scholarly journals Plant Pathogenic Fungi Associated with Coraebus florentinus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Attacks in Declining Oak Forests

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Pinna ◽  
Benedetto T. Linaldeddu ◽  
Vitale Deiana ◽  
Lucia Maddau ◽  
Lucio Montecchio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Coraebus Florentinus

The black-banded oak borer, Coraebus florentinus, is an emerging pest of oak trees in the western Mediterranean region. Larvae of the insect are xylophagous and progressively excavate an annular gallery that interrupts sap flow, resulting in the death of the attacked branches. Until now, limited information has been available regarding the ecological interactions between C. florentinus and the main plant pathogenic fungi involved in the etiology of oak decline. Knowledge of these interactions is important in understanding their impact in natural ecosystems and developing appropriate management strategies. Therefore, in this study, we characterized the fungal communities occurring in the exoskeleton of adults and larvae of C. florentinus and associated with the necrotic wood tissues surrounding the branch galleries of declining oak trees. A total of 29 fungal species were identified based on DNA sequence data and morphological features, of which 14 were from symptomatic woody tissues, six from insect exoskeleton, and nine from both insects and symptomatic wood tissues. The most frequent fungal species, Cryphonectria naterciae (15.9% of isolates), Dothiorella iberica (11.3%), and Diplodia corticola (9.9%), were isolated from both insect and gallery systems. All three species are well-known oak pathogens and are reported here, for the first time, to be associated with C. florentinus. At the same time, 89.6% of the fungal taxa were isolated from one or two sites, highlighting the site-dependence of fungal community assemblages.

First report of Diplodia fraxini and Diplodia subglobosa causing canker and dieback of Fraxinus excelsior in Slovenia

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedetto T. Linaldeddu ◽  
Carlo Bregant ◽  
Lucio Montecchio ◽  
Ana Brglez ◽  
Barbara Piškur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Ash Dieback ◽  
Fungal Isolation ◽  
Hymenoscyphus Fraxineus ◽  
Botryosphaeriaceae Species ◽  
European Ash

Over the last decades the vitality and productivity of European ash trees in Slovenia has been seriously impacted by the onset of canker and dieback disease symptoms on young and old trees, primarily identified as ash dieback caused by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Given the limited information available about the aetiology of this emerging disease, a study was carried out to isolate, identify and characterize the fungal species involved in the observed ash symptoms. Field surveys were conducted in five forest sites where 50 symptomatic branch samples were collected. All samples were inspected and used for fungal isolation. Based on morphology, colony appearance and DNA sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), 125 fungal colonies belonging to five species were isolated and identified. Only a few symptomatic ash samples yielded colonies of H. fraxineus, whereas Botryosphaeriaceae species were isolated with a high frequency, with Diplodia fraxini as the dominant species. A pathogenicity test proved that all isolated species were pathogenic on European ash, causing bark lesions and wood discoloration. All Botryosphaeriaceae species isolated in this study are reported for the first time on European ash in Slovenia.

scholarly journals Spread of the non-indigenous ascidian Aplidium accarense (Millar, 1953) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: morphological and molecular tools for an accurate identification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
FEDERICA MONTESANTO ◽  
GIOVANNI CHIMIENTI ◽  
CARMELA GISSI ◽  
FRANCESCO MASTROTOTARO
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Artificial Substrata ◽  
Non Indigenous Species

The aplousobranch ascidian Aplidium accarense (Millar, 1953) was first described on the western coast of Africa, where it is considered native. Afterwards, this species was introduced along south-American Atlantic coasts, where it affected local shellfish farms through a massive colonization of both natural and artificial substrata. Aplidium accarense has been recently reported along Catalan coasts and in the Tyrrhenian Seas (Western Mediterranean) where it represents a non-indigenous species, only recorded in harbours and aquaculture farms thus far. These Mediterranean records support the hypothesis that A. accarense is currently expanding within the basin, representing a potential invasive species. In this study, several colonies of A. accarense were found for the first time on artificial substrata within the semi-enclosed basin of the Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Italy, Ionian Sea), in the Eastern Mediterranean. Here we provide an updated description of A. accarense combining both morphological and molecular approaches, in order to allow an accurate and reliable identification of this expanding species. Comparing the morphology of the specimens collected from Taranto with the previous descriptions, a slight intra-specific variability has been noticed. Therefore, we provide detailed comparisons of the specimens found in Taranto with all the other A. accarense sampled in other areas of the world, in order to highlight the intra-species variability. The correct identification of a potentially-dangerous species such as A. accarense, represents a needed step for environmental monitoring purposes and for implementing management strategies to mitigate the effects of non-indigenous species on natural ecosystems and human activities.

scholarly journals Improved Microassays Used to Test Natural Product-Based and Conventional Fungicides on Plant Pathogenic Fungi

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maritza Abril ◽  
Kenneth J. Curry ◽  
Barbara J. Smith ◽  
David E. Wedge
Keyword(s):  
Natural Product ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Germination Inhibition ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Germ Tubes

Seven important plant pathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, C. fragariae, C. gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Phomopsis obscurans, and P. viticola) valuable in screening fungicides were tested. Our procedure included washing conidia to reduce germination times, incorporating Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 as a medium of known composition, and using coverslips in the 24-well cell culture clusters to document the effect of fungicides on fungal morphology. The natural product-based fungicide, sampangine, a sampangine analog, 4-bromosampangine, plus seven conventional fungicides (benomyl, captan, cyprodinil, fenbuconazole, fenhexamid, iprodione, and kresoxim-methyl) were tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit germination and growth of the seven fungal species. Sampangine inhibited germination in all fungi except C. acutatum. Comparison of results of germination and morphology microbioassays with results of microtiter assays suggests that some fungicides stop fungal germination, whereas others only slow down fungal growth. We hypothesize that sampangine, except against C. acutatum, has the same physical mode of action, germination inhibition, as the conventional fungicides captan, iprodione, and kresoxim-methyl. 4-Bromosampangine caused morphological anomalies including excessive branching of germ tubes of C. fragariae and splaying and branching of germ tubes of B. cinerea.

Are species concepts outdated for fungi? Intraspecific variation in plant-pathogenic fungi illustrates the need for subspecific categorization.

2021 ◽  
pp. 301-319
Author(s):  
Enrique Monte ◽  
Rosa Hermosa ◽  
María del Mar Jiménez-Gasco ◽  
Rafael M. Jiménez-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi

Abstract Precise naming of a species is very important for phytopathogenic fungi because names may carry key information for the management of the fungal diseases. Naming fungal species based on morphological traits or biological properties is outdated and unreliable. This chapter provides the classification of some plant pathogenic fungi including Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillum based on morphological, pathogenicity, molecular and phylogenetic analysis. Debate on species identification is no longer a question of being in favour of 'splitters' rather than of 'lumpers', but defining phytopathogenic species is particularly complicated and requires further consideration of subspecific categorizations.

Maintaining cultures of ectomycorrhizal and plant pathogenic fungi in sterile water cold storage

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald H. Marx ◽  
William J. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Agar Medium ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Symbiotic Fungi ◽  
Petri Dishes

Mycelial cultures of 64 isolates of 14 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi and 27 isolates of 15 species of plant pathogenic fungi were grown on agar medium in Petri dishes. Mycelial discs, 8 mm in diameter, were removed from the cultures and stored in sterile distilled water in test tubes at 5 °C. Sixty-four, 61, and 41 isolates of the symbiotic fungi were viable after 1, 2, and 3 years storage respectively. Only 19, 10, and 8 isolates of the pathogenic fungi were viable after 1, 2, and 3 years storage, respectively. Time in pure culture before water storage did not affect viability of any fungal species following water storage. After 3 years storage, four fungi (three symbionts and one pathogen) were tested and found to have retained their original growth rates and root-infecting abilities on pine seedlings. The same four isolates, however, maintained on agar slants at 5 °C and subcultured every 4 to 6 months, grew slower and did not infect as many feeder roots of pine as the water-stored isolates.

scholarly journals Cross-Site Soil Microbial Communities under Tillage Regimes: Fungistasis and Microbial Biomarkers

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (23) ◽  
pp. 8191-8201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo P. Sipilä ◽  
Kim Yrjälä ◽  
Laura Alakukku ◽  
Ansa Palojärvi
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
No Till ◽  
Cross Site

ABSTRACTThe exploitation of soil ecosystem services by agricultural management strategies requires knowledge of microbial communities in different management regimes. Crop cover by no-till management protects the soil surface, reducing the risk of erosion and nutrient leaching, but might increase straw residue-borne and soilborne plant-pathogenic fungi. A cross-site study of soil microbial communities andFusariumfungistasis was conducted on six long-term agricultural fields with no-till and moldboard-plowed treatments. Microbial communities were studied at the topsoil surface (0 to 5 cm) and bottom (10 to 20 cm) by general bacterial and actinobacterial terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses.Fusarium culmorumsoil fungistasis describing soil receptivity to plant-pathogenic fungi was explored by using the surface layer method. Soil depth had a significant impact on general bacterial as well as actinobacterial communities and PLFA profiles in no-till treatment, with a clear spatial distinction of communities (P< 0.05), whereas the depth-related separation of microbial communities was not observed in plowed fields. The fungal biomass was higher in no-till surface soil than in plowed soil (P< 0.07). Soil total microbial biomass and fungal biomass correlated with fungistasis (P< 0.02 for the sum of PLFAs;P< 0.001 for PLFA 18:2ω6). Our cross-site study demonstrated that agricultural management strategies can have a major impact on soil microbial community structures, indicating that it is possible to influence the soil processes with management decisions. The interactions between plant-pathogenic fungi and soil microbial communities are multifaceted, and a high level of fungistasis could be linked to the high microbial biomass in soil but not to the specific management strategy.

scholarly journals Improving ITS sequence data for identification of plant pathogenic fungi

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Henrik Nilsson ◽  
Kevin D. Hyde ◽  
Julia Pawłowska ◽  
Martin Ryberg ◽  
Leho Tedersoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Its Sequence ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi

scholarly journals Global food and fibre security threatened by current inefficiencies in fungal identification

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1709) ◽  
pp. 20160024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro W. Crous ◽  
Johannes Z. Groenewald ◽  
Bernard Slippers ◽  
Michael J. Wingfield
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
New Guidelines ◽  
Global Food

Fungal pathogens severely impact global food and fibre crop security. Fungal species that cause plant diseases have mostly been recognized based on their morphology. In general, morphological descriptions remain disconnected from crucially important knowledge such as mating types, host specificity, life cycle stages and population structures. The majority of current fungal species descriptions lack even the most basic genetic data that could address at least some of these issues. Such information is essential for accurate fungal identifications, to link critical metadata and to understand the real and potential impact of fungal pathogens on production and natural ecosystems. Because international trade in plant products and introduction of pathogens to new areas is likely to continue, the manner in which fungal pathogens are identified should urgently be reconsidered. The technologies that would provide appropriate information for biosecurity and quarantine already exist, yet the scientific community and the regulatory authorities are slow to embrace them. International agreements are urgently needed to enforce new guidelines for describing plant pathogenic fungi (including key DNA information), to ensure availability of relevant data and to modernize the phytosanitary systems that must deal with the risks relating to trade-associated plant pathogens. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tackling emerging fungal threats to animal health, food security and ecosystem resilience’.

scholarly journals The Promise and Pitfalls of Sequence-Based Identification of Plant-Pathogenic Fungi and Oomycetes

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (8) ◽  
pp. 732-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seogchan Kang ◽  
Michele A. Mansfield ◽  
Bongsoo Park ◽  
David M. Geiser ◽  
Kelly L. Ivors ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Data ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Marker Loci ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Reference Databases ◽  
Pathogen Diagnosis

Sequences of selected marker loci have been widely used for the identification of specific pathogens and the development of sequence-based diagnostic methods. Although such approaches offer several advantages over traditional culture-based methods for pathogen diagnosis and identification, they have their own pitfalls. These include erroneous and incomplete data in reference databases, poor or oversimplified interpretation of search results, and problems associated with defining species boundaries. In this letter, we outline the potential benefits and drawbacks of using sequence data for identification and taxonomic deductions of plant-pathogenic fungi and oomycetes, using Phytophthora as a primary example. We also discuss potential remedies for these pitfalls and address why coordinated community efforts are essential to make such remedies more efficient and robust.

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