scholarly journals Biohydrogen Fermentation from Sucrose and Piggery Waste with High Levels of Bicarbonate Alkalinity

Energies ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1716-1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeongdong Choi ◽  
Youngho Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Bicarbonate Alkalinity

Carbon Capture and the Aluminium Industry: Preliminary Studies

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Jones ◽  
Gargi Joshi ◽  
Malcolm Clark ◽  
David McConchie
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Carbonate Alkalinity ◽  
General Acceptance ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations ◽  
Bicarbonate Alkalinity

Environmental Context. Carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere are rising every year by 1.5–3.0 ppm and there is now a general acceptance that increased efforts must be made to reduce industrial sources of this greenhouse gas. Carbonation of red mud wastes produced by aluminium refineries has been carried out to study the capacity of these wastes to capture carbon dioxide. Removal is very rapid, with the added carbon dioxide recorded as a large increase in bicarbonate alkalinity. Although these results can only be considered preliminary, the experiments indicate that these wastes can potentially remove up to 15 million tonnes of carbon dioxide produced in Australia per annum. Furthermore, the carbonated waste can be used in other industrial processes to add further value to these waste materials. Abstract. Carbonation of raw red mud produced by aluminium refineries and a chemically and physically neutralized red mud (Bauxsol™) has been carried out to study the capacity of these wastes to capture carbon dioxide. After only 5 min of carbonation of raw red mud, total alkalinity dropped 85%. Hydroxide alkalinity was almost totally consumed, carbonate alkalinity dropped by 88%, and bicarbonate alkalinity increased to 728 mg L–1. After 24 min carbonation, the bicarbonate alkalinity reached its maximum value of 2377 mg L–1, and hydroxide and carbonate alkalinity were virtually absent. After 30 and 60 min carbonation, bicarbonate alkalinity started to decrease slightly as the pH of the slurry increased. After 5 min carbonation of Bauxsol™, total and bicarbonate alkalinity dropped 89% and 9%, respectively. After 20 min carbonation, bicarbonate alkalinity dropped another 11%, but after 30 min carbonation bicarbonate alkalinity increased 26% to levels found in the original Bauxsol material, and pH was stable. Based on these experiments, a calculation of the amount of carbon dioxide that could be removed annually at aluminium refineries in Australia is potentially 15 million tonnes, and suggests that further studies are necessary to maximize this carbon removal process. Furthermore, carbonation produces a product, which can potentially be used in other industrial and agricultural activities to remove toxic metals and nutrients.

scholarly journals Physicochemical aspects and phytoplankton of the river Shitalakhya receiving pharmaceutical effluents

1970 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
ZN Tahmida Begum ◽  
Dilara Khanam
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bicarbonate Alkalinity ◽  
Range Of Variation

Phytoplankton from a part of the Shitalakhya river receiving effluents from a pharmaceutical industry have been studied. A total of 78 taxa were identified of which 14 belonged to Cyanophyceae, 11 Chlorophyceae, 20 Euglenophyceae and 33 Bacillariophyceae. The water body was mostly alkaline (6.6 - 8.0) and showed a wide range of variation in conductivity (135 - 4768 μS/cm), DO (anoxia to 15 mg/l), free- CO2 (3 - 29 mg/l), bicarbonate alkalinity (49 - 355 mg/l), BOD (8 - 1800 mg/l) at different locations. Pharmaceutical effluents appeared to affect diversity of phytoplankton. Three diatoms namely Fragilaria brevistriata Grun., F. construens (Ehr.) Grun. and Navicula oblonga Kütz. present in the area, are described as new for Bangladesh. Keywords: Phytoplankton; Pharmaceutical effluents; Shitalakhya River; Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i1.5127 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(1): 77-85, 2009 (June)

scholarly journals Performance of an anaerobic-aerobic reactor and kinetic study of organic matter removal of cattle slaughterhouse effluent

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiane Kreutz ◽  
Fernando H. Passig ◽  
Karina Q. de Carvalho ◽  
Juliana B. R. Mees ◽  
Simone D. Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Organic Matter Removal ◽  
Order Kinetic Model ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Bicarbonate Alkalinity

This paper sought to evaluate the behavior of an upflow Anaerobic-Aerobic Fixed Bed Reactor (AAFBR) in the treatment of cattle slaughterhouse effluent and determine apparent kinetic constants of the organic matter removal. The AAFBR was operated with no recirculation (Phase I) and with 50% of effluent recirculation (Phase II), with θ of 11h and 8h. In terms of pH, bicarbonate alkalinity and volatile acids, the results indicated the reactor ability to maintain favorable conditions for the biological processes involved in the organic matter removal in both operational phases. The average removal efficiencies of organic matter along the reactor height, expressed in terms of raw COD, were 49% and 68% in Phase I and 54% and 86% in Phase II for θ of 11h and 8h, respectively. The results of the filtered COD indicated removal efficiency of 52% and k = 0.0857h-1 to θ of 11h and 42% and k = 0.0880h-1 to θ of 8h in the Phase I. In Phase II, the removal efficiencies were 59% and 51% to θ of 11h and 8h, with k = 0.1238h-1 and k = 0.1075 h-1, respectively. The first order kinetic model showed good adjustment and described adequately the kinetics of organic matter removal for θ of 11h, with r² equal to 0.9734 and 0.9591 to the Phases I and II, respectively.

scholarly journals A study on the abundance of zooplankton of a culture and a non-culture pond of the Rajshahi University campus

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharmeen Rahman ◽  
M Afzal Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Total Zooplankton ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Bicarbonate Alkalinity ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Zooplankton Production ◽  
Important Food Item

Zooplankton constitute important food item of many omnivorous and carnivorous fishes. The study was conducted with an aim to study the zooplankton production including physico-chemical parameters with an emphasis to the existing management practices taken by the operators. The study was carried out in a culture and a non-culture pond of Rajshahi University campus was carried out from September, 2004 to February, 2005. Monthly fluctuations of some physico-chemical parameters were noted. The ponds showed alkaline in nature with moderate bicarbonate alkalinity. Diurnal change of water temperature, free CO2 and dissolved Oxygen were also studied. Four groups of zooplankton were identified, of which copepods (1260 units/l and 973.33 units/l in pond-1 and pond-2 respectively) were most dominant. A total of 9 genera of zooplankton were identified of which Cyclops (68.25% and 60.28% of total copepods) was most abundant in both ponds. Total zooplankton showed positive correlation with pH, carbonate alkalinity (CO3) and bicarbonate alkalinity (HCO3) in both ponds and DO, carbon dioxide (CO2) in pond-1. Present findings indicated that the culture pond showed better result than that of the non-culture pond regarding zooplankton production. Key words: Zooplankton, culture pond, non-culture pond, physico-chemical parameters.   doi:10.3329/ujzru.v27i0.1951 Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 27, 2008 pp. 35-41

Use of pH as fuzzy control parameter for nitrification under different alkalinity in SBR process

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.-Z. Peng ◽  
J.-F. Gao ◽  
S.-Y. Wang ◽  
M.-H. Sui
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Control ◽  
Fuzzy Controller ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Aeration Rate ◽  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Brewery Wastewater ◽  
Ph Variation ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Bicarbonate Alkalinity ◽  
Influence Of Ph

In order to achieve fuzzy control of nitrification in a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) brewery wastewater was used as the substrate. The effect of alkalinity on pH variation during nitrification was systematically studied, at the same time the variations of DO and ORP were investigated. Alkalinity and pH of the wastewater were adjusted by adding sodium bicarbonate at five levels and sodium hydroxide at two levels. Unadjusted wastewater was also studied. According to the results, variation of pH could be divided into rising type and descending type. When bicarbonate alkalinity was deficient or sufficient, the descending type happened. If alkalinity was deficient, the pH decreasing rate got slower when nitrification nearly stopped; if alkalinity was sufficient, at the end of nitrification pH turned from decrease to increase. This was the most common situation and pH could be used to control the end of nitrification. When alkalinity was excessive, the rising type happened, pH was increasing at nearly a constant rate during and after nitrification and could not be used to control the nitrification time, but if the aeration rate was moderate DO could be used to control the nitrification time. This situation seldom happened. Therefore the variation of pH could not only be used to control the nitrification time but also to judge whether the alkalinity was enough or not. On the basis of this, the fuzzy controller of nitrification in SBR was constructed. When discussing the influence of pH on nitrification rate the composition and concentration of alkalinity must be considered or else the results may be incomprehensive. And to some extent the influence of alkalinity on nitrification rate was more important than pH.

scholarly journals Start-up of anaerobic reactors for slaughterhouse wastewater treatment

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
RONALDO FIA ◽  
ERLON L. PEREIRA ◽  
FÁTIMA R. L. FIA ◽  
DÉBORA G. EMBOABA ◽  
EMANUEL M. GOMES
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ◽  
Organic Loading Rate ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Slaughterhouse Wastewater ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Bicarbonate Alkalinity

This study aimed to evaluate the start-up of a horizontal anaerobic fixed bed reactor (HAFBR) followed by an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) for the slaughterhouse wastewater treatment. HAFBR was filled with bamboo rings and had 1.2 m in length, 0.10 m in diameter and volume of 7.5 L. The UASB had the volume of 15 L. The HAFBR and UASB operated at organic loading rate and hydraulic retention time average of 8.46 and 3.77 kg m-3 d-1 of COD and 0.53 and 0.98 days, respectively. During 150 days of monitoring system it was found pH 6.8, relatively high values of bicarbonate alkalinity (> 1000 mg L-1) and reduced values of volatile acids (70 to 150 mg L-1), which afforded average removal efficiencies of COD total and total suspended solids of the order of 31 and 23% in HAFBR and 79% and 63% in UASB. It can be concluded that the generation and consumption of bicarbonate alkalinity and total volatile acids, thereby maintaining the pH during the study indicated stable operation of the reactors. The COD removal in the reactors was satisfactory especially when it considers that the assessment was conducted in a period of adaptation of organisms to the effluent and also the high organic load applied during this period.

Replacement of sodium alginate polymer, urea and sodium bicarbonate in the conventional reactive printing of cellulosic cotton

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 661-670
Author(s):  
Hammad Majeed ◽  
Haq Nawaz Bhatti ◽  
Ijaz Ahmad Bhatti
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Light Fastness ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol 400 ◽  
Dye Penetration ◽  
Peg 400 ◽  
Bicarbonate Alkalinity ◽  
Dose Levels

Abstract The objective of this study is to replace sodium alginate (bio composite polymer), urea and sodium bicarbonate (alkalinity) in the conventional reactive printing of cotton with carboxymethyl tamarind plolysaccharide (bio polymer), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400) and trichloroacetic acid respectively. This study was motivated by the goal of coming up with a low-cost, eco-friendly printing process. The results were evaluated on two reactive dyes (color index numbers: Reactive Violet 01 and Reactive Blue 21) at two dose levels (2% and 4% of the printing paste weight). In the conventional recipe, sodium alginate, urea and sodium bicarbonate were added at dose levels of 2%, 15% and 2.5%, respectively; in the modified recipe, the dose levels of the substituted tamarind polysaccharide and trichloroacetic acid were 6% and 4%, respectively. The different dose levels of PEG-400 (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%) were accessed in each modified recipe. Results showed that the Sum K/S and shade strength, dye penetration, staining on white ground of the fabric, rubbing fastness (dry and wet), washing fastness, perspiration fastness (acidic and alkaline), light fastness, sharpness of the edges and fabric softness all improved in the modified recipe with 2% PEG-400. However, the increase in PEG-400 only increased the dye penetration and did not give any significant benefit with the increase in concentration.

Field Method for Determination of Bicarbonate Alkalinity

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Wang ◽  
Amy T. Kan ◽  
Zhang Zhang ◽  
Fei Yan ◽  
Ya Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Produced Water ◽  
Saturation Index ◽  
Pressure Gauge ◽  
Field Method ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Calculated Concentration ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bicarbonate Alkalinity

Abstract Alkalinity is used to calculate the bicarbonate concentrations under various production conditions and the bicarbonate concentration is needed to calculate saturation indices for the prediction of carbonate and sulfide scale formation and also to predict the corrosivity of the produced water during production. Since the saturation index is related to the square of the bicarbonate concentration, the accuracy of alkalinity is vitally important for the prediction of corrosion and scaling indices of all oil and gas production systems. Unfortunately, the total alkalinity remains one of the most difficult parameters to be measured accurately in produced water due to both interferences and the difficulty in preserving the sample during storage. When collected samples de-gas during transport, the dissolved CO2 concentration decreases, pH increases, and brine components start to react with O2 and these reactions cause a reduction in bicarbonate alkalinity. In this study, an experimental method was developed to determine bicarbonate alkalinity in minimal time and operating difficulty. The apparatus consists of four parts: a low pressure sealing vessel, high accuracy pressure gauge, a syringe for acid addition and a thermometer. The changed pressure in this closed vessel, which indicates the amount of CO2 evolved after the addition of a strong acid, is used to determine the bicarbonate alkalinity of the sample. A wide range of synthetic waters and two production water samples were tested. Excellent agreement has been observed between true and calculated concentration. The results enable a more accurate measurement of produced water composition without the error caused by collection and preservation of samples. The field method combined with our automatic titration method enables more accurate prediction of pH, saturation index and corrosion risk at typical conditions of deep water production. This paper provides a reliable and detailed approach for field test of bicarbonate alkalinity with high accuracy and precision and a set of recommendations for field use.

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