scholarly journals A Complete Assessment of Carbon Stocks in Above and Belowground Biomass Components of a Hybrid Eucalyptus Plantation in Southern Brazil

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcio Viera ◽  
Roque Rodríguez-Soalleiro
Keyword(s):  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantation ◽  
Understory Biomass

Hybrid eucalypt clones are grown for fiber production worldwide and to provide an ecosystem service that can store atmospheric carbon at a very fast rate. This study assessed the carbon stocks in the soil and various tree fractions in a 10-year-old plantation of Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake × Eucalyptus globulus Labill. in Southern Brazil. Four experimental plots were established, and an inventory of Eucalyptus trees was conducted by considering five diametric classes. Three trees in each diametric class were harvested for biomass and carbon quantification. The understory biomass of native trees was quantified in five subplots and the litter was quantified in 16 subplots. Organic C was quantified in the soil (SOC) and roots (diameter ≤ 0.5 cm) to a depth of 100 cm. The C concentration in the different biomass fractions of the eucalyptus trees were 55.7% (±0.6), 50.4% (±0.4), 49.5% (±0.6) and 45.4 % (±0.9) for leaves, branches, wood and bark, respectively. The C concentrations in the understory fractions were 51.4% (±1.0) for the canopy and 50.0% (±0.9) for the stem. The carbon concentration in the fine root biomass was 45.7% (±1.4). Soil C concentrations were 1.23% (±0.32), 0.97% (±0.10), 0.45% (±0.14), and 0.24% (±0.10) for depths of 0–25, 25–50, 50–75, and 75–100 cm. C was allocated in: (a) the trees (aboveground fraction = 118.45 Mg ha−1 and belowground fraction = 30.06 Mg ha−1), (b) the understory = 1.44 Mg ha−1, (c) the litter = 8.34 Mg ha−1, and (d) the soil (without roots) = 99.7 Mg ha−1. The share of total C stock (a + b + c + d = 258.0 Mg ha−1) was similar in the aboveground (49.7%) and belowground (50.3%) fractions, thus indicating a very high rate of C sequestration in the biomass. Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil are fast growing (for this study = 36.7 m³ ha−1 year−1) and contribute to intense carbon sequestration in above and belowground biomass (14.8 Mg ha−1 year−1).

Manipulation of rhizosphere organisms to enhance glomalin production and C sequestration: Pitfalls and promises

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1025-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Walley ◽  
A. W. Gillespie ◽  
Adekunbi B. Adetona ◽  
J. J. Germida ◽  
R. E. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
N Storage ◽  
C And N

Walley, F. L., Gillespie, A. W., Adetona, A. B., Germida, J. J. and Farrell, R. E. 2014. Manipulation of rhizosphere organisms to enhance glomalin production and C-sequestration: Pitfalls and promises. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1025–1032. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) reportedly produce glomalin, a glycoprotein that has the potential to increase soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage. We hypothesized that interactions between rhizosphere microorganisms, such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and AMF, would influence glomalin production. Our objectives were to determine the effects of AMF/PGPR interactions on plant growth and glomalin production in the rhizosphere of pea (Pisum sativum L.) with the goal of enhancing C and N storage in the rhizosphere. One component of the study focussed on the molecular characterization of glomalin and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) using complementary synchrotron-based N and C X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS), and proteomics techniques to characterize specific organic C and N fractions associated with glomalin production. Our research ultimately led us to conclude that the proteinaceous material extracted, and characterized in the literature, as GRSP is not exclusively of AMF origin. Our research supports the established concept that GRSP is important to soil quality, and C and N storage, irrespective of origin. However, efforts to manipulate this important soil C pool will remain compromised until we more clearly elucidate the chemical nature and origin of this resource.

Site-level simulations of measurable soil fractions with the Millennial V2 soil model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose Abramoff ◽  
Bertrand Guenet ◽  
Haicheng Zhang ◽  
Katerina Georgiou ◽  
Xiaofeng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
C Sequestration ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Century Model ◽  
Mineral Association ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil Fractions ◽  
Soil Model ◽  
Mean Residence Times

<p>Soil carbon (C) models are used to predict C sequestration responses to climate and land use change. Yet, the soil models embedded in Earth system models typically do not represent processes that reflect our current understanding of soil C cycling, such as microbial decomposition, mineral association, and aggregation. Rather, they rely on conceptual pools with turnover times that are fit to bulk C stocks and/or fluxes. As measurements of soil fractions become increasingly available, it is necessary for soil C models to represent these measurable quantities so that model processes can be evaluated more accurately. Here we present Version 2 (V2) of the Millennial model, a soil model developed in 2018 to simulate C pools that can be measured by extraction or fractionation, including particulate organic C, mineral-associated organic C, aggregate C, microbial biomass, and dissolved organic C. Model processes have been updated to reflect the current understanding of mineral-association, temperature sensitivity and reaction kinetics, and different model structures were tested within an open-source framework. We evaluated the ability of Millennial V2 to simulate total soil organic C (SOC), as well as the mineral-associated and particulate fractions, using three independent data sets of soil fractionation measurements spanning a range of climate and geochemistry in Australia (N=495), Europe (N=176), and across the globe (N=716). Considering RMSE and AIC as indices of model performance, site-level evaluations show that Millennial V2 predicts soil organic carbon content better than the widely-used Century model, despite an increase in process complexity and number of parameters. Millennial V2 also reproduces between-site variation in SOC across gradients of climate, plant productivity, and soil type. By including the additional constraints of measured soil fractions, we can predict site-level mean residence times similar to a global distribution of mean residence times measured using SOC/respiration rate under an assumption of steady state. The Millennial V2 model updates the conceptual Century model pools and processes and represents our current understanding of the roles that microbial activity, mineral association and aggregation play in soil C sequestration.</p>

Site-level simulations of measurable soil fractions with Millennial Version 2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose Abramoff ◽  
Bertrand Guenet ◽  
Haicheng Zhang ◽  
Katerina Georgiou ◽  
Xiaofeng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Century Model ◽  
Mineral Association ◽  
Microbial Decomposition ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil Fractions ◽  
C Stocks

<p>Soil carbon (C) models are used to predict C sequestration responses to climate and land use change. Yet, the soil models embedded in Earth system models typically do not represent processes that reflect our current understanding of soil C cycling, such as microbial decomposition, mineral association, and aggregation. Rather, they rely on conceptual pools with turnover times that are fit to bulk C stocks and/or fluxes. As measurements of soil fractions become increasingly available, soil C models that represent these measurable quantities can be evaluated more accurately. Here we present Version 2 (V2) of the Millennial model, a soil model developed to simulate C pools that can be measured by extraction or fractionation, including particulate organic C, mineral-associated organic C, aggregate C, microbial biomass, and dissolved organic C. Model processes have been updated to reflect the current understanding of mineral-association, temperature sensitivity and reaction kinetics, and different model structures were tested within an open-source framework. We evaluated the ability of Millennial V2 to simulate total soil organic C (SOC), as well as the mineral-associated and particulate fractions, using three soil fractionation data sets spanning a range of climate and geochemistry in Australia (N=495), Europe (N=176), and across the globe (N=730). Millennial V2 (RMSE = 1.98 – 4.76 kg, AIC = 597 – 1755) generally predicts SOC content better than the widely-used Century model (RMSE = 2.23 – 4.8 kg, AIC = 584 – 2271), despite an increase in process complexity and number of parameters. Millennial V2 reproduces between-site variation in SOC across a gradient of plant productivity, and predicts SOC turnover times similar to those of a global meta-analysis. Millennial V2 updates the conceptual Century model pools and processes and represents our current understanding of the roles that microbial activity, mineral association and aggregation play in soil C sequestration.</p>

Quantifying total and labile pools of soil organic carbon in cultivated and uncultivated soils in eastern India

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumari Priyanka ◽  
Anshumali
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Pools ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Land Use Practices

Loss of labile carbon (C) fractions yields information about the impact of land-use changes on sources of C inputs, pathways of C losses and mechanisms of soil C sequestration. This study dealt with the total organic C (TOC) and labile C pools in 40 surface soil samples (0–15 cm) collected from four land-use practices: uncultivated sites and rice–wheat, maize–wheat and sugarcane agro-ecosystems. Uncultivated soils had a higher total C pool than croplands. The soil inorganic C concentrations were in the range of 0.7–1.4 g kg–1 under different land-use practices. Strong correlations were found between TOC and all organic C pools, except water-extractable organic C and mineralisable C. The sensitivity index indicated that soil organic C pools were susceptible to changes in land-use practices. Discriminant function analysis showed that the nine soil variables could distinguish the maize–wheat and rice–wheat systems from uncultivated and sugarcane systems. Finally, we recommend crop rotation practices whereby planting sugarcane replenishes TOC content in soils.

Management effects on the dynamics and storage rates of organic matter in long-term crop rotations

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Paul ◽  
H. P. Collins ◽  
K. Paustian ◽  
E. T. Elliott ◽  
S. Frey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Site Analysis ◽  
Laboratory Incubation ◽  
C And N ◽  
A Site ◽  
Management Effects

Factors controlling soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics in soil C sequestration and N fertility were determined from multi-site analysis of long-term, crop rotation experiments in Western Canada. Analyses included bulk density, organic and inorganic C and N, particulate organic C (POM-C) and N (POM -N), and CO2-C evolved during laboratory incubation. The POM-C and POM-N contents varied with soil type. Differences in POM-C contents between treatments at a site (δPOM-C) were related (r2= 0.68) to treatment differences in soil C (δSOC). The CO2-C, evolved during laboratory incubation, was the most sensitive indicator of management effects. The Gray Luvisol (Breton, AB) cultivated plots had a fivefold difference in CO2-C release relative to a twofold difference in soil organic carbon (SOC). Soils from cropped, Black Chernozems (Melfort and Indian Head, SK) and Dark Brown Chernozems (Lethbridge, AB) released 50 to 60% as much CO2-C as grassland soils. Differences in CO2 evolution from the treatment with the lowest SOM on a site and that of other treatments (δCO2-C) in the early stages of the incubation were correlated to δPOM-C and this pool reflects short-term SOC storage. Management for soil fertility, such as N release, may differ from management for C sequestration. Key words: Multi-site analysis, soil management, soil C and N, POM-C and N, CO2 evolution

scholarly journals Geomorphic influences on the contribution of vegetation to soil C accumulation and accretion in <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> marshes

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 379-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Elsey-Quirk ◽  
Viktoria Unger
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Coastal Plain Estuary ◽  
Labile C ◽  
Accretion Rates

Abstract. Salt marshes are important hotspots of long-term belowground carbon (C) storage, where plant biomass and allochthonous C can be preserved in the soil for thousands of years. However, C accumulation rates, as well as the sources of C, may differ depending on environmental conditions influencing plant productivity, allochthonous C deposition, and C preservation. For this study, we examined the relationship between belowground root growth, turnover, decay, above- and belowground biomass, and previously reported longer-term rates of total, labile, and refractory organic C accumulation and accretion in Spartina alterniflora-dominated marshes across two mid-Atlantic, US estuaries. Tidal range, long-term rates of mineral sedimentation, C accumulation, and accretion were higher and salinities were lower in marshes of the coastal plain estuary (Delaware Bay) than in the coastal lagoon (Barnegat Bay). We expected that the conditions promoting high rates of C accumulation would also promote high plant productivity and greater biomass. We further tested the influence of environmental conditions on belowground growth (roots + rhizomes), decomposition, and biomass of S. alterniflora. The relationship between plant biomass and C accumulation rate differed between estuaries. In the sediment-limited coastal lagoon, rates of total, labile, and refractory organic C accumulation were directly and positively related to above- and belowground biomass. Here, less flooding and a higher mineral sedimentation rate promoted greater above- and belowground biomass and, in turn, higher soil C accumulation and accretion rates. In the coastal plain estuary, the C accumulation rate was related only to aboveground biomass, which was positively related to the rate of labile C accumulation. Soil profiles indicated that live root and rhizome biomass was positively associated with labile C density for most marshes, yet high labile C densities below the live root zone and in marshes with high mineral sedimentation rates and low biomass signify the potential contribution of allochthonous C and the preservation of labile C. Overall, our findings illustrate the importance of sediment supply to marshes both for promoting positive plant-C accumulation-accretion feedbacks in geomorphic settings where mineral sediment is limiting and for promoting allochthonous inputs and preservation of labile C leading to high C accumulation and accretion rates in geomorphic settings where sediment supply is abundant.

Humus, nitrogen and energy balances, and greenhouse gas emissions in a long-term field experiment with compost compared with mineral fertilisation

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Erhart ◽  
Harald Schmid ◽  
Wilfried Hartl ◽  
Kurt-Jürgen Hülsbergen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Positive Balance ◽  
Energy Balances

Compost fertilisation is one way to close material cycles for organic matter and plant nutrients and to increase soil organic matter content. In this study, humus, nitrogen (N) and energy balances, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were calculated for a 14-year field experiment using the model software REPRO. Humus balances showed that compost fertilisation at a rate of 8 t/ha.year resulted in a positive balance of 115 kg carbon (C)/ha.year. With 14 and 20 t/ha.year of compost, respectively, humus accumulated at rates of 558 and 1021 kg C/ha.year. With mineral fertilisation at rates of 29–62 kg N/ha.year, balances were moderately negative (–169 to –227 kg C/ha.year), and a clear humus deficit of –457 kg C/ha.year showed in the unfertilised control. Compared with measured soil organic C (SOC) data, REPRO predicted SOC contents fairly well with the exception of the treatments with high compost rates, where SOC contents were overestimated by REPRO. GHG balances calculated with soil C sequestration on the basis of humus balances, and on the basis of soil analyses, indicated negative GHG emissions with medium and high compost rates. Mineral fertilisation yielded net GHG emissions of ~2000 kg CO2-eq/ha.year. The findings underline that compost fertilisation holds potential for C sequestration and for the reduction of GHG emissions, even though this potential is bound to level off with increasing soil C saturation.

Stability and storage of soil organic carbon in a heavy-textured Karst soil from south-eastern Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Hobley ◽  
Garry R. Willgoose ◽  
Silvia Frisia ◽  
Geraldine Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Mineral Association ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Particle Size Fractionation

Both aggregation and mineral association have been previously found to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) storage (the amount of organic C retained in a soil), and stability (the length of time organic C is retained in a soil). These mechanisms are therefore attractive targets for soil C sequestration. In this study, we investigate and compare SOC storage and stability of SOC associated with fine minerals and stored within aggregates using a combination of particle-size fractionation, elemental analysis and radiocarbon dating. In this heavy-textured, highly aggregated soil, SOC was found to be preferentially associated with fine minerals throughout the soil profile. By contrast, the oldest SOC was located in the coarsest, most highly aggregated fraction. In the topsoil, radiocarbon ages of the aggregate-associated SOC indicate retention times in the order of centuries. Below the topsoil, retention times of aggregate-SOC are in the order of millennia. Throughout the soil profile, radiocarbon dates indicate an enhanced stability in the order of centuries compared with the fine mineral fraction. Despite this, the radiocarbon ages of the mineral-associated SOC were in the order of centuries to millennia in the subsoil (30–100 cm), indicating that mineral-association is also an effective stabilisation mechanism in this subsoil. Our results indicate that enhanced SOC storage does not equate to enhanced SOC stability, which is an important consideration for sequestration schemes targeting both the amount and longevity of soil carbon.

scholarly journals Effects of Steel Slag and Biochar Incorporation on Active Soil Organic Carbon Pools in a Subtropical Paddy Field

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiqi Wang ◽  
Derrick Lai ◽  
Abbas Abid ◽  
Suvadip Neogi ◽  
Xuping Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paddy Field ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Early Crop

Industrial wastes and agricultural byproducts are increasingly used in crop production as fertilizers, but their impacts on soil carbon (C) sequestration remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of applying steel slag (SS), biochar (B), and a combination of these two materials (SS + B) on total soil organic C (SOC), active SOC fractions, and C pool management index (CPMI) in a subtropical paddy field in China. The treatments were applied at a rate of 8 t ha−1 to rice at the two (early and late) crop seasons in 2015. The SOC concentrations in the top 30 cm soils in the SS + B treatments were 28.7% and 42.2% higher in the early and late crops, respectively, as compared to the controls (p < 0.05). SOC was positively correlated with soil C:N ratio across the two crop seasons (r = 0.92–0.97, p < 0.01). As compared to the control, SS + B treatment had significantly higher carbon pool index (CPI) in both early (22.4%) and late (40.1%) crops. In the early crop, the C pool activity index (CPAI) was significantly lower in B and SS + B treatments by over 50% than in the control, while the soil C pool management index (CPMI) in the SS, B, and SS + B treatments was lower than that in the control by 36.7%, 41.6%, and 45.4%, respectively. In contrast, in the late crop, no significant differences in CPAI and CPMI were observed among the treatments. Our findings suggest that the addition of steel slag and biochar in subtropical paddy fields could decrease active SOC pools and enhance soil C sequestration only in the early crop, but not the late crop.

Restoring organic matter in a cultivated, semiarid soil using crested wheatgrass

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Curtin ◽  
F. Selles ◽  
H. Wang ◽  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
C. A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Sequestration Potential ◽  
C Stocks

Planting of cultivated land with perennial forages may increase C sequestration in soil organic matter and contribute to atmospheric CO2 mitigation strategies. However, little is known of the effectiveness of introduced grasses in restoring organic C in cultivated soils of the Canadian prairies. Our objective was to evaluate the C sequestration potential of crested wheatgrass (CWG) (Agropyron cristatum L. Gaertn.), a widely introduced, early-season grass. In 1995 and 1996, we measured soil CO2 fluxes, C inputs in plant material and total soil C under CWG and a fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-wheat rotation (F-W-W). These were two of the treatments in a replicated crop rotation experiment initiated in 1987 in southwestern Saskatchewan on a medium-textured soil that had previously been under long-term wheat production. Average to above-average growing season (1 May to 31 July) precipitation in 1995–1996 resulted in annual inputs of C in wheat residues of 3000–4500 kg ha−1. Growth of CWG, which was hayed and removed, was relatively poor in both years, but especially in 1995 when dry matter yield was only 1300 kg ha−1. For the 1988–1996 period, there was a strong correlation (R2 = 0.81; P < 0.001) between CWG yield and precipitation received in May, showing the importance of early spring rains determining CWG yield and C inputs to the soil. Carbon inputs under CWG (1200 kg ha−1 in 1995 and 2400 kg ha−1 in 1996) were less than under wheat but CO2-C emissions were similar under CWG and wheat. Soil C measurements in fall 1996 confirmed that CWG did not gain C relative to the F-W-W rotation. Although failure of CWG soil to store more C than cultivated soil may be partly because weather conditions during the experiment were more favourable for wheat than CWG, our results cast doubt on the ability of CWG to restore C stocks in prairie soils degraded by long-term cropping. Key words: Carbon sequestation, carbon dioxide emissions, wheat, crested wheatgrass, fallow

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