Interactions between Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Heterobasidion annosum. I. Infection of nonsuberized and young suberized roots

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 872-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Heneen ◽  
M. Gustafsson ◽  
G. Karlsson ◽  
K. Brismar
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Host Reaction ◽  
Outer Cortex ◽  
Fungal Enzymes ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Inner Cortex

Nonsuberized and young suberized roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were inoculated with an S-strain of Heterobasidion annosum for 2–20 days. The roots were sectioned for light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. They were susceptible to infection at both stages of development. The host reaction to delimit the infection was the formation of a necrotic ring barrier in the outer cortex. In cases where the inner cortex also became infected, fungal hyphae accumulated just before the endodermis, which acted as a new barrier. Only in nonsuberized roots did the hyphae succeed in penetrating the stele, and within 3 days after inoculation the stele was almost completely digested. Other resistance reactions included accumulation of phenolic deposits, secondary thickening of cell walls, and formation of papillae. The hyphae were able to grow within and across cell walls. The presence of translucent areas around penetrating hyphae possibly reflected the digestive action of fungal enzymes. The hyphae showed signs of degeneration when entrapped in encompassing cellular deposits. Key words: Norway spruce, Heterobasidion annosum, root infection, nonsuberized roots, young suberized roots, microscopy.

Interactions between Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Heterobasidion annosum. II. Infection of woody roots

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 884-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Heneen ◽  
M. Gustafsson ◽  
K. Brismar ◽  
G. Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Chemical Defence ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Defence Mechanisms ◽  
Fungal Hyphae ◽  
Inner Parts ◽  
Scanning Electron

Woody roots, 2 – 4 mm in diameter, of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were inoculated with an S strain of Heterobasidion annosum. After 8 – 20 days the roots were prepared for examination by light microscopy as well as transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The roots had one or several periderms and sometimes remnant cortex cells on the surface. The fungal infection was restricted to the remnant cortex cells and the rhytidome after an incubation period of 20 days. Accumulation of granular materials, most likely phenolic in nature, prevailed in the infected periderm cells. Fungal hyphae enclosed in these materials showed signs of degeneration. Based on these results, we conclude that the rhytidome acts as a successful barrier to infection of the inner parts of the root for at least 20 days following inoculation with H. annosum. Both structural and chemical defence mechanisms are involved. Key words: Norway spruce, Heterobasidion annosum, root infection, woody roots, microscopy.

scholarly journals The Profitability of Cross-Cutting Practices in Butt-Rotten Picea abies Final-Felling Stands

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kärhä ◽  
Räsänen ◽  
Palander
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Motion Studies ◽  
The Impact

Research Highlights: This study offers new information on the cross cutting of decayed stems with the sounding of short (0.5 m) offcuts and the bucking of longer (3.0 m) butt-rotten poles. Background and Objectives: The root and butt-rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato (Fr.) Bref. causes wood quality damage to trees in softwood forests. When timber is harvested in butt-rotten forests, it is essential that the decayed part of the tree is recognized and cut away from a stem, while the healthy and good quality log section of a stem is cross cut with precision sawlogs. The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of two off-cutting methods on stem processing time, cutting productivity, sawlog volume, and commercial value at the roadside landing when harvesting timber from the butt-rotten Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) final-felling forests. Materials and Methods: The length of the short offcuts used was 0.5 m. The results of the cross-cutting practices were compared to the decayed pulpwood poles of 3 m from the butt of the rotten stems. Time and motion studies were carried out in stands before the profitability calculations. The study data consisted of 1980 Norway spruce sawlog stems. Results: Sounding of the short offcuts added significantly to the stem processing time of butt-rotten stems, but the sawlog volume and the timber value recovery of the stems were higher than those of the decayed pulpwood poles of 3 m. Conclusions: The study concluded that sounding of butt-rotten Norway spruce stems with one to three offcuts is economically profitable if the diameter of the decayed column at the stem stump’s height is small (≤5 cm). In contrast, when the width of the decay is larger (>5 cm), it is more profitable to first cross cut the decayed pulpwood pole of 3 m and then to observe the height of the decayed part of the stem.

Spread of S and P group isolates of Heterobasidion annosum within and among Picea abies trees in central Lithuania

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 961-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rimvydas Vasiliauskas ◽  
Jan Stenlid
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Related Difference ◽  
Spruce Wood

Spread of Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. was investigated in a 60-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand in central Lithuania. Of the 375 trees sampled, H. annosum was isolated from 85 (22.7%). Forty nine (56.3%) of the isolates belonged to the S group and 38 (43.7%) to the P group. Among the S-group isolates, 35 genets occupied 49 trees (1.4 trees per genet on average). In the P group, 24 genets were detected in 37 trees (1.5 trees per genet on average). The largest S and P genets were 21 and 20 m in diameter, respectively. The S group spread was more extensive within stems than for the P group; mean length of the decay column for S-group isolates was 459 ± 159 cm (mean ± SD), and it was 327 ± 101 cm for P-group isolates (p = 0.0001). Average stump area affected by decay was 56 ± 15%for the S group, and 47 ± 16% for the P group (p = 0.016). This is the first published field data on intersterility group related difference in decay extension in tree stems. The S group is better adapted than the P group to growth in Norway spruce wood.

Effect of abnormal fibres on the mechanical properties of paper made from Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst.

Holzforschung ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasko Terziev ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel ◽  
Ann Marklund
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Mechanical Processing ◽  
Opposite Wood ◽  
Tear Index ◽  
Control Samples

Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a variety of abnormal fibres on the mechanical properties of paper made from Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. Fibres representing abnormality were obtained from trees treated by irrigation and fertilisation. Moreover, fibres from compression wood and its accompanying opposite wood were isolated. The effect of dislocations on paper quality was studied on four mixtures (20, 40, 60 and 80% fibres with induced dislocations) of untreated/compressed fibres. Two more groups consisting of control untreated samples and samples with 100%-induced dislocations were also included in the test. The mechanical properties of the paper were tested and the results were compared to those of control samples. Abnormal fibres reduced the desired mechanical properties of the final paper concerning tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and tear-tensile index. Irrespective of the type of treatment, all morphological changes introduced in fibre cell walls appear to directly affect changes in the mechanical properties of the paper. Control samples had a tear index of 25 compared to 10 mN m2 g-1 of samples containing 100% dislocations. It is obvious that 20% of dislocations, an amount that is expected to be induced in pulp under mechanical processing and transport, will contribute to a decrease in tear index with an average of 3 mN m2 g-1, i.e., 10% of the total value.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris Seedlings of Various origins to Heterobasidion annosum and H. parviporum

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astra Zaļuma ◽  
Arnis Gailis ◽  
Natālija Burņeviča ◽  
Kari Korhonen ◽  
Tālis Gaitnieks
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Abstract Five-year-old Norway spruce and four-year-old Scots pine seedlings of various origin were inoculated with Heterobasidion annosum s.s. and H. parviporum to estimate whether the susceptibility of seedlings to Heterobasidion was affected by origin of seeds. In total, 520 spruce and 538 pine seedlings from different seed sources and provenance regions of Latvia were tested. Four months after inoculation the fungal growth was measured. The results highlight differences between development of H. annosum and H. parviporum in spruce and pine seedlings. We did not find any seed source that was more resistant than others.

Infection of advance regeneration of Norway spruce by Heterobasidion parviporum

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 937-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuula Piri ◽  
Kari Korhonen
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Advance Regeneration ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Vegetative Spread ◽  
Overstory Trees

The incidence of Heterobasidion root rot in the advance regeneration of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) was studied in nine stands at four different localities in southern Finland. The mean age of the unthinned advance regeneration on the 17 sample plots ranged from 14 to 44 years. On infested plots, the proportion of Norway spruce infected by Heterobasidion varied from 22.2 to 75.0% (mean 52.5%) in the overstory and from 1.8 to 68.2% (mean 21.1%) in the advance regeneration. The corresponding values on healthy-looking control plots were 0–6.7% (mean 5.9%) and 1.3–3.9% (mean 2.4%), respectively. Of the 138 Heterobasidion genets identified, 98.5% belonged to Heterobasidion parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen and 1.5% to Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. s.s. The incidence of Heterobasidion root rot in advance regeneration was positively correlated with the mean size and age of the advance regeneration and the proportion of infected trees in the overstory and negatively correlated with the regeneration density. Vegetative spread through root contacts from overstory trees to the surrounding regeneration accounted for at least 53% of the Heterobasidion infections in the advance regeneration. The origin of the rest of the infections in advance regeneration remained unclear, but at least part of them may have started from spore infection on injured or dead roots. Our results suggest that, on sites infected by H. parviporum, advance growth of Norway spruce should not be used for regeneration even though the spruces look healthy and show no external signs of infection.

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