scholarly journals Biodiesel Production over Niobium-Containing Catalysts: A Review

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5506
Author(s):  
Daniel Carreira Batalha ◽  
Márcio José da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
High Catalytic Activity

Nowadays, the synthesis of biofuels from renewable raw materials is very popular. Among the various challenges involved in improving these processes, environmentally benign catalysts compatible with an inexpensive feedstock have become more important. Herein, we report the recent advances achieved in the development of Niobium-containing heterogeneous catalysts as well as their use in routes to produce biodiesel. The efficiency of different Niobium catalysts in esterification and transesterification reactions of lipids and oleaginous raw materials was evaluated, considering the effect of main reaction parameters such as temperature, time, catalyst load, and oil:alcohol molar ratio on the biodiesel yield. The catalytic performance of Niobium compounds was discussed considering the characterization data obtained by different techniques, including NH3-TPD, BET, and Pyr-FT-IR analysis. The high catalytic activity is attributed to its inherent properties, such as the active sites distribution over a high specific surface area, strength of acidity, nature, amount of acidic sites, and inherent mesoporosity. On top of this, recycling experiments have proven that most Niobium catalysts are stable and can be repeatedly used with consistent catalytic activity.

The Influence of Fe/Al Molar Ratio on Microreactor-Based Catalyst Preparation and Carbon Nanotube Preparation

2021 ◽  
Vol 1036 ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
Ting Qun Tan ◽  
Lei Geng ◽  
Yan Lin ◽  
Yan He
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Catalytic Activity

In order to prepare carbon nanotubes with high specific surface area, small diameter, low resistivity, high purity and high catalytic activity, the Fe-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst was prepared based on the microreactor. The influence of different Fe/Al molar ratios on the catalyst and the carbon nanotubes prepared was studied through BET, SEM, TEM and other detection methods. Studies have shown that the pore structure of the catalyst is dominated by slit pores at a lower Fe/Al molar ratio. The catalytic activity is the highest when the Fe/Al molar ratio is 1:1, reaching 74.1%. When the Fe/Al molar ratio is 1:2, the catalyst has a higher specific surface area, the maximum pore size is 8.63 nm, and the four-probe resistivity and ash content of the corresponding carbon nanotubes are the lowest. The higher the proportion of aluminum, the higher the specific surface area of the catalyst and the carbon nanotubes, and the finer the diameter of the carbon nanotubes, which gradually tends to relax. The results show that when the Fe/Al molar ratio is 1:2, although the catalytic activity of the catalyst is not the highest, the carbon nanotubes prepared have the best performance.

scholarly journals A sustainable process for biodiesel production using Zn/Mg oxidic species as active, selective and reusable heterogeneous catalysts

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa B. Navas ◽  
José F. Ruggera ◽  
Ileana D. Lick ◽  
Mónica L. Casella
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
Butyl Esters ◽  
Mesoporous Solids

AbstractThis paper describes the preparation and characterization of MgO and ZnO-based catalysts, pure and mixed in different proportions, supported on γ-Al2O3. Their catalytic performance was studied in the transesterification of soybean oil and castor oil with methanol and butanol, attempting to produce biodiesel. XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM–EDS (scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), CO2-adsorption and N2-adsorption allowed characterizing the prepared catalysts. The characterization results were in all cases consistent with mesoporous solids with high specific surface area. All the catalysts exhibited good results, especially in the transesterification of castor oil using butanol. For this reaction, the reuse was tested, maintaining high FABE (fatty acid butyl esters) yields after four cycles. This good performance can be attributed to the basic properties of the Mg species, and simultaneously, to the amphoteric properties of ZnO, which allow both triglycerides and free fatty acids to be converted into esters. Using these catalysts, it is possible to obtain second-generation biodiesel, employing castor oil, a raw material that does not compete with the food industry. In addition, butanol can be produced from renewable biomass.

scholarly journals The Roles of the Structure and Basic Sites of Sodium Titanates on Transesterification Reactions to Obtain Biodiesel

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 989
Author(s):  
Josue J. Machorro ◽  
Ana L. Lazaro ◽  
Fabricio Espejel-Ayala ◽  
Eduardo Coutiño-Gonzalez ◽  
Juan C. Chavarria-Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Materials Characterization ◽  
Basic Sites ◽  
Calcination Temperatures ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Associated Species

Sodium titanates were evaluated as heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. Materials were prepared using an experimental design considering NaOH and TiO2 concentrations and hydrothermal and calcination temperatures as input variables. Materials characterization was carried out by DRX-Rietveld refinement, CO2-TPD, and XPS. Statistical analysis of the experimental results indicates that the calcination temperature is the most influential factor in the formation of sodium titanates with high catalytic performance in transesterification reactions. Further analysis of the oil-to-biodiesel conversion revealed that the catalytic activity of sodium titanates is directly correlated to the catalyst associated species and to the density of medium-strong basic sites on the surface of the material, obtaining up to 95% conversion to biodiesel at 60 °C using 3.6% weight catalyst with respect to oil.

Self-solidification ionic liquids as heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3182-3189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaocheng Lin ◽  
Xiaomei Ling ◽  
Jinyi Chen ◽  
Meichen Li ◽  
Tongwen Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Excellent Stability

A simple and mild method has been developed to fabricate solid ionic liquids with high catalytic activity and excellent stability for efficient biodiesel production.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production by Esterification Reaction on K+ Modified MgAl-Hydrotalcites Catalysts

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen-Yang Zhang ◽  
Wen-Li Shao ◽  
Wei-Xia Zhou ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Yuan-Yuan Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Load Ratio ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Temperature Programmed ◽  
Co Precipitation

K+ modified hydrotalcites and its activity as a solid base catalyst for ultrasonic wave- assisted biodiesel conversion was investigated. The solid alkaline catalysts of the MgAl-hydrotalcites (HT) was prepared by co-precipitation and modified with K+ by impregnation. The influence of K+ incorporation on the performance of Mg-Al hydrotalcites catalysts was investigated by SmartLab X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), infrared spectrum (IR), thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA), CO2 temperature programmed desorption (CO2-TPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm (BET). The research discovered that K+ modified of double layered structure of MgAl-hydrotalcite resulted in a significant increase in catalytic activity in transesterification of rapeseed oil. It exhibited high catalytic activity that achieved a biodiesel yield of 99% when the reaction was conducted with 2 wt% catalysts, K+/HT load ratio of 6.25%, a methanol/rapeseed oil molar ratio of 12:1, and reaction at 60 °C over 1 h. The result showed that the K+ modified HT as a transesterification catalyst had the potency for biodiesel conversion. In addition, under the above reaction conditions, the biodiesel yield was up to 99.9% in only five minutes with ultrasonic aid.

scholarly journals Development of Heterogeneous Alkali Methoxide Catalyst from Fly Ash and Limestone

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-530
Author(s):  
W. Widayat ◽  
◽  
Marcelinus Christwardana ◽  
S. Syaiful ◽  
Hantoro Satriadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Initial Value

This study is aimed to use fly ash and limestone as raw materials for preparing alkali methoxide heterogeneous catalysts for transesterification of palm oil into biodiesel. The heterogeneous catalyst was synthesized from fly ash and limestone through wet and dry methods and calcined within 1073–1273 K. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses indicated the well-dispersed presence of the Ca(OCH3)2 crystal over the fly ash and limestone framework, which was mixed using wet method and calcined at 1073 K (W-800). Results showed that W-800 exhibited larger surface area and more uniform active sites than the other catalysts. About 88.6 % of biodiesel was produced from commercial palm oil with W-800 as the catalyst. The product possesses physicochemical characteristics, such as density, kinematic viscosity and free fatty acid content, which satisfy the international biodiesel standard. The catalyst was used for biodiesel production for four cycles, and the biodiesel yield was maintained up to 91.87 % from the initial value.

Capsule-Like Fe3O4 Nanoparticles and Triangle Fe3O4 Nanoplates: Facile Synthesis, Magnetic Properties and Catalytic Performance

NANO ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (05) ◽  
pp. 1550063 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Zeng ◽  
Y. Bai ◽  
H. Li ◽  
W. F. Yao
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Facile Synthesis ◽  
Catalytic Stability ◽  
Hydrothermal Approach ◽  
High Degree

In this work, Fe 3 O 4 with nanosized triangle plates and capsule-like nanoparticles were prepared by solvothermal approach ( Fe 3 O 4- S ) and hydrothermal approach ( Fe 3 O 4- H ), respectively and their catalytic performance as a heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst are investigated. Excellent ferromagnetic properties are obtained in both Fe 3 O 4- S nanoplates and Fe 3 O 4- H nanoparticles. The Fe 3 O 4- S nanoplates exhibited better catalytic performance than Fe 3 O 4- H nanoparticles in the degradation of Rhodamine B ( RhB ) with hydrogen peroxide. The relatively high catalytic activity of Fe 3 O 4- S can be ascribed to its high specific surface area and high degree of crystallinity. Fe 3 O 4- S nanoplates also exhibit good catalytic stability and reusability and do not generate significant loss of catalytic activity after four cycles of degradation.

scholarly journals Biodiesel production from alternative raw materials using a heterogeneous Low Ordered Biosilicified Enzyme as biocatalyst

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Orlando Ferrero ◽  
Edgar Maximiliano Sánchez Faba ◽  
Griselda Alejandra Eimer
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
High Water ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Waste Frying Oil ◽  
Solid Catalysts ◽  
Pork Fat

Abstract Background: Nowadays, as an alternative to the production of fuels and chemicals from the fossil platform, renewable feedstocks are widely investigated. For biomass conversion, a new generation of catalysts with specific characteristics such as high activity and selectivity, easy recovery and reusability is necessary. The design of highly efficient and stable heterogeneous catalysts represents a challenge in this field, mainly to overcome current energy and environmental issues. The combination of enzymatic and heterogeneous inorganic catalysis generates an unprecedented platform that combines the advantages of both. Among the techniques for producing solid catalysts, enzymatic mineralization with an organic silicic precursor to obtain hybrid biocatalysts (biosilicification) is highlighted. This technique can provide exceptional stability to the biocatalyst in drastic conditions of use.Results: Then, under these criteria, this work presents the one-step synthesis of a solid enzymatic catalyst, denominated Low Ordered Biosilicified Enzyme (LOBE) due to their structural properties. Pseudomonas Fluorescens lipase forms aggregates that are contained in the heart of a silicon-covered micelle, providing active sites with the ability to process different raw materials (commercial sunflower and soybean oil, Jatropha excisa oil, waste frying oil, residual soybeans, and pork fat) to produce first and second generation biodiesel. Obtaining yields between 81 and 93% by weight depending on the used raw material.Conclusions: Therefore, refined, non-edible and residual oils (with high water and free fatty acid contents) can be transformed into biodiesel through LOBE catalysts with commercial ethanol as co-substrate.

Effects of Diameters on the Catalytic Activity of Spherical V-MCM-41 in the Selective Oxidation of Styrene

2012 ◽  
Vol 549 ◽  
pp. 137-140
Author(s):  
Yu Chen ◽  
Hua Qin ◽  
Xiao Bo Shi ◽  
Yan Kong
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Hydrothermal Method ◽  
Selective Oxidation ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Mcm 41

Spherical V-MCM-41s with different diameter are synthesized by direct hydrothermal method through the precise control over the molar ratio of NaOH/TEOS. Vanadium supported on spherical MCM-41s is also prepared by impregnation methods. They are used as heterogeneous catalysts for the oxidation of styrene with H2O2 as oxidant. The results suggest that all catalysts have high catalytic activity, which increases with their diameter decreasing.

scholarly journals Catalytic synthesis of n -butyl carboxylate with immobilized ionic liquid based on response surface methodology optimization

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 190166
Author(s):  
Ran Liu ◽  
Ke Zhang ◽  
Chen Liu ◽  
Yanhui Hu ◽  
Lilong Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Butyl Butyrate ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Methyl Sulfonate

Four kinds of functional ionic liquids (ILs) ([C 3 SO 3 Hnmp]HSO 4 ), 1-(3-sulfopropyl)-1-methylpyrrolidone phosphate ([C 3 SO 3 Hnmp]H 2 PO 4 ), 1-(3-sulfopropyl)-1-methylpyrrolidone p-toluene sulfonate ([C 3 SO 3 Hnmp]CH 3 SO 3 H) and 1-(3-sulfopropyl)-1-methylpyrrolidone methyl sulfonate ([C 3 SO 3 Hnmp]C 6 H 6 SO 3 H)) were prepared and the catalytic activity of these ILs during esterification of carboxylic acids (formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid) with alcohols was investigated. The results indicated that the IL ([C 3 SO 3 Hnmp]HSO 4 ) exhibited an optimal catalytic performance. And then the IL ([C 3 SO 3 Hnmp]HSO 4 ) was immobilized to the silica gel. The immobilized IL performed more excellent catalytic activity than the unsupported [C 3 SO 3 Hnmp]HSO 4 . The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, molar ratio of acid to alcohol and catalyst dosage were investigated. The response surface methodology based on the Box–Behnken design (BBD) was used to explore the best reaction condition of different experimental variables. Accordingly, a high n -butyl butyrate yield of 97.10% under the deduced optimal reaction conditions was obtained, in good agreement with experimental results and that predicted by the BBD model. The immobilized IL [C 3 SO 3 Hnmp]HSO 4 maintained high catalytic activity after five cycles.

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