scholarly journals The Profitability of Cross-Cutting Practices in Butt-Rotten Picea abies Final-Felling Stands

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kärhä ◽  
Räsänen ◽  
Palander
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Motion Studies ◽  
The Impact

Research Highlights: This study offers new information on the cross cutting of decayed stems with the sounding of short (0.5 m) offcuts and the bucking of longer (3.0 m) butt-rotten poles. Background and Objectives: The root and butt-rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato (Fr.) Bref. causes wood quality damage to trees in softwood forests. When timber is harvested in butt-rotten forests, it is essential that the decayed part of the tree is recognized and cut away from a stem, while the healthy and good quality log section of a stem is cross cut with precision sawlogs. The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of two off-cutting methods on stem processing time, cutting productivity, sawlog volume, and commercial value at the roadside landing when harvesting timber from the butt-rotten Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) final-felling forests. Materials and Methods: The length of the short offcuts used was 0.5 m. The results of the cross-cutting practices were compared to the decayed pulpwood poles of 3 m from the butt of the rotten stems. Time and motion studies were carried out in stands before the profitability calculations. The study data consisted of 1980 Norway spruce sawlog stems. Results: Sounding of the short offcuts added significantly to the stem processing time of butt-rotten stems, but the sawlog volume and the timber value recovery of the stems were higher than those of the decayed pulpwood poles of 3 m. Conclusions: The study concluded that sounding of butt-rotten Norway spruce stems with one to three offcuts is economically profitable if the diameter of the decayed column at the stem stump’s height is small (≤5 cm). In contrast, when the width of the decay is larger (>5 cm), it is more profitable to first cross cut the decayed pulpwood pole of 3 m and then to observe the height of the decayed part of the stem.

Grade yields and wood properties of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] from the Maritimes

1995 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-478
Author(s):  
Y. H. Chui
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Bending Properties ◽  
Clear Wood ◽  
Comparative Information ◽  
Grade Yield

Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] is one of the major non-native softwood species in the Maritimes. A project was undertaken to evaluate the grade yields and mechanical properties of Norway spruce. The project also provided comparative information on the wood quality of two Norway spruce provenances from Germany and Poland. Four plantations were selected for the study with two of these plantations containing trees of known provenances. One plantation was mature and the other three were juvenile. In total, 530 pieces of lumber and the same number of matched small clear specimens were tested for bending properties. Prior to testing, the lumber was visually graded according to both British and Canadian specifications. Quality of lumber varied significantly between sites. Lumber from the Polish provenance had slightly better mechanical properties than that from trees of the German provenance. Compared with published information, the plantation-grown Norway spruce had lower clear wood bending properties and specific gravity than primary eastern Canadian spruce species and balsam fir, and natural Norway spruce grown in Europe. Key words: Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.], wood quality, bending properties, grade yield

Spread of S and P group isolates of Heterobasidion annosum within and among Picea abies trees in central Lithuania

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 961-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rimvydas Vasiliauskas ◽  
Jan Stenlid
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Related Difference ◽  
Spruce Wood

Spread of Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. was investigated in a 60-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand in central Lithuania. Of the 375 trees sampled, H. annosum was isolated from 85 (22.7%). Forty nine (56.3%) of the isolates belonged to the S group and 38 (43.7%) to the P group. Among the S-group isolates, 35 genets occupied 49 trees (1.4 trees per genet on average). In the P group, 24 genets were detected in 37 trees (1.5 trees per genet on average). The largest S and P genets were 21 and 20 m in diameter, respectively. The S group spread was more extensive within stems than for the P group; mean length of the decay column for S-group isolates was 459 ± 159 cm (mean ± SD), and it was 327 ± 101 cm for P-group isolates (p = 0.0001). Average stump area affected by decay was 56 ± 15%for the S group, and 47 ± 16% for the P group (p = 0.016). This is the first published field data on intersterility group related difference in decay extension in tree stems. The S group is better adapted than the P group to growth in Norway spruce wood.

Modelling the incidence of butt rot in plantations of Piceaabies in Denmark

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1887-1896 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Vollbrecht ◽  
B. Bilde Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Butt Rot ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
The Impact

An empirical model is presented to forecast the incidence of butt rot at the stand level. In addition, the impact of different thinning regimes and stump treatment on the incidence of butt rot was evaluated. The model is based on data from 166 permanent forest yield research plots of pure even-aged Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) plantations in Denmark, within which the incidence of butt rot at stump height in thinned trees has been recorded after each thinning since 1947. In total, 79 000 stumps from 895 thinnings were studied. Regression analyses were carried out with the incidence of butt rot at a given point of time as the dependent variable and variables describing site, stand, and silvicultural treatments as the independent variables. Predictions carried out with the model imply that Norway spruce planted on old hardwood forest sites show the fastest development of butt rot and that the more heavily or more often a stand is thinned, the faster will be the development of butt rot. Furthermore, stump treatment with urea or sodium nitrite and thinnings carried out during January–March reduce the rot development.

Interactions between Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Heterobasidion annosum. I. Infection of nonsuberized and young suberized roots

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 872-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Heneen ◽  
M. Gustafsson ◽  
G. Karlsson ◽  
K. Brismar
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Host Reaction ◽  
Outer Cortex ◽  
Fungal Enzymes ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Inner Cortex

Nonsuberized and young suberized roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were inoculated with an S-strain of Heterobasidion annosum for 2–20 days. The roots were sectioned for light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. They were susceptible to infection at both stages of development. The host reaction to delimit the infection was the formation of a necrotic ring barrier in the outer cortex. In cases where the inner cortex also became infected, fungal hyphae accumulated just before the endodermis, which acted as a new barrier. Only in nonsuberized roots did the hyphae succeed in penetrating the stele, and within 3 days after inoculation the stele was almost completely digested. Other resistance reactions included accumulation of phenolic deposits, secondary thickening of cell walls, and formation of papillae. The hyphae were able to grow within and across cell walls. The presence of translucent areas around penetrating hyphae possibly reflected the digestive action of fungal enzymes. The hyphae showed signs of degeneration when entrapped in encompassing cellular deposits. Key words: Norway spruce, Heterobasidion annosum, root infection, nonsuberized roots, young suberized roots, microscopy.

scholarly journals Väetamise mõju hariliku kuuse (Picea abies (L.) Karst) poogenditele Pauska seemlas / The effect of fertilization on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) grafts: a case study in Pauska seed orchard

2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-89
Author(s):  
Malle Kurm ◽  
Jürgen Aosaar ◽  
Andres Kiviste
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
R Software ◽  
P Content ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Research Period

Abstract Altogether 197 grafts were studied in Pauska seed orchard in South-Estonia to find out the effect of the fertilization on Norway spruce grafts. The fertilization trials were carried out in May 1988 and 2006. The grafts of 4 different clones with 5 different fertilization treatments (N, P, K, NPK, control) were under study. The effect of three factors (fertilization, clone and year) on different characteristics of spruce grafts was studied. The linear methods with R software were used to find out relationships between variables. In addition to the morphological features and the content of nutrients in needles, the quantities and qualities of the mean cone and the weight of 1000 seeds were measured. Furthermore, the variation of quantities of needles (density, weight, length) and the content of nutrients in needles between years 1988 and 2007 were compared, using the linear methods with R software package. The morphological characteristics and nutrient content of needles, the mass of cones and seeds have depended the most on a calendar year. During the last research period (2003−2007), the needles of grafts under study were longer, lighter and with lower density compared to earlier research period (1988-1993). The effect of a clone was also essential. Needles of younger grafts were longer, heavier and set sparser than needles of older grafts. The needle nutrient content of younger grafts was also higher compared to the older ones. The effect of fertilizers on the grafts was dependent on the period of time. Nitrogen fertilizers increased the N-content in their needles during the first four years and also after repetitive fertilization. Phosphate fertilizers increased the P-content in their needles starting from the third year after their fertilization. The impact of potassium fertilizers on the K-content of their needles appeared 2−4 years after their fertilization. Combined fertilizers increased the N- and P-content in the needles to some extent, whereas it decreased their Ca- and Mg-content.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris Seedlings of Various origins to Heterobasidion annosum and H. parviporum

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astra Zaļuma ◽  
Arnis Gailis ◽  
Natālija Burņeviča ◽  
Kari Korhonen ◽  
Tālis Gaitnieks
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Abstract Five-year-old Norway spruce and four-year-old Scots pine seedlings of various origin were inoculated with Heterobasidion annosum s.s. and H. parviporum to estimate whether the susceptibility of seedlings to Heterobasidion was affected by origin of seeds. In total, 520 spruce and 538 pine seedlings from different seed sources and provenance regions of Latvia were tested. Four months after inoculation the fungal growth was measured. The results highlight differences between development of H. annosum and H. parviporum in spruce and pine seedlings. We did not find any seed source that was more resistant than others.

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