scholarly journals Impact of Charging Electric Vehicles under Different State of Charge Levels and Extreme Conditions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6589
Author(s):  
Claude Ziad El-Bayeh ◽  
Mohamed Zellagui ◽  
Brahim Brahmi ◽  
Walid Alqaisi ◽  
Ursula Eicker
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Feasible Solution ◽  
State Of Charge ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Original Algorithm ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
The Impact

High penetration levels of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) could cause stress on the network and might violate the limits and constraints under extreme conditions, such as exceeding power and voltage limits on transformers and power lines. This paper defines extreme conditions as the state of a load or network that breaks the limits of the constraints in an optimization model. Once these constraints are violated, the optimization algorithm might not work correctly and might not converge to a feasible solution, especially when the complexity of the system increases and includes nonlinearities. Hence, the algorithm may not help in mitigating the impact of penetrating PEVs under extreme conditions. To solve this problem, an original algorithm is suggested that is able to adapt the constraints’ limits according to the energy demand and the energy needed to charge the PEVs. Different case scenarios are studied for validation purposes, such as charging PEVs under different state of charge levels, different energy demands at home, and different pricing mechanisms. Results show that our original algorithm improved the profiles of the voltage and power under extreme conditions. Hence, the algorithm is able to improve the integration of a high number of PEVs on the distribution system under extreme conditions while preserving its stability.

scholarly journals Electric Vehicles in Jordan: Challenges and Limitations

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3199
Author(s):  
Laith Shalalfeh ◽  
Ashraf AlShalalfeh ◽  
Khaled Alkaradsheh ◽  
Mahmoud Alhamarneh ◽  
Ahmad Bashaireh
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
System Stability ◽  
Loading Conditions ◽  
Stability Margins ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
Node Distribution ◽  
The Impact

An increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) are replacing gasoline vehicles in the automobile market due to the economic and environmental benefits. The high penetration of EVs is one of the main challenges in the future smart grid. As a result of EV charging, an excessive overloading is expected in different elements of the power system, especially at the distribution level. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of EVs on the distribution system under three loading conditions (light, intermediate, and full). For each case, we estimate the maximum number of EVs that can be charged simultaneously before reaching different system limitations, including the undervoltage, overcurrent, and transformer capacity limit. Finally, we use the 19-node distribution system to study these limitations under different loading conditions. The 19-node system is one of the typical distribution systems in Jordan. Our work estimates the upper limit of the possible EV penetration before reaching the system stability margins.

scholarly journals Advances of 2nd Life Applications for Lithium Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Demand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5726
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wewer ◽  
Pinar Bilge ◽  
Franz Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Electromobility is a new approach to the reduction of CO2 emissions and the deceleration of global warming. Its environmental impacts are often compared to traditional mobility solutions based on gasoline or diesel engines. The comparison pertains mostly to the single life cycle of a battery. The impact of multiple life cycles remains an important, and yet unanswered, question. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate advances of 2nd life applications for lithium ion batteries from electric vehicles based on their energy demand. Therefore, it highlights the limitations of a conventional life cycle analysis (LCA) and presents a supplementary method of analysis by providing the design and results of a meta study on the environmental impact of lithium ion batteries. The study focuses on energy demand, and investigates its total impact for different cases considering 2nd life applications such as (C1) material recycling, (C2) repurposing and (C3) reuse. Required reprocessing methods such as remanufacturing of batteries lie at the basis of these 2nd life applications. Batteries are used in their 2nd lives for stationary energy storage (C2, repurpose) and electric vehicles (C3, reuse). The study results confirm that both of these 2nd life applications require less energy than the recycling of batteries at the end of their first life and the production of new batteries. The paper concludes by identifying future research areas in order to generate precise forecasts for 2nd life applications and their industrial dissemination.

scholarly journals Impact of Rooftop Photovoltaics on the Distribution System

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamel A. Alboaouh ◽  
Salman Mohagheghi
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
System A ◽  
Voltage Quality ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
Pv Penetration ◽  
Smart Inverters ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents a review of the impact of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) panels on the distribution grid. This includes how rooftop PVs affect voltage quality, power losses, and the operation of other voltage-regulating devices in the system. A historical background and a classification of the most relevant publications are presented along with the review of the important lessons learned. It has been widely believed that high penetration levels of PVs in the distribution grid can potentially cause problems for node voltages or overhead line flows. However, it is shown in the literature that proper control of the PV resource using smart inverters can alleviate many of those issues, hence paving the way for higher PV penetration levels in the grid.

scholarly journals Joint Analysis of Cost and Energy Savings for Preliminary Design Alternative Assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7507
Author(s):  
Carlo Iapige De Gaetani ◽  
Andrea Macchi ◽  
Pasquale Perri
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Assessment ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Design Alternatives ◽  
The Impact

The building sector plays a central role in addressing the problem of global energy consumption. Therefore, effective design measures need to be taken to ensure efficient usage and management of new structures. The challenging task for designers is to reduce energy demands while maintaining a high-quality indoor environment and low costs of construction and operations. This study proposes a methodological framework that enables decision-makers to resolve conflicts between energy demand and life cycle costs. A case study is analyzed to validate the proposed method, adopting different solutions for walls, roofs, floors, windows, window-to-wall ratios and geographical locations. Models are created on the basis of all the possible combinations between these elements, enriched by their thermal properties and construction/management costs. After the alternative models are defined, energy analyses are carried out for an estimation of consumption. By calculating the total cost of each model as the sum of construction, energy and maintenance costs, a joint analysis is carried out for variable life cycles. The obtained results from the proposed method confirm the importance of a preliminary assessment from both energy and cost points of view, and demonstrate the impact of considering different building life cycles on the choice of design alternatives.

A Heuristic Analysis Method for the Impact of DGs to Power System Reliability

2014 ◽  
Vol 986-987 ◽  
pp. 187-191
Author(s):  
Bo Zeng ◽  
Kai Wang ◽  
Xiang Yu Kong ◽  
Yi Zeng ◽  
Qun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Generation ◽  
System Reliability ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Distributed Generations ◽  
Power Distribution System ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
The Impact

With high penetration of distributed generation connected to the grid, distribution system will have some huge impacts, and system reliability calculation models and assessment methods are changing. Based on Monte-Carlo method, a heuristic reliability analysis method for distribution system with distributed generations was proposed in the paper, which focuses on the mode of distributed generation in parallel to system power supply. Functional role of distributed generation in the power distribution system failure and distributed power adapter with load strategies were analyzed in this method. Cases simulation analysis was used to verify its effectiveness.

Impact of Residential and Public Charging Stations of Electric Vehicles on Distribution System by Stochastic Simulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 1092-1093 ◽  
pp. 375-380
Author(s):  
Suthida Ruayariyasub ◽  
Sompon Sirisumrannukul ◽  
Suksan Wangsatitwong
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Stochastic Approach ◽  
Local Distribution ◽  
Battery Charging ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates the impact of electric vehicles battery charging on the distribution system load if electric vehicles (EVs) are widespread used on roads. Stochastic approach based on a Monte Carlo method is developed in this study to simulate EVs charging load in two cases: 1) normal charge service at home, and 2) quick charge service at public charging stations. To demonstrate the model, a 22-kV distribution system of Pattaya City operated by Provincial Electricity Authority of Thailand (PEA) is employed in the case study. The results indicate the capability of the proposed model to exhibit the impact of EVs charging load on the local distribution system.

scholarly journals The Impact of Local Materials on the Improvement of the Thermal Comfort in Building

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-35
Author(s):  
Amadou Oumarou Fati ◽  
Bonkaney Abdou Latif ◽  
Ouedraogo Souleymane ◽  
S. M. Ky. Thierry ◽  
Mamadou Lewamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Local Materials

The increasing energy demands in the building sector is considered as a main issue and has result both in the energy shortage and also environmental impact such as climate change and global warming. This demand is always increasing due to the high-rise level and also the need of thermal comfort. This paper aims to describe a passive approach to reduce the energy demand for a building through an improvement of the design of the thermal envelope. Within this work, we utilized the thermophysical properties of four building materials: three local materials (compressed earth, lateritic, and raw material) and one modern (Hollow cement) and an energy analysis of the building has been carried out. The numerical optimization of the building design has been performed dynamically by COMSOL Multiphysics software: case study of Ouagadougou and surface is 100m2. Also, the temporal variations in the inside of the room as well as the temperature of the walls and the ceiling with four different materials have been determined. The result shows that, for BLT, the maximum obtained around 22H is 308K, for Adobe it is 309K around 18H30, for BTC it was 309.2K at 20H and finally for cement block it is 310K around 18H. The mean average temperature of the building is low when we use local materials instead of modern one. Then, we conclude that, the use of local materials in the building design is an option for reducing the heat transfer into the room and at the energy consumption.

scholarly journals Effect of Electric Vehicles Charging Loads on Realistic Residential Distribution System in Aqaba-Jordan

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Mohammad A. Obeidat ◽  
Abdulaziz Almutairi ◽  
Saeed Alyami ◽  
Ruia Dahoud ◽  
Ayman M. Mansour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Voltage Drop ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Proper Actions ◽  
Real Distribution ◽  
The Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Residential Distribution ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ev Charging

In recent years, air pollution and climate change issues have pushed people worldwide to switch to using electric vehicles (EVs) instead of gas-driven vehicles. Unfortunately, most distribution system facilities are neither designed nor well prepared to accommodate these new types of loads, which are characterized by random and uncertain behavior. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive investigation of EVs’ effect on a realistic distribution system. It provides a technical evaluation and analysis of a real distribution system’s load and voltage drop in the presence of EVs under different charging strategies. In addition, this investigation presents a new methodology for managing EV loads under a dynamic response strategy in response to the distribution system’s critical hours. The proposed methodology is applied to a real distribution network, using the Monte Carlo method and the CYME program. Random driver behavior is taken into account in addition to various factors that affect EV load parameters. Overall, the results show that the distribution system is significantly affected by the addition of EV charging loads, which create a severe risk to feeder limits and voltage drop. However, a significant reduction in the impact of EVs can be achieved if a proper dynamic demand response programme is implemented. We hope that the outcomes of this investigation will provide decision-makers and planners with prior knowledge about the expected impact of using EVs and, consequently, enable them to take the proper actions needed to manage such load.

scholarly journals Aggregation of Radial Distribution System Bus with Volt-Var Control

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5390
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Kikusato ◽  
Taha Selim Ustun ◽  
Dai Orihara ◽  
Jun Hashimoto ◽  
Kenji Otani
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Radial Distribution System ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
Reduction Methods ◽  
Aggregated Model ◽  
The Impact

The high penetration of the distributed energy resources (DERs) encourages themselves to implement grid-supporting functions, such as volt-var control. The quasi-static time-series (QSTS) simulation is an essential technique to evaluate the impact of active DERs on the grid. Meanwhile, the increase of complexity on the circuit model causes a heavy computational burden of QSTS simulation. Although circuit reduction methods have been proposed, there have been few methods that can appropriately handle the distribution system (DS) with multiple voltage control devices, such as DERs implementing volt-var control. To address the remaining issues, this paper proposes an offline bus aggregation method for DS with volt-var control. The method determines the volt-var curve for the aggregated bus on the basis of historical data to reduce error in the aggregated model, and its offline process solves the computational convergence issue concerned in the online one. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated in the simulation using a Japanese low-voltage DS model. The simulation results show that the proposed method can reduce the voltage error and computational time. Furthermore, the versatility of the proposed method is verified to show the performance does not heavily depend on how to select historical data for model-building.

scholarly journals Digital Twin of Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle: a detailed modelling approach of the hydrogen powertrain and the auxiliary systems

2022 ◽  
Vol 334 ◽  
pp. 06003
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Bartolucci ◽  
Edoardo Cennamo ◽  
Stefano Cordiner ◽  
Vincenzo Mulone ◽  
Ferdinando Pasqualini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Cell Hybrid ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fuel Cell Hybrid

The transport sector is today a major source of pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles are a solution to reduce its environmental impact, thanks to the zero pollutant tailpipe emissions and longer driving ranges if compared with full electric vehicles. A Digital Twin of a FCHEV is developed in this study, through the assessment of models of mechanical and thermal systems within the vehicle. The Simulink/Simscape model here presented is able to support both the design choices and the test of control strategies. The results obtained allow characterizing the impact of the auxiliary systems on the driving range, whose relative value ranges from 28% to 40% of the overall energy demand depending on the ambient temperature, and the range is between 430 km and 356 km respectively for mild and cold temperature.

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