TRANSMISSION OF THE PITCH CANKER FUNGUS, FUSARIUM SUBGLUTINANS F. SP. PINI, TO MONTEREY PINE, PINUS RADIATA, BY CONE- AND TWIG-INFESTING BEETLES

1996 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 981-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelli Hoover ◽  
David L. Wood ◽  
Andrew J. Storer ◽  
Joseph W. Fox ◽  
William E. Bros
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Fusarium Subglutinans ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Plant Parts

AbstractConophthorus radiatae Hopkins, Ernobius punctulatus Fall, and Pityophthorus spp. infest cones and twigs of Monterey pines (Pinus radiata D. Don) and thus may be important vectors of the pitch canker fungus Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini in the central coast of California. Fifteen percent of 1st-year Monterey pine conelets infested with C. radiatae prior to August 1990 developed pitch canker by May 1991. Conophthorus radiatae, E. punctulatus, and Pityophthorus spp. were dissected from some of these conelets and found carrying F. s. pini. Between June 1990 and May 1991, 16% of 695 randomly selected uninfested 1st-year conelets from a total of 329 separate cone whorls were infested by at least one of the above beetle species, and F. s. pini was isolated from 42% of the attacked conelets. Average percentage contamination of beetles per conelet was highest for adults of Pityophthorus spp. (38%), followed by adults of C. radiatae (33%), larvae of E. punctulatus (24%), and larvae of Pityophthorus spp. (5%). There were significant associations between conelets that contained contaminated C. radiatae, Pityophthorus spp., and/or E. punctulatus and conelets with F. s. pini.Under experimental conditions, C. radiatae and E. punctulatus transmitted the fungus to healthy cones. Ernobius punctulatus required an entrance tunnel by C. radiatae to enter and infect the cone. Artificially wounded cones did not develop pitch canker. Intra- and interspecific transmission of F. s. pini was demonstrated among these beetle species. In infested branch tips without cones, interspecific transmission of F. s. pini between E. punctulatus and Pityophthorus spp. was also demonstrated.The roles of C. radiatae and E. punctulatus as vectors of F. s. pini and of Pityophthorus spp. as potential vectors are discussed in relation to the epidemiology of pitch canker disease. The spread of pitch canker to California’s native pines as well as other conifers may be enhanced by interspecific transmission of F. s. pini between E. punctulatus and C. radiatae in cones and between E. punctulatus and Pityophthorus spp. in branch tips. Ernobius punctulatus provides a pathway for the fungus to potential insect vectors that attack several hosts and a variety of plant parts.

scholarly journals Surfactants Improve the Susceptibility of Five Landscape Pines to Pitch Canker Disease, Caused by Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Gordon ◽  
Dorothy Okamoto ◽  
Andrew J. Storer ◽  
David L. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Canary Island ◽  
Black Pine ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Fusarium Subglutinans ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Alameda County ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Japanese Black Pine ◽  
Italian Stone Pine ◽  
Stem Cankers

Pitch canker, caused by Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini, causes branch die-back and stem cankers in many species of pine. Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don), one of the most widely planted pines in the world, is extremely susceptible to pitch canker. Four other pine species, which might serve as alternatives to Monterey pine in landscape settings, were found to be relatively resistant, based on the size of lesions resulting from branch inoculations under greenhouse conditions. Of these species, Japanese black pine (P. thunbergiana Franco) was the most resistant, followed by Canary Island pine (P. canariensis Sweet ex K. Spreng), Italian stone pine (P. pinea L.), and Aleppo pine (P. halepensis Mill.). Consistent with these findings, a field survey conducted in Alameda County, Calif., revealed Monterey pine to have the highest incidence of infection, with significantly lower levels in Aleppo, Canary Island, and Italian stone pines. Japanese black pine was not observed in the survey area.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Five Landscape Pines to Pitch Canker Disease, Caused by Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 868-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Gordon ◽  
Dorothy Okamoto ◽  
Andrew J. Storer ◽  
David L. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Canary Island ◽  
Black Pine ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Fusarium Subglutinans ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Alameda County ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Japanese Black Pine ◽  
Italian Stone Pine ◽  
Branch Dieback

Pitch canker, caused by Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini, causes branch dieback and stem cankers in many species of pine. Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don), one of the most widely planted pines in the world, is extremely susceptible to pitch canker. Four other pine species, which might serve as alternatives to Monterey pine in landscape settings, were found to be relatively resistant, based on the size of lesions resulting from branch inoculations under greenhouse conditions. Of these species, Japanese black pine (P. thunbergiana Franco) was the most resistant, followed by Canary Island pine (P. canariensis Sweet ex K. Spreng), Italian stone pine (P. pinea L.), and Aleppo pine (P. halepensis Mill.). Consistent with these findings, a field survey conducted in Alameda County, Calif., revealed Monterey pine to have the highest incidence of infection, with significantly lower levels in Aleppo, Canary Island, and Italian stone pines. Japanese black pine was not observed in the survey area.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN A NATIVE SPITTLEBUG (HOMOPTERA: CERCOPIDAE) ON MONTEREY PINE AND AN INTRODUCED TREE PATHOGEN WHICH CAUSES PITCH CANKER DISEASE

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 783-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Storer ◽  
David L. Wood ◽  
Karen R. Wikler ◽  
Thomas R. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Spore Suspension ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Canker Pathogen ◽  
Monterey Peninsula

AbstractJuvenile Monterey pines, Pinus radiata D. Don (Pinaceae), in a native stand on the Monterey Peninsula, California, exhibited wilted green shoots in the spring of 1996. The pitch canker fungus, Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenweb. & Reinking) P.E. Nelson, Toussoun & Marasas f.sp. pini, was subsequently isolated from 95% of these shoots. Spittle masses produced by Aphrophora canadensis Walley were observed on the symptomless shoots of many of these trees. The pitch canker fungus was isolated from the feeding sites of this insect on 55% of symptomless shoots, and from shoot sections adjacent to these feeding sites on 29% of the shoots. Shoots with spittlebugs feeding on them in May 1996 were more likely to develop pitch canker disease by September 1996 and March 1997 than shoots without spittlebugs. Shoots with spittle masses in March 1997 were as likely to develop pitch canker disease by May and August 1997 as shoots without spittle masses, but the origin of the infection was most likely where A. canadensis feeding had taken place. In a controlled test, the incidence of pitch canker on shoots of potted Monterey pines was dependent on the presence of a spittlebug and a spore suspension of the pathogen. Thus, both field observations and controlled studies show an association between native A. canadensis and the introduced pitch canker pathogen. The role of A. canadensis in the epidemiology of pitch canker disease remains to be determined.

scholarly journals Monterey pine forest made a remarkable recovery from pitch canker

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-173
Author(s):  
Gordon Thomas R. ◽  
Reynolds Gregory J. ◽  
Kirkpatrick Sharon C. ◽  
Storer Andrew J. ◽  
Wood David L. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Rapid Progression ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Remarkable Recovery ◽  
Monterey Peninsula ◽  
Observation Period

Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) is a species of limited distribution, with three native populations in California. In 1986, a disease known as pitch canker, caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum, was identified as the cause of extensive mortality in planted Monterey pines in Santa Cruz County. Monitoring studies on the Monterey Peninsula documented rapid progression of the disease in the native forest during the 1990s, with most trees sustaining some level of infection. However, between 1999 and 2013, the severity of pitch canker stabilized, with many previously diseased trees then free of symptoms, and plots monitored between 2011 and 2015 documented a steady decline in the occurrence of new infections. Consequently, whereas pitch canker was once a conspicuous visual blight in the forest, by the end of the observation period, symptomatic trees had become a rarity. The arrested development of pitch canker is suggestive of a reduction in the frequency and duration of fog near the coast, which provides conditions necessary for the pathogen to establish infections.

QUANTITATIVE AND SEASONAL ASSOCIATION OF THE PITCH CANKER FUNGUS, FUSARIUM SUBGLUTINANS F. SP. PINI WITH CONOPHTHORUS RADIATAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND ERNOBIUS PUNCTULATUS (COLEOPTERA: ANOBIIDAE) WHICH INFEST PINUS RADIATA

1995 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelli Hoover ◽  
David L. Wood ◽  
Joseph W. Fox ◽  
William E. Bros
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Fusarium Subglutinans ◽  
Sticky Traps ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Late Instar

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the quantitative and seasonal association between the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini, and two potential beetle vectors, Conophthorus radiatae Hopkins and Ernobius punctulatus Fall. In samples of reared and dissected cones, 21.4 ± 2.5% of C. radiatae and 30.1 ± 8.0% of E. punctulatus adults carried propagules of F. s. pini. Seasonal variation in mean percentage of contaminated C. radiatae and E. punctulatus emerged from cones ranged from 0 to 67% and was highest for both species February through April. In sticky traps 12.5 ± 2.3% and 11.8 ± 3.6% of E. punctulatus and Pityophthorus spp., respectively, were contaminated with propagules of F. s. pini.Conophthorus radiatae and E. punctulatus co-occurred in 26% of the cones. The percentage of cones containing contaminated C. radiatae was greater when E. punctulatus progeny were also contaminated than when E. punctulatus was not. When contamination status of E. punctulatus was not considered, there was no significant difference in C. radiatae contamination between cones with and without E. punctulatus. Because C. radiatae appears to be a vector of the pitch canker fungus, interspecific transmission of inoculum may increase the incidence of this disease.The parasitoid, Cephalonomia utahensis Brues (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), was frequently observed parasitizing late-instar larvae of E. punctulatus, but was not found on larvae of C. radiatae. Emergence of large numbers of C. utahensis represents another potential source of inoculum for transmission to prey species.

Development of a genetic linkage map for Pinus radiata and detection of pitch canker disease resistance associated QTLs

Trees ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1823-1835 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Moraga-Suazo ◽  
L. Orellana ◽  
P. Quiroga ◽  
C. Balocchi ◽  
E. Sanfuentes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Linkage Map ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Genetic Linkage ◽  
Genetic Linkage Map ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Canker Disease

scholarly journals Female Fertility and Mating Type Distribution in a South African Population of Fusarium subglutinans f. sp.pini

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 2094-2095 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Britz ◽  
M. J. Wingfield ◽  
T. A. Coutinho ◽  
W. F. O. Marasas ◽  
J. F. Leslie
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
South African Population ◽  
Fusarium Subglutinans ◽  
Population Number ◽  
Canker Disease

ABSTRACT Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini is the causal agent of pitch canker disease of pines. The initial occurrence of F. subglutinans f. sp. pini in South Africa was limited to a single nursery, and isolates from this population are capable of reproducing sexually. We determined the effective population number, Ne , of this population by using mating type and male/hermaphrodite polymorphisms as indicators. The effective population number for mating type, Ne(mt) , is 99% of the count (total population), and that for male/hermaphrodite status, Ne(f) , is 42 to 46% of the count (total population). The number of strains that can function as the female parent limits the effective population number of this population. If this population is stable, then, depending upon assumptions about mutation and selection, sexual reproduction need occur only once per 26 to 153 asexual generations to maintain this level of sexual fertility.

Effects of pitch canker pathogen on gallery excavation and oviposition by Ips paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Storer ◽  
David L. Wood ◽  
Thomas R. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Ips Paraconfusus ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Fusarium Circinatum ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Canker Pathogen ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Mean

AbstractIps paraconfusus Lanier is a vector of the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg and O’Donnell, in California. Multiple infections of Monterey pine, Pinus radiata D. Don. (Pinaceae), branches and main stems appear to predispose trees to infestation by I. paraconfusus. The effect of cankers produced in response to F. circinatum on oviposition and gallery construction was investigated. Introduction of beetles into artificially induced or naturally occurring cankers was less likely to result in oviposition and resulted in shorter galleries than introductions into logs without cankers. Of all adults that produced eggs, the mean number of eggs per adult was no different in logs with cankers than in canker-free logs; however, the distance across the grain from the introduction point to the first egg was greater for adults introduced into cankers than for adults introduced away from cankers. These results indicate that the pitch canker pathogen has a negative effect on I. paraconfusus, as cankers produced in response to the pathogen are unsuitable for exploitation by the insect.

SEMIOCHEMICALS FROM THREE SPECIES OF PITYOPHTHORUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): IDENTIFICATION AND FIELD RESPONSE

2000 ◽  
Vol 132 (6) ◽  
pp. 889-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul L. Dallara ◽  
Steven J. Seybold ◽  
Holger Meyer ◽  
Till Tolasch ◽  
Wittko Francke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aggregation Pheromone ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Pheromone Component ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Fusarium Circinatum ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Porapak Q ◽  
Field Response ◽  
Opposite Sex

AbstractAnalyses of pentane extracts of frass, whole beetles, and volatiles trapped on Porapak-Q from Pityophthorus Eichhoff spp. fed on Pinus radiata D. Don demonstrated that (E)-pityol [2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-methyltetrahydrofuran] was produced by male Pityophthorus carmeli Swaine, female Pityophthorus nitidulus (Mannerheim), and female Pityophthorus setosus Blackman. (E)-(−)-Conophthorin) [(5S,7S)-(−)-7-methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane] was produced by male P. carmeli and male P. nitidulus. Only the (2R,5S)-(+) stereoisomer of (E)-pityol was produced by male P. carmeli and female P. setosus. In field bioassays in central coastal California, P. setosus was attracted to (E)-(+)-pityol, whereas P. carmeli responded only to a combination of (E)-(−)-conophthorin and (E)-(+)-pityol. Male P. setosus and female P. carmeli responded to these treatments with larger numbers than opposite-sex conspecifics. (E)-(−)-Conophthorin alone did not attract species of Pityophthorus but significantly reduced catches of P. setosus to (E)-(+)-pityol. Lasconotus pertenuis Casey (Coleoptera: Colydiidae) and Ips mexicanus (Hopkins) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) were attracted to a combination of (E)-(−)-conophthorin and (E)-(+)-pityol, and showed a trend for attraction to all (E)-(−)-conophthorin-containing treatments. (E)-(−)-Pityol was neither attractive nor interruptive for any taxon. (E)-(+)-Pityol is shown to be an aggregation pheromone component for P. carmeli and P. setosus. (E)-(−)-Conophthorin functions as a pheromone component for P. carmeli and may also function as a synomone that decreases competition of P. carmeli and P. nitidulus with P. setosus and as a kairomone for L. pertenuis. These semiochemicals have been useful in studying relationships among twig insects and the pathogen Fusarium circinatum (Nirenberg and O’Donnell), causal agent of pitch canker disease in P. radiata.

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