scholarly journals Anatomy of the Windmill Palm (Trachycarpus fortunei) and Its Application Potential

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiawei Zhu ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Chuangui Wang ◽  
Hankun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Indentation Modulus ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Fibrous Sheath ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tissue Proportion

The windmill palm (Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H. Wendl.) is widely distributed and is an important potential source of lignocellulosic materials. The lack of knowledge on the anatomy of the windmill palm has led to its inefficient use. In this paper, the diversity in vascular bundle types, shape, surface, and tissue proportions in the leaf sheaths and stems were studied with digital microscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Simultaneously, fiber dimensions, fiber surfaces, cell wall ultrastructure, and micromechanics were studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and a nanoindenter. There is diversity among vascular bundles in stems and leaf sheaths. All vascular bundles in the stems are type B (circular vascular tissue (VT) at the edge of the fibrous sheath (FS)) while the leaf sheath vascular bundles mostly belong to type C (aliform (VT) at the center of the (FS), with the wings of the (VT) extending to the edge of the vascular bundles). In addition, variation among the vascular bundle area and tissue proportion in the radial direction of the stems and different layers of the leaf sheaths is also significant. Microscopically, the fibers in the stem are much wider and longer than that in the leaf sheath. The secondary walls of stem fibers are triple layered while those in the leaf sheath are double layered. The indentation modulus and hardness of the cell wall of leaf sheath fibers are higher than that of the stem. An independent sample t-test also showed a significant difference between stems and leaf sheaths. All this indicates that windmill palm stems and leaf sheaths are two different materials and have different application prospects.

scholarly journals Erect culm internodal anatomy and properties of sun ecotype of Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
SN Sima ◽  
AK Roy ◽  
N Joarder
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Peripheral Vascular ◽  
Phloem Tissue ◽  
Vascular Tissues

Internodal anatomy of Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. was described in this paper. Culm internodes were completely encircled by leaf sheath. Peripheral vascular bundles were many in number and small in size. Central bundles were large in size and a few in number. Large bundles were of various sizes and vascular tissues well developed. Each vascular bundle had strong mass of sclerenchyma tissue arching over the phloem in the form of phloem hood. Small bundles were poorly developed in respect of vascular tissue. A small percentage of vascular bundle consisted of phloem tissue only fundamental ground tissues were parenchyma in nature. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v44i1.22725 Bangladesh J. Bot. 44(1): 67-72, 2015 (March)

Early ontogeny defines the diversification of primary vascular bundle systems in angiosperms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regine Claßen-Bockhoff ◽  
Doris Franke ◽  
Hansjörg Krähmer
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Early Ontogeny ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Dimensional System ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Histological Data ◽  
Molecular Aspects ◽  
The One

Abstract Understanding vascular bundle systems in angiosperms is a challenge. On the one hand, the vascular tissue is extremely important in reconstructing the evolution and survivability of plants, but on the other hand, it forms a complicated three-dimensional system of controversially discussed phylogenetic and ontogenetic origin. To increase clarity, in this paper we briefly summarize histological, phylogenetic and molecular aspects of primary vascular bundle formation in angiosperms, adding histological data on early stages of vascular bundle formation, proposing a concept combining the different views and providing simplified illustrations to improve the understanding of primary vascular systems in angiosperms. Based on the auxin hypothesis, vascular bundle formation is stimulated by the development of leaf primordia. Provascular domains appear at the base of the leaf primordia and develop into two directions (leaf, internode). The low vs. high number of internodal bundles, their circular vs. scattered arrangement and the open vs. closed bundle construction in eudicots vs. monocots can be deduced to be due to processes below the shoot apical meristem. The most important processes distinguishing monocots from eudicots are the isolated bundle initiation outside the primary meristem, the enormous expansion of the leaf bases associated with a high number of vascular bundles and the early onset of primary thickening passively dislocating vascular bundles.

scholarly journals Morphoquantitative description of bovine digital cushion

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 671-676
Author(s):  
Laura C. Borges ◽  
André S. Leonardo ◽  
André R.C. Barreto-Vianna ◽  
José Renato J. Borges ◽  
Márcio B. Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Digital Cushion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tissue Proportion

Abstract The digital cushion is characterized as a modified subcutaneous tissue that absorbs the shock during gait, assists venous return of the hoof and supports a considerable part of body weight. Digital cushions have particular importance in the pathogenesis of the hoof, since they need to properly work in order to prevent compression and traumas in soft tissues. This study aimed to measure and determine how is the arrangement of these structures, and for this it was established the proportions of connective, adipose, vascular tissues and collagen fibers and collagen types found in palmar and plantar digital cushion of bovine using fore and hindlimbs of twelve adult zebu cattle of both sexes, 11 male and one female, with 269kg average carcass weight and without limb disorders. Fragments of cushions were subjected to conventional histology, cut to a thickness of 4µm and stained with Red Picrosirius. With digital optical microscope, the quantification of the connective tissue and differentiation of types of collagen used the Image Pro Plus® software, and of adipose and vascular tissue, the test point system. The mean and standard error were estimated with the GraphPad Prism 5.0 software, and then data were subjected to Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test and Student's t-test with significance level set at 5% for determining the amount of different tissues between fore and hindlimbs of studied animals. In forelimbs the mean and standard error of the connective tissue proportion was 50.10%+1.54, of the adipose tissue was 21.34%+1.44, and of vascular tissue was 3.43%+0.28. Hindlimbs presented a proportion of connective tissue of 61.61%+1.47, 20.66%+1.53 of adipose tissue, and 3.06%+0.20 of vascular tissue. A significant difference (p<0.001) was detected in the connective tissue proportion between fore and hindlimbs. Types I and II collagen fibers have presented, respectively, a proportion of 31.89% and 3.9% in forelimbs and 34.05% and 1.78% in hindlimbs. According to the used methodology, digital cushions had a clear differentiation relative to adipose tissue between fore and hindlimbs.

Physical structure of white clover, rape, spurrey and perennial ryegrass in relation to rate of intake by sheep, chewing activity and particle breakdown

1995 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Mtengeti ◽  
D. Wilman ◽  
G. Moseley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Similar Weight ◽  
Chewing Activity

SUMMARYFour plant species were compared in each of three harvest periods (in August/September) in 1991 and 1992 at Aberystwyth: white clover (Trifolium repens L.), rape (Brassica napus L.), spurrey (Spergula arvensis L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Plant physical structure was considered in relation to rate of intake by sheep, chewing activity and the effectiveness of chewing in breaking the diet into particles.White clover had a much lower proportion of cell wall than perennial ryegrass, but the rate of intake and the number of chews per min were similar for the two species. White clover petioles broke down into long, thin particles, similar in size and shape to those derived from perennial ryegrass leaf sheaths; many of the clover petioles were not split longitudinally by chewing, in contrast to the ryegrass sheaths. A white clover leaflet was typically broken into about 20 blocky particles, whereas a petiole of similar weight was broken into only about three particles. Veins were close together in ryegrass leaf sheaths and blades, particularly the latter; approximately one in seven strips of weaker tissue between veins was ruptured by chewing leaf sheaths and one in 16 in the case of leaf blades, in each case resulting in particles of c. 2 mm width. Rape had a low proportion of cell wall and a low proportion of vascular tissue in its leaf blades, petioles and stems. Rape leaf blades were eaten quickly, but the stems were eaten slowly. The length and width of particles derived from rape leaf blades were very similar to those of particles derived from white clover leaflets. Spurrey had a high proportion of cell wall and was low in in vitro digestibility, but the rates of intake and chewing were high and relatively few chews were required per g of dry matter ingested. The vascular bundles in the spurrey stems were only half the thickness of the bundles in white clover petioles; pieces of spurrey stem were typically broken at about two places along their length and were not split during eating.The study illustrates the wide variation in plant anatomy among species which can be available to herbivores and some effects of the abundance, thickness and orientation of vascular bundles on rate of intake, chewing activity and the size and shape of particles produced by chewing.

scholarly journals The Middle Lamella of Plant Fibers Used as Composite Reinforcement: Investigation by Atomic Force Microscopy

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Melelli ◽  
Olivier Arnould ◽  
Johnny Beaugrand ◽  
Alain Bourmaud
Keyword(s):  
Date Palm ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composites ◽  
Indentation Modulus ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Plant Fibers ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Palm Leaf

Today, plant fibers are considered as an important new renewable resource that can compete with some synthetic fibers, such as glass, in fiber-reinforced composites. In previous works, it was noted that the pectin-enriched middle lamella (ML) is a weak point in the fiber bundles for plant fiber-reinforced composites. ML is strongly bonded to the primary walls of the cells to form a complex layer called the compound middle lamella (CML). In a composite, cracks preferentially propagate along and through this layer when a mechanical loading is applied. In this work, middle lamellae of several plant fibers of different origin (flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, nettle, and date palm leaf sheath), among the most used for composite reinforcement, are investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The peak-force quantitative nanomechanical property mapping (PF-QNM) mode is used in order to estimate the indentation modulus of this layer. AFM PF-QNM confirmed its potential and suitability to mechanically characterize and compare the stiffness of small areas at the micro and nanoscale level, such as plant cell walls and middle lamellae. Our results suggest that the mean indentation modulus of ML is in the range from 6 GPa (date palm leaf sheath) to 16 GPa (hemp), depending on the plant considered. Moreover, local cell-wall layer architectures were finely evidenced and described.

scholarly journals Investigations by AFM of Ageing Mechanisms in PLA-Flax Fibre Composites during Garden Composting

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2225
Author(s):  
Alessia Melelli ◽  
Delphin Pantaloni ◽  
Eric Balnois ◽  
Olivier Arnould ◽  
Frédéric Jamme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Woven Composites ◽  
Indentation Modulus ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Flax Fibres ◽  
The Core ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Fibre Composites ◽  
Major Variable

PLA-flax non-woven composites are promising materials, coupling high performance and possible degradation at their end of life. To explore their ageing mechanisms during garden composting, microstructural investigations were carried out through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We observe that flax fibres preferentially degrade ‘inwards’ from the edge to the core of the composite. In addition, progressive erosion of the cell walls occurs within the fibres themselves, ‘outwards’ from the central lumen to the periphery primary wall. This preferential degradation is reflected in the decrease in indentation modulus from around 23 GPa for fibres located in the preserved core of the composite to 3–4 GPa for the remaining outer-most cell wall crowns located at the edge of the sample that is in contact with the compost. Ageing of the PLA matrix is less drastic with a relatively stable indentation modulus. Nevertheless, a change in the PLA morphology, a significant decrease in its roughness and increase of porosity, can be observed towards the edge of the sample, in comparison to the core. This work highlights the important role of intrinsic fibre porosity, called lumen, which is suspected to be a major variable of the compost ageing process, providing pathways of entry for moisture and microorganisms that are involved in cell wall degradation.

scholarly journals Cross-sectional anatomy of leaf blade and leaf sheath of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
SN Sima ◽  
AK Roy ◽  
MT Akther ◽  
N Joarder
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Saline Stress ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Bulliform Cells ◽  
Kranz Anatomy ◽  
Adaxial Epidermis

Histology of leaf blade and sheath of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica L.) Beauv., indicated typical C4 Kranz anatomy. Cells of adaxial epidermis were smaller and bulliform cells were present on the adaxial epidermis. The shape of bulliform cells was bulbous; 3-7 cells were present in a group and 3-5 folds larger than epidermal cells. Three types of vascular bundles in respect of size and structure were extra large, large and small and they were part of leaf blade histology. These three sizes of vascular bundles were arranged in successive manner from midrib to leaf margin. Leaf sheath bundles were of two types: large and small. Extra large bundles were flanked by five small and four large bundles but small bundles were alternate found to be with large typed bundles. Extra large bundles were of typical monocotyledonous type but the large type had reduced xylem elements and the small typed was found to be transformed into treachery elements. Small be bundles occupied half the thickness of the flat portion of leaf blade topped by large bulliform cells of the adaxial epidermis. Extra large and large bundle had been extended to upper and lower epidermis. Kranz mesophyll completely encircled the bundle sheath and radiated out into ground tissue. Midrib was projected in abaxial direction and had a central vascular bundle with large and small bundles on either side of it along the abaxial regions. The midrib vascular bundle was devoid of chlorenchymatous bundle sheath and was of non-Kranz type. Continuous sub-epidermal sclerenchyma girders were noted as adaxial hypodermis. Anatomical traits exhibited an important adaptive defense against draught and saline stress of the plant. Quantitative measurement of various anatomical traits indicated strong variations among them.J. bio-sci. 25: 17-26, 2017

scholarly journals The effect of microstructure on mechanical properties of Phyllostachys pubescens

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1430-1444
Author(s):  
Xin Guan ◽  
Haining Yin ◽  
Bowen Chen ◽  
Yan Zhu ◽  
Xueshen Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Compression Strength ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Phyllostachys Pubescens ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tension Strength

To reveal the effects of vascular bundle and sheath-node tissues on mechanical strength, moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) was investigated via compression, bending, and tension tests. Quantitative analysis was applied on vascular bundle and sheath-node tissues using a mosaicking technique and Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software. Based on the analysis of internode and node specimens, it was found that 1) there was a significant difference between the tissues proportion and mechanical strength. A high tissues proportion resulted in a high compression strength, tension strength, and modulus of rupture, but a low modulus of elasticity. 2) There was no significant correlation between the tissues proportion and failure modes. 3) The presence of a bamboo node decreased the modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and tension strength, but it did not affect the compression strength. 4) A bamboo node increased the likelihood of brash tension failure in the bending test and splintering tension failure in the tension test, but decreased the probability of splitting failure in the compression test. 5) The effects of bamboo node on strength were due to the irregular sheath-node and undifferentiated vascular bundles.

scholarly journals Variation in Tensile Properties of Single Vascular Bundles in Moso Bamboo

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-251
Author(s):  
Lili Shang ◽  
Xing'e Liu ◽  
Zehui Jiang ◽  
Genlin Tian ◽  
Shumin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Moso Bamboo ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Fibrous Sheath ◽  
Bamboo Culm ◽  
Functionally Graded Composite ◽  
Bundle Structure

Abstract Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), an apt example of an anisotropic, functionally graded composite material, is the most important commercial bamboo species of China. This species has excellent mechanical properties due to its unique vascular bundle structure. This article examines the variation in mechanical properties of single vascular bundles with respect to their location within a bamboo culm. The mechanical exfoliation method was used to prepare the single vascular bundle. This study found that moso bamboo has superior stiffness and strength. Additionally, the variation in properties was large in the radial direction but minimal in longitudinal direction. The large variation in mechanical properties of vascular bundles can be ascribed to the synergistic effect of the fibrous sheath and parenchyma rather than to changes in fibrous sheath properties. This study provides a basis for the structure application for moso bamboo.

scholarly journals Fractionation of cell-wall preparations from grass leaves by centrifuging in non-aqueous density gradients

1981 ◽  
Vol 193 (3) ◽  
pp. 765-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
A H Gordon ◽  
J S Bacon
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Density Gradient ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Density Gradients ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Polysaccharide Composition

1. Dried preparations of cell walls from perennial-ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Italian-ryegrass (L. multiflorum) leaves were suspended in mixtures of carbon tetrachloride with light-petroleum (b.p. 45–50 degrees C) or alcohols and layered on density gradients formed from the same solvents. 2. On centrifugation, the cell walls become distributed throughout a suitably chosen gradient. Fractions corresponding to various regions of the gradient were separated, examined under the microscope and analysed. 3. Cell-wall preparations made from leaf material ground in liquid N2, or in a triple roll mill, showed considerable heterogeneity in particle size, and their behaviour in the density gradient was variable, although there was a general indication that walls derived from vascular bundles were less dense than those from sclerenchyma. 4 Treatment in a vibratory ball mill decreased the size of the particles and produced a more uniform material, but made it impossible to distinguish the origins of the particles. This material behaved more reproducibly in the density gradient. 5. Some fractionations were also made by successive centrifugation in media of increasing relative density. 6. Analyses of the fractions obtained by each method indicated that the less dense had a greater proportion of xylose in the polysaccharide components, and higher contents of acetyl groups and lignin, confirming the close relationship between these components in plant cell walls. 7. The results show that there are differences in polysaccharide composition between the cell-wall types in the grass leaf, the vascular tissue being richer in hemicellulose relative to cellulose than the sclerenchyma.

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