scholarly journals Arctic Greening Caused by Warming Contributes to Compositional Changes of Mycobiota at the Polar Urals

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton G. Shiryaev ◽  
Pavel A. Moiseev ◽  
Ursula Peintner ◽  
Nadezhda M. Devi ◽  
Vladimir V. Kukarskih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Polar Urals ◽  
Natural Park ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Special Environment ◽  
The Polar Urals

The long-term influence of climate change on spatio-temporal dynamics of the Polar mycobiota was analyzed on the eastern macro slope of the Polar Urals (Sob River valley and Mountain Slantsevaya) over a period of 60 years. The anthropogenic impact is minimal in the study area. Effects of environmental warming were addressed as changes in treeline and forest communities (greening of the vegetation). With warming, permafrost is beginning to thaw, and as it thaws, it decomposes. Therefore, we also included depth of soil thawing and litter decomposition in our study. Particular attention was paid to the reaction of aphyllophoroid fungal communities concerning these factors. Our results provide evidence for drastic changes in the mycobiota due to global warming. Fungal community composition followed changes of the vegetation, which was transforming from forest-tundra to northern boreal type forests during the last 60 years. Key fungal groups of the ongoing borealization and important indicator species are discussed. Increased economic activity in the area may lead to deforestation, destruction of swamps, and meadows. However, this special environment provides important services such as carbon sequestration, soil formation, protecting against flood risks, and filtering of air. In this regard, we propose to include the studied territory in the Polarnouralsky Natural Park.

scholarly journals Increasing frequency of low summer precipitation synchronizes dynamics and compromises metapopulation stability in the Glanville fritillary butterfly

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1806) ◽  
pp. 20150173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayco J. M. Tack ◽  
Tommi Mononen ◽  
Ilkka Hanski
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Summer Precipitation ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Spatial Synchrony ◽  
Glanville Fritillary Butterfly ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Climate change is known to shift species' geographical ranges, phenologies and abundances, but less is known about other population dynamic consequences. Here, we analyse spatio-temporal dynamics of the Glanville fritillary butterfly ( Melitaea cinxia ) in a network of 4000 dry meadows during 21 years. The results demonstrate two strong, related patterns: the amplitude of year-to-year fluctuations in the size of the metapopulation as a whole has increased, though there is no long-term trend in average abundance; and there is a highly significant increase in the level of spatial synchrony in population dynamics. The increased synchrony cannot be explained by increasing within-year spatial correlation in precipitation, the key environmental driver of population change, or in per capita growth rate. On the other hand, the frequency of drought during a critical life-history stage (early larval instars) has increased over the years, which is sufficient to explain the increasing amplitude and the expanding spatial synchrony in metapopulation dynamics. Increased spatial synchrony has the general effect of reducing long-term metapopulation viability even if there is no change in average metapopulation size. This study demonstrates how temporal changes in weather conditions can lead to striking changes in spatio-temporal population dynamics.

Assessing variation in assemblages of large marine fauna off ocean beaches using drones

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan P. Kelaher ◽  
Andrew P. Colefax ◽  
Alejandro Tagliafico ◽  
Melanie J. Bishop ◽  
Anna Giles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Marine Fauna ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Carcharhinus Leucas ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Marine Wildlife

The turbulent waters off ocean beaches provide habitat for large marine fauna, including dolphins, sharks, rays, turtles and game fish. Although, historically, these assemblages have proven difficult to quantify, we used a new drone-based approach to assess spatial and temporal variation in assemblages of large marine fauna off four exposed beaches in New South Wales, Australia. In total, 4388 individual large marine animals were identified from 216 drone flights. The most common taxa, bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) and Australian cownose rays (Rhinoptera neglecta), occurred in 25.5 and 19.9% of flights respectively. White (Carcharodon carcharias), bull (Carcharhinus leucas) and other whaler (Carcharhinus spp.) sharks were observed in <1% of flights. There was significant variation in the structure of assemblages of large fauna among beaches, with those adjacent to riverine estuaries having greater richness and abundance of wildlife. Overall, drone surveys were successful in documenting the spatio-temporal dynamics of an impressive suite of large marine fauna. We contend that emerging drone technology can make a valuable contribution to the ecological information required to ensure the long-term sustainability of sandy-beach ecosystems and associated marine wildlife.

scholarly journals Novel Insights to Be Gained From Applying Metacommunity Theory to Long-Term, Spatially Replicated Biodiversity Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydne Record ◽  
Nicole M. Voelker ◽  
Phoebe L. Zarnetske ◽  
Nathan I. Wisnoski ◽  
Jonathan D. Tonkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biodiversity Patterns ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Long Term Ecological Research ◽  
Spatial Replication ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Long Term Studies ◽  
Observation Networks

Global loss of biodiversity and its associated ecosystem services is occurring at an alarming rate and is predicted to accelerate in the future. Metacommunity theory provides a framework to investigate multi-scale processes that drive change in biodiversity across space and time. Short-term ecological studies across space have progressed our understanding of biodiversity through a metacommunity lens, however, such snapshots in time have been limited in their ability to explain which processes, at which scales, generate observed spatial patterns. Temporal dynamics of metacommunities have been understudied, and large gaps in theory and empirical data have hindered progress in our understanding of underlying metacommunity processes that give rise to biodiversity patterns. Fortunately, we are at an important point in the history of ecology, where long-term studies with cross-scale spatial replication provide a means to gain a deeper understanding of the multiscale processes driving biodiversity patterns in time and space to inform metacommunity theory. The maturation of coordinated research and observation networks, such as the United States Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) program, provides an opportunity to advance explanation and prediction of biodiversity change with observational and experimental data at spatial and temporal scales greater than any single research group could accomplish. Synthesis of LTER network community datasets illustrates that long-term studies with spatial replication present an under-utilized resource for advancing spatio-temporal metacommunity research. We identify challenges towards synthesizing these data and present recommendations for addressing these challenges. We conclude with insights about how future monitoring efforts by coordinated research and observation networks could further the development of metacommunity theory and its applications aimed at improving conservation efforts.

scholarly journals A 24,000-year ancient DNA and pollen record from the Polar Urals reveals temporal dynamics of arctic and boreal plant communities

2020 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
pp. 106564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte L. Clarke ◽  
Inger Greve Alsos ◽  
Mary E. Edwards ◽  
Aage Paus ◽  
Ludovic Gielly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Ancient Dna ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Pollen Record ◽  
Polar Urals ◽  
The Polar Urals

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal dynamics of the penetration resistance of recultivated soils formed after open cast mining

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Zhukov ◽  
G. А. Zadorozhnaya
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
Open Cast Mining ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Structures ◽  
Spatio Temporal

On the basis of studying the spatio-temporal dynamics of soil penetration resistance we proved the existence of the technozem ecomorphs as above horizon soil formations. Research was carried out at a research center for study of recultivation processes in Ordzhonikidze city. Measurement of soils penetration was made in field conditions using an Eijkelkamp penetrometer on a regular grid at depths of up to50 cmwith intervals of5 cm. Calculation of average values and degrees of variation was performed by means of descriptive statistical tools. The extent of soil penetration spatial dependence was assessed and the existence of ecomorphs was proved by means of geostatistical analysis. The degree of associativity of spatial distribution of indicators of a soil body in different years of research was established by means of correlation analysis. The level of variation in space and in time of  technozem penetration generated on loess-like loams, grey-green, red-brown clays, and also pedozems was revealed. The degree of spatial dependence of  technozem penetration within soil layers and also the linear sizes of ecomorphs as above horizon soil structures was established. The time dynamics of  penetration of various recultozems were described. As a result of research into the spatio-temporal dynamics of penetration of technozems, data confirming the hypothesis of the existence of ecomorphs as above horizon morphological soil formations were obtained. An ecomorphic approach to the study of the morphological structure of technozems is proposed. The comparative characteristics of ecomorphs from various types of technozem are presented. The results obtained solve the problem of combining the higher and lowest levels in the hierarchical system of soil organisation as a natural body, which should raise the efficiency of the analysis of relations of morphological elements as a basis for detailed reconstruction of recultivation processes, soil formation, and study of their regimes and functions.

scholarly journals FACTORS DETERMINING THE PHENOMENA IN THE UPER TREE LINE ECOTONE IN THE POLAR URALS MOUNTAINS

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-51
Author(s):  
В.В. Фомин ◽  
С.Г. Шиятов
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Woody Vegetation ◽  
Tree Line ◽  
Polar Urals ◽  
Extreme Factors ◽  
Data Source ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Long Term Studies ◽  
The Polar Urals

The article presents the results of the analysis of long-term studies dedicated to the reaction of woody plants to various extreme factors in the Rai-Iz mountain massif and Chernaya mountain, which are located on the southeastern slope of the Polar Urals in the Sob River basin (Russia). The analysis was performed using a unique archive of landscape photos, which were made by the authors from the beginning of the 1960s until the present. The classifi cation and description of the phenomena that are caused by the infl uence of environmental factors on woody vegetation, as well as their presentation using landscape photos, allow us to expand the possibilities of using ground-based images for the purposes of environmental photo monitoring of woody vegetation at the tree line. They can be used as an independent data source to identify factors that determine a morphological structure and spatial altitude of woody vegetation.

Long-term spatio-temporal dynamics of the mosquito Aedes aegypti in temperate Argentina

2016 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Fischer ◽  
M.S. De Majo ◽  
L. Quiroga ◽  
M. Paez ◽  
N. Schweigmann
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Buenos Aires Province ◽  
Southern Limit ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Lower Temperature

AbstractBuenos Aires city is located near the southern limit of the distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). This study aimed to assess long-term variations in the abundance of Ae. aegypti in Buenos Aires in relation to changes in climatic conditions. Ae. aegypti weekly oviposition activity was analyzed and compared through nine warm seasons from 1998 to 2014, with 200 ovitraps placed across the whole extension of the city. The temporal and spatial dynamics of abundances were compared among seasons, and their relation with climatic variables were analyzed. Results showed a trend to higher peak abundances, a higher number of infested sites, and longer duration of the oviposition season through subsequent years, consistent with a long-term colonization process. In contrast, thermal favorability and rainfall pattern did not show a consistent trend of changes. The long-term increase in abundance, and the recently documented expansion of Ae. aegypti to colder areas of Buenos Aires province suggest that local populations might be adapting to lower temperature conditions. The steadily increasing abundances may have implications on the risk of dengue transmission.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Monitoring of the Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Vocalizations among Songbirds in a Semi Free-Flight Environment Using Robot Audition Techniques

Birds ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-172
Author(s):  
Shinji Sumitani ◽  
Reiji Suzuki ◽  
Takaya Arita ◽  
Kazuhiro Nakadai ◽  
Hiroshi G. Okuno
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Robot Audition ◽  
Realistic Situation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Spatio Temporal

To understand the social interactions among songbirds, extracting the timing, position, and acoustic properties of their vocalizations is essential. We propose a framework for automatic and fine-scale extraction of spatial-spectral-temporal patterns of bird vocalizations in a densely populated environment. For this purpose, we used robot audition techniques to integrate information (i.e., the timing, direction of arrival, and separated sound of localized sources) from multiple microphone arrays (array of arrays) deployed in an environment, which is non-invasive. As a proof of concept of this framework, we examined the ability of the method to extract active vocalizations of multiple Zebra Finches in an outdoor mesh tent as a realistic situation in which they could fly and vocalize freely. We found that localization results of vocalizations reflected the arrangements of landmark spots in the environment such as nests or perches and some vocalizations were localized at non-landmark positions. We also classified their vocalizations as either songs or calls by using a simple method based on the tempo and length of the separated sounds, as an example of the use of the information obtained from the framework. Our proposed approach has great potential to understand their social interactions and the semantics or functions of their vocalizations considering the spatial relationships, although detailed understanding of the interaction would require analysis of more long-term recordings.

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