Disruption of Palm Kernel Oil Extraction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eko K. Sitepu ◽  
Andy Chandra ◽  
Emma F. Zaidar ◽  
Annur Vika ◽  
Firman Sebayang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

Abstract Even though the mechanical extraction process offers a simple and environmentally friendly process, the recovery of oil is relatively low. Thermal pre-treating the oilseed increases the oil yield but produces unwanted oil colour. A new method which combines grinding and extraction using green solvents was developed to extract palm kernel oil. The performance of six different green solvents such as water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, and d-limonene in extraction palm kernel oil was determined using a controllable blender extractor (CBE), new extraction equipment modified from a household blender appliance. Further, ethyl acetate, which produced the maximum oil yield, was used to study the effect of the operating parameters of the CBE. The oil yield of 34.2 ± 0.02% was obtained in the extraction condition of the ratio of palm kernel to ethyl acetate of 1:7, rotational speed of 5000 rpm and 10 minutes extraction time. Compared to other green extraction methods, the CBE-intensified palm kernel oil extraction could save >70% energy consumption. In terms of extraction time, the CBE-intensified could extract palm kernel oil faster than existing extraction methods.

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