scholarly journals Projecting Monterey Pine (Pinus radiata) Populations over Time in the Presence of Various Representations of Pitch Canker Disease, Caused by Fusarium circinatum

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 437
Author(s):  
Gregory J. Reynolds ◽  
Thomas R. Gordon ◽  
Neil McRoberts
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Transition Probability ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Fusarium Circinatum ◽  
Projection Model ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Monterey Pine

Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) is native to California and widely planted in Mediterranean climates around the world. Pitch canker, a disease caused by Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg and O’Donnell, is a serious threat to P. radiata in native forests and in plantations. Because of its economic importance worldwide, conservation of P. radiata native populations is a high priority. We developed a demographic matrix projection model to simulate dynamics of naturally occurring P. radiata populations in California in the presence of the disease. Tree demography data for the model were collected from seven sites in a native forest on the Monterey Peninsula. Height and stem diameter were recorded for all trees, which were divided into five size classes based on these data. Transition probabilities were calculated for each size class; cone production, seed release, and seed transition probability were estimated using an iterative search process. In the model, pitch canker influences state-specific fecundity and survival probabilities. Five different approaches to include these effects were compared. Populations were projected over 50 decades from three specified initial population sizes. Elasticity analysis indicated that facilitating survival of all size classes is vital to maintaining the structure of the forest.

scholarly journals Monterey pine forest made a remarkable recovery from pitch canker

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-173
Author(s):  
Gordon Thomas R. ◽  
Reynolds Gregory J. ◽  
Kirkpatrick Sharon C. ◽  
Storer Andrew J. ◽  
Wood David L. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Rapid Progression ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Remarkable Recovery ◽  
Monterey Peninsula ◽  
Observation Period

Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) is a species of limited distribution, with three native populations in California. In 1986, a disease known as pitch canker, caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum, was identified as the cause of extensive mortality in planted Monterey pines in Santa Cruz County. Monitoring studies on the Monterey Peninsula documented rapid progression of the disease in the native forest during the 1990s, with most trees sustaining some level of infection. However, between 1999 and 2013, the severity of pitch canker stabilized, with many previously diseased trees then free of symptoms, and plots monitored between 2011 and 2015 documented a steady decline in the occurrence of new infections. Consequently, whereas pitch canker was once a conspicuous visual blight in the forest, by the end of the observation period, symptomatic trees had become a rarity. The arrested development of pitch canker is suggestive of a reduction in the frequency and duration of fog near the coast, which provides conditions necessary for the pathogen to establish infections.

Effects of pitch canker pathogen on gallery excavation and oviposition by Ips paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Storer ◽  
David L. Wood ◽  
Thomas R. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Ips Paraconfusus ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Fusarium Circinatum ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Canker Pathogen ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Mean

AbstractIps paraconfusus Lanier is a vector of the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg and O’Donnell, in California. Multiple infections of Monterey pine, Pinus radiata D. Don. (Pinaceae), branches and main stems appear to predispose trees to infestation by I. paraconfusus. The effect of cankers produced in response to F. circinatum on oviposition and gallery construction was investigated. Introduction of beetles into artificially induced or naturally occurring cankers was less likely to result in oviposition and resulted in shorter galleries than introductions into logs without cankers. Of all adults that produced eggs, the mean number of eggs per adult was no different in logs with cankers than in canker-free logs; however, the distance across the grain from the introduction point to the first egg was greater for adults introduced into cankers than for adults introduced away from cankers. These results indicate that the pitch canker pathogen has a negative effect on I. paraconfusus, as cankers produced in response to the pathogen are unsuitable for exploitation by the insect.

Incidence of the pitch canker pathogen and associated insects in intact and chipped Monterey pine branches

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. McNee ◽  
David L. Wood ◽  
Andrew J. Storer ◽  
Thomas R. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Fusarium Circinatum ◽  
Coastal Site ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Canker Pathogen ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Emerging Insects

AbstractIn a 2-year study of Monterey pine, Pinus radiata D. Don (Pinaceae), infected with pitch canker, caused by Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg and O'Donnell, less than 2% of symptomatic branches with green foliage were colonized by twig beetles in the genus Pityophthorus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), whereas approximately 50% of branches with yellow and red foliage were colonized. More Pityophthorus spp. emerged from yellow branches (mean ± SE = 12.1 ± 1.7 per 30 cm) than from red branches (6.9 ± 0.9) at an inland study site (Oakland) but, at a coastal site (Pebble Beach), the means were not significantly different (4.3 ± 0.6 and 3.8 ± 0.7). The mean phoresy rate of all emerging insects was higher at Pebble Beach (17.7 ± 0.6%) than at Oakland (5.3 ± 0.2%). At both sites, there was considerable temporal variation in the proportion of branches colonized by twig beetles, mean numbers of emerging twig beetles, and phoresy rates of emerging insects. Chipping branches reduced the emergence of Pityophthorus spp. and associates by approximately 95%, compared with emergence from intact branches. The pathogen was isolated from 1-year-old branches and chips in up to 68% of samples, but was only recovered from 3-year-old branches in 1 of 46 sampled. It is recommended that recent branch cuttings and chips originating from symptomatic trees not be transported to areas that are believed to be free of the disease.

Twig beetles, Pityophthorus spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), as vectors of the pitch canker pathogen in California

2004 ◽  
Vol 136 (5) ◽  
pp. 685-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Storer ◽  
David L. Wood ◽  
Thomas R. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Fusarium Circinatum ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Canker Pathogen ◽  
Disease Free

AbstractTwig beetles in the genus Pityophthorus Eichhoff are known to be associated with the pitch canker pathogen, Fusarium circinatum, in California. Phoresy of the pathogen on these species has been reported to occur when insects emerge from diseased branches and when they infest disease-free, cut branch tips. To demonstrate that twig beetles can vector the pathogen, studies of phoresy and transmission were conducted in a native Monterey pine, Pinus radiata D. Don (Pinaceae), forest. Phoresy was confirmed for both Pityophthorus setosus Blackman and Pityophthorus carmeli Swaine, and P. setosus was shown to vector the pitch canker pathogen when contaminated with fungal spores and caged onto Monterey pine branches. When attractive baits were used to increase visitation to Monterey pines by P. setosus, baited trees were more likely to develop pitch canker than unbaited trees even though the beetles did not tunnel into the host to develop egg galleries. Therefore, twig beetles are competent as vectors of the pitch canker pathogen, and their vectoring activity, though requiring a wound, does not require that they establish egg galleries in the host.

scholarly journals Herbaceous plants in the understory of a pitch canker-affected Pinus radiata plantation are endophytically infected with Fusarium circinatum

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hernandez-Escribano ◽  
E. Iturritxa ◽  
M. Elvira-Recuenco ◽  
M. Berbegal ◽  
J.A. Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Herbaceous Plants ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Fusarium Circinatum

Evidence for the occurrence of induced resistance to pitch canker, caused by Gibberella circinata (anamorph Fusarium circinatum), in populations of Pinus radiata

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Gordon ◽  
S. C. Kirkpatrick ◽  
B. J. Aegerter ◽  
A. J. Fisher ◽  
A. J. Storer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Fusarium Circinatum ◽  
Gibberella Circinata

TRANSMISSION OF THE PITCH CANKER FUNGUS, FUSARIUM SUBGLUTINANS F. SP. PINI, TO MONTEREY PINE, PINUS RADIATA, BY CONE- AND TWIG-INFESTING BEETLES

1996 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 981-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelli Hoover ◽  
David L. Wood ◽  
Andrew J. Storer ◽  
Joseph W. Fox ◽  
William E. Bros
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Fusarium Subglutinans ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Plant Parts

AbstractConophthorus radiatae Hopkins, Ernobius punctulatus Fall, and Pityophthorus spp. infest cones and twigs of Monterey pines (Pinus radiata D. Don) and thus may be important vectors of the pitch canker fungus Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini in the central coast of California. Fifteen percent of 1st-year Monterey pine conelets infested with C. radiatae prior to August 1990 developed pitch canker by May 1991. Conophthorus radiatae, E. punctulatus, and Pityophthorus spp. were dissected from some of these conelets and found carrying F. s. pini. Between June 1990 and May 1991, 16% of 695 randomly selected uninfested 1st-year conelets from a total of 329 separate cone whorls were infested by at least one of the above beetle species, and F. s. pini was isolated from 42% of the attacked conelets. Average percentage contamination of beetles per conelet was highest for adults of Pityophthorus spp. (38%), followed by adults of C. radiatae (33%), larvae of E. punctulatus (24%), and larvae of Pityophthorus spp. (5%). There were significant associations between conelets that contained contaminated C. radiatae, Pityophthorus spp., and/or E. punctulatus and conelets with F. s. pini.Under experimental conditions, C. radiatae and E. punctulatus transmitted the fungus to healthy cones. Ernobius punctulatus required an entrance tunnel by C. radiatae to enter and infect the cone. Artificially wounded cones did not develop pitch canker. Intra- and interspecific transmission of F. s. pini was demonstrated among these beetle species. In infested branch tips without cones, interspecific transmission of F. s. pini between E. punctulatus and Pityophthorus spp. was also demonstrated.The roles of C. radiatae and E. punctulatus as vectors of F. s. pini and of Pityophthorus spp. as potential vectors are discussed in relation to the epidemiology of pitch canker disease. The spread of pitch canker to California’s native pines as well as other conifers may be enhanced by interspecific transmission of F. s. pini between E. punctulatus and C. radiatae in cones and between E. punctulatus and Pityophthorus spp. in branch tips. Ernobius punctulatus provides a pathway for the fungus to potential insect vectors that attack several hosts and a variety of plant parts.

SEMIOCHEMICALS FROM THREE SPECIES OF PITYOPHTHORUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): IDENTIFICATION AND FIELD RESPONSE

2000 ◽  
Vol 132 (6) ◽  
pp. 889-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul L. Dallara ◽  
Steven J. Seybold ◽  
Holger Meyer ◽  
Till Tolasch ◽  
Wittko Francke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aggregation Pheromone ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Pheromone Component ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Fusarium Circinatum ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Porapak Q ◽  
Field Response ◽  
Opposite Sex

AbstractAnalyses of pentane extracts of frass, whole beetles, and volatiles trapped on Porapak-Q from Pityophthorus Eichhoff spp. fed on Pinus radiata D. Don demonstrated that (E)-pityol [2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-methyltetrahydrofuran] was produced by male Pityophthorus carmeli Swaine, female Pityophthorus nitidulus (Mannerheim), and female Pityophthorus setosus Blackman. (E)-(−)-Conophthorin) [(5S,7S)-(−)-7-methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane] was produced by male P. carmeli and male P. nitidulus. Only the (2R,5S)-(+) stereoisomer of (E)-pityol was produced by male P. carmeli and female P. setosus. In field bioassays in central coastal California, P. setosus was attracted to (E)-(+)-pityol, whereas P. carmeli responded only to a combination of (E)-(−)-conophthorin and (E)-(+)-pityol. Male P. setosus and female P. carmeli responded to these treatments with larger numbers than opposite-sex conspecifics. (E)-(−)-Conophthorin alone did not attract species of Pityophthorus but significantly reduced catches of P. setosus to (E)-(+)-pityol. Lasconotus pertenuis Casey (Coleoptera: Colydiidae) and Ips mexicanus (Hopkins) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) were attracted to a combination of (E)-(−)-conophthorin and (E)-(+)-pityol, and showed a trend for attraction to all (E)-(−)-conophthorin-containing treatments. (E)-(−)-Pityol was neither attractive nor interruptive for any taxon. (E)-(+)-Pityol is shown to be an aggregation pheromone component for P. carmeli and P. setosus. (E)-(−)-Conophthorin functions as a pheromone component for P. carmeli and may also function as a synomone that decreases competition of P. carmeli and P. nitidulus with P. setosus and as a kairomone for L. pertenuis. These semiochemicals have been useful in studying relationships among twig insects and the pathogen Fusarium circinatum (Nirenberg and O’Donnell), causal agent of pitch canker disease in P. radiata.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document