scholarly journals Overhead Protection Increases Fuel Quality and Natural Drying of Leaf-On Woody Biomass Storage Piles

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Obste Therasme ◽  
Mark Eisenbies ◽  
Timothy Volk
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Shrub Willow ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Original Moisture ◽  
The Core ◽  
Original Moisture Content

Short-rotation woody crops (SRWC) have the potential to make substantial contributions to the supply of biomass feedstock for the production of biofuels and bioproducts. This study evaluated changes in the fuel quality (moisture, ash, and heating value) of stored spring harvested shrub willow (Salix spp.) and hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) chips with respect to pile protection treatments, location within the storage piles, and length of storage. Leaf-on willow and poplar were harvested in the spring, and wood chips and foliage with moisture content in the range of 42.1% to 49.9% (w.b.) were stored in piles for five months, from May to October 2016. Three protection treatments were randomly assigned to the piles. The control treatment had no cover (NC), so piles were exposed to direct solar radiation and rainfall. The second treatment had a canopy (C) installed above the piles to limit direct rainfall. The final treatment had a canopy plus a dome aeration system (CD) installed over the piles. Covering piles reduced and maintained the low moisture content in wood chip piles. Within 30 days of establishment, the moisture content in the core of the C pile decreased to less than 30%, and was maintained between 24%–26% until the end of the storage period. Conversely, the moisture content in the NC piles decreased in the first two months, but then increased to the original moisture content in the core (>45 cm deep) and up to 70% of the original moisture content in the shell (<45 cm deep). For all the treatments in the tested conditions, the core material dried faster than the shell material. The higher heating value (HHV) across all the treatments increased slightly from 18.31 ± 0.06 MJ/kg at harvest to 18.76 ± 0.21 MJ/kg at the end of the storage period. The lower heating value (LHV) increased by about 50% in the C and CD piles by the end of the storage period. However, in the NC piles, the LHV decreased by 3% in the core and 52% in the shell. Leaf-on SRWC biomass stored in piles created in late spring under climatic conditions in central and northern New York showed differing moisture contents when stored for over 60–90 days. Overhead protection could be used to preserve or improve the fuel quality in terms of the moisture content and heating value if more than two months of storage are required. However, the implementation of such management practice will depend on whether the end users are willing to pay a higher price for dryer biomass and biomass with a higher LHV.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Double-Layered Microcapsules Containing Nano-SiO2

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Xue Sun ◽  
Jingcheng Su ◽  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Fangyu Fan
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Nano Sio2 ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Stability

The double-layered microencapsulation technology has been used in many fields. In this study, the double-layered microencapsulated anthocyanin of Passiflora edulis shells (APESs) was prepared via complex coacervation using gelatin and gum Arabic as the first wall materials (single-layered microcapsules (SMs)) and using gum Arabic containing nano-SiO2 as the second wall material (double-layered microcapsules (DMs)/nano-SiO2) to enhance the stability of the core material. Properties of microcapsules were analyzed on the basis of EE, morphology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), droplet size, moisture content, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the EE values of SMs, DMs, and DMs/nano-SiO2 were 96.12%, 97.24%, and 97.85%, respectively. DMs/nano-SiO2 had the lowest moisture content (2.17%). The average droplet size of DMs/nano-SiO2 (34.93 μm) was higher than those of SMs and DMs. DSC indicated that the melting temperature of DMs/nano-SiO2 was 73.61°C and 45.33°C higher than those of SMs and DMs, respectively. SEM demonstrated that DMs/nano-SiO2 had the smoothest surface compared with the other two kinds of microcapsules. The storage stability of APESs and their microcapsules indicated that the stability of the microcapsules was improved by adding DMs/nano-SiO2 into the wall material of microcapsules. These results indicated double-layered microcapsules containing silica nanoparticles contribute to the stability of the core material.

The effects of alteration of grain moisture content by wetting or drying on the test weight of four winter wheats

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona M. Pushman
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Original Sample ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Original Moisture ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat Varieties ◽  
Original Moisture Content

SUMMARYThe rate of change in the test weight of four winter wheat varieties, with changing grain moisture content, was greater when the grain was wetted than when it was dried. The test weight of grain which had been dried and returned to its original moisture content was lower than that of the original sample.

scholarly journals Relationship of the moisture content of Finnish wheat flour and relative humidity

1968 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Yu-Yen Linko ◽  
Pekka Linko
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Hysteresis Effect ◽  
Original Moisture ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Normal Storage ◽  
Original Moisture Content

Changes in the moisture content of Finnish commercial wheat flour stored at variable relative humidities, representing the conditions typical of flour storage in Finland, were investigated. It could be shown that flour of 15 % moisture at the time of packing tends to dry considerably during normal storage conditions. Owing to the hysteresis effect, the moisture content of once dried flour is not likely to reach detrimental levels during normal storage, even if the relative humidity would exceed the critical level of 75—80 % for short periods. Minimum warehouse relative humidity was observed during Januay, at which time flour moisture had decreased to 6.7 %. The equilibrium humidity for flour of 15 % original moisture content was found to be about 70 %.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Storage Techniques on Round-Baled Orchard-Pruning Residues

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Manzone ◽  
Fabrizio Gioelli ◽  
Paolo Balsari
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Pruning Residues ◽  
Valid Solution

Baled pruning residue could be a valid solution to reduce the storage surface area in thermal and electrical power station. This study aimed to analyze the storage performance of pruning residues baled by a round baler considering three orchard tree species (apple, peach, and kiwi) and three different techniques (uncovered, under roof, and wrapped). The storage parameters considered were: moisture content, dry mass, and wood energy content of the material. The initial moisture content of the tree orchard specie (apple, peach, and kiwi) was different: lower for peach (41%) and higher for kiwi (51%). At the end of the storage period, all bales (covered and uncovered) obtained similar values to that of the air (about 20%); wrapped bales have highlighted no moisture content variation. The tested tree species showed a similar initial high heating value (18.70 MJ·kg−1), but a different initial low heating value: lower for kiwi (7.96 MJ kg−1) and higher for peach (10.09 MJ·kg−1). No dry matter losses were observed in all test. Stored pruning residues in bales show good benefits in term of “biofuel” quality independent of the techniques adopted expect for the wrapping system that do not permit adequate drying of the biomass.

scholarly journals The Effects of Mixing Pulp and Paper Mill Sludge Into Wood Bark on Storage-Related Environmental Impacts and Heating Value

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juha Oksanen ◽  
Riikka Keskinen ◽  
Jaakko Heikkinen ◽  
Janne Kaseva ◽  
Kimmo Rasa
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Degradation Activity

Abstract The pulping industry generates vast amounts of bark residues and wastewater treatment sludges, which are combined and stored for varying periods in stacks, often in the open air, prior to utilization for energy via combustion. In order to optimize the storage strategy, the effects of incorporating sludge into bark on heating value and storage-related environmental impacts were investigated in laboratory and outdoor studies. Biological degradation activity was found to be higher in treatments containing 25% sludge (B75S25) and 50% sludge (B50S50) on a fresh mass basis, in comparison with pure bark (B100). Mean monthly dry mass loss was 2.1% (B100), 3.3% (B75S25), and 3.7% (B50S50) in the laboratory and 2.7%, 4.2%, and 4.8%, respectively, outdoors. Sludge addition was found to maintain degradation activity at low temperatures (+ 3°C). Co-storage of sludge and bark led to loss of energy, mainly due to increased loss of biomass and increased moisture content. Overall, biomass moisture content governed the heating value. Cumulative methane emissions over the storage period were higher from the sludge-containing treatments than from pure bark, but emissions of nitrogen-containing gases (N2O and NH3) were negligible throughout. Sludge addition roughly halved the cumulative chemical oxygen demand (COD) of leachate and minimized its concentration of phosphate-P. However, larger amounts of inorganic elements were released to the percolating water from the sludge-containing treatments. Overall, these results indicate that finding alternative uses for the sludge fraction would be beneficial.

The Effect of HS- Ions in 1-mol/l NaOH Solutions on the Ion Diffusion in Wood Calculated as the Steady State Diffusion and the Drift Speed

Holzforschung ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-427
Author(s):  
M. Törnqvist ◽  
T. Hurme ◽  
J. B. Rosenholm
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Structural Effects ◽  
Ion Diffusion ◽  
Original Moisture ◽  
Drift Speed ◽  
State Diffusion ◽  
Steady State Diffusion ◽  
Original Moisture Content

Summary Diffusion tests in pine, birch and spruce were done with different Na2S fractions of 1-mol/l NaOH solutions. The steady state diffusion was found to be dependent on the original moisture content present in the wood samples and the concentration of the electrolyte, but not the HS− ions. The drift speed was dependent on the mobility of the HS− ions, reducing the flux as compared to the OH− flux in pure NaOH solutions. The moisture content originally present inside the wood samples affected the migration, especially in the longitudinal direction due to structural effects.

scholarly journals The assessment of the possibilities of reducing the number of tests of the initial moisture content in the foam-polymer-mineral insulation of pipes

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belyj V.S. ◽  
Bryl S.V. ◽  
Mishina A.M. ◽  
Zverkov M.S.
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Heat Pipes ◽  
Steel Pipe ◽  
Statistical Hypothesis ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Original Moisture ◽  
The Subject ◽  
True Values ◽  
Original Moisture Content

This article proposes a method of assessing the type and parameters of the distribution of the initial moisture content of the foam-polymer-mineral (PPM) insulation of steel pipes of underground heat pipes, as well as a method of testing the statistical hypothesis about the type and parameters of the distribution of moisture content. Investigated the possibility of reducing the amount of testing of PPM insulation steel pipe on the subject of the original moisture content without reducing the accuracy and reliability of the estimation of the true values of the original moisture content.

scholarly journals Wood Chip Drying through the Using of a Mobile Rotary Dryer

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Del Giudice ◽  
Andrea Acampora ◽  
Enrico Santangelo ◽  
Luigi Pari ◽  
Simone Bergonzoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Cocurrent Flow ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Rotary Dryer

Drying is a critical point for the exploitation of biomass for energy production. High moisture content negatively affects the efficiency of power generation in combustion and gasification systems. Different types of dryers are available however; it is known that rotary dryers have low cost of maintenance and consume 15% and 30% less in terms of specific energy. The study analyzed the drying process of woody residues using a new prototype of mobile rotary dryer cocurrent flow. Woodchip of poplar (Populus spp.), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), and grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) pruning were dried in a rotary drier. The drying cycle lasted 8 h for poplar, 6 h for black locust, and 6 h for pruning of grapevine. The initial biomass had a moisture content of around 50% for the poplar and around 30% for grapevine and black locust. The study showed that some characteristics of the biomass (e.g., initial moisture content, particle size distribution, bulk density) influence the technical parameters (i.e., airflow temperature, rate, and speed) of the drying process and, hence, the energy demand. At the end of the drying process, 17% of water was removed for poplar wood chips and 31% for grapevine and black locust wood chips. To achieve this, result the three-biomass required 1.61 (poplar), 0.86 (grapevine), and 1.12 MJ kgdry solids−1 (black locust), with an efficiency of thermal drying (η) respectively of 37%, 12%, and 27%. In the future, the results obtained suggest an increase in the efficiency of the thermal insulation of the mobile dryer, and the application of the mobile dryer in a small farm, for the recovery of exhaust gases from thermal power plants.

scholarly journals Acoustic Panels Made of Paper Sludge and Clay Composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 637
Author(s):  
Tomas Astrauskas ◽  
Tomas Januševičius ◽  
Raimondas Grubliauskas
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Sound Absorption ◽  
Composite Panel ◽  
Sound Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Paper Sludge ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Absorption Properties ◽  
Air Gaps ◽  
The Core

Studies on recycled materials emerged during recent years. This paper investigates samples’ sound absorption properties for panels fabricated of a mixture of paper sludge (PS) and clay mixture. PS was the core material. The sound absorption was measured. We also consider the influence of an air gap between panels and rigid backing. Different air gaps (50, 100, 150, 200 mm) simulate existing acoustic panel systems. Finally, the PS and clay composite panel sound absorption coefficients are compared to those for a typical commercial absorptive ceiling panel. The average sound absorption coefficient of PS-clay composite panels (αavg. in the frequency range from 250 to 1600 Hz) was up to 0.55. The resulting average sound absorption coefficient of panels made of recycled (but unfinished) materials is even somewhat higher than for the finished commercial (finished) acoustic panel (αavg. = 0.51).

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