scholarly journals Research of Parameters of a Compression Ignition Engine Using Various Fuel Mixtures of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) and Fatty Acid Esters (FAE)

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3077
Author(s):  
Oleksandra Shepel ◽  
Jonas Matijošius ◽  
Alfredas Rimkus ◽  
Kamil Duda ◽  
Maciej Mikulski
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Fuel Mixtures

The present study is aimed at studying the energy and environmental performance at various engine loads (BMEP) with identical start of injection (SOI) for all fuel types. The combustion parameters for the fuel mixtures were analyzed using the AVL BOOST software (BURN subroutine). Five different blends were tested, consisting completely of renewable raw materials based on hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and fatty acid methyl ester (FE100), and the properties of diesel fuel (D) were compared with respect to these blends. The mixtures were mixed in the following proportions: FE25 (FE25HVO75), FE50 (FE50HVO50), FE75 (FE75HVO25). In this study, diesel exhaust was found to produce higher NOx values compared to FE blends, with HVO being the lowest. Hydrocarbon and smoke emissions were also significantly lower for blends than for diesel. Possible explanations are the physical properties and fatty acid composition of fuel mixtures, affecting injection and further combustion. The results showed that blends containing more unsaturated fatty acids release more nitrogen oxides, thus having a lower thermal efficiency compared to HVO. No essential differences in CO emissions between D and HVO were observed. An increase in this indicator was observed at low loads for mixtures with ester. CO2 was reduced in emissions for HVO compared to the aforementioned blends and diesel. The results of the combustion analysis show that with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids, mixtures have a longer combustion time than diesel fuel.

scholarly journals Fatty Acid Composition and Fat Stability of Raw Milk and Pasteurized Milk from Laoshan Goats

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cunfang Wang ◽  
Xinman Lou ◽  
Jianmin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Functional Product ◽  
Significant Difference

<p>In this study, the fatty acid profile and fat stability for seven consecutive days of raw milk and pasteurized milk from Laoshan goats have been evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after fatty acid methyl ester. The results showed that the concentrations of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) significantly increased by 47.36% and 11.68% after pasteurization respectively, while the concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreased by 26.08%, 26.45% and 22.15% respectively. The C10:0 (5.39%-8.57%), C12:0 (3.13%-5.28%), C14:0 (8.12%-11.87%), C16:0 (25.59%-28.53%), C18:0 (14.60-13.69%) and C18:1 (33.91-24.92%) are the most predominant fatty acids of Laoshan goat milk with significant differences. Moreover, the fat stabillity for seven consecutive days of raw milk and pasteurized milk was detected by sedimentation rate (R). The fat stability in pasteurized milk was more stable than that in raw milk, the sedimentation rate of raw milk and pasteurized milk consisted in a progressive decrease in the seven days by 82.99% and 79.77% respectively. What’s more, significant difference was observed from 1st day to 4th day between raw milk and pasteurized milk, however, there was no significance from 5th to 7th. This is the first report to fully characterize the fatty acid contents and fat stability of Laoshan goat raw milk and its pasteurized milk and it provided a certain theoretical basis for the research and development of goat milk functional product.</p>

scholarly journals Profil Asam Lemak Gonad Lima Spesies Landak Laut (Echinoidea) Dari Pantai Selatan Kabupaten Gunung Kidul Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Endang Purnami ◽  
Trijoko ◽  
Raras Toeti Pratiwi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Acid Methyl

AbstractSea urchin (Echinoidea) is an avertebrate animal whose habitat can be found from the intertidal to shallow subtidal areas. Sea urchin has a very important role in reef ecology, especially in intertidal and subtidal areas. Sea urchin gonad also can be consumed and has high economic value. The aim of this study was to determine the profile of fatty acid Sea urchin gonad in South Coral in Gunung Kidul (Daerah Istimewa Yogokarta) Gonad samples were taken from two sampling locations, those were four species from Sepanjang beach and one species from Wediombo coast. Fat was separated from the gonad using the method of Blight and Dyer (1959) and fatty acid methyl ester were prepared by direct transesterification reaction according to Morisson and Smith’s method (1964). Fatty acid methyl ester were separated and analysed by gas chromatography. The result showed that there are 10 types of fatty acid found in sea urchin gonad belonging to saturated and unsaturated fatty acid both MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acid) dan PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid). In all samples. The level of saturated fatty acids is higher than the unsaturated fatty acids, especially myristic (C14:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0).Keywords: Fatty acid, Sea Uechin, South Coral Gunung Kidul Daerah Istimewa YogyakartaAbstrakLandak laut (Echinodea) merupakan hewan avertebrata yang banyak dijumpai pada daerah pasang surut yang berbatu dan berpasir. Landak laut memiliki peranan yang sangat penting pada ekologi karang terutama di daerah pasang surut, selain itu gonadnya juga dapat dikonsumsi dan memiliki nilai ekonomi yang tinggi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini mengetahui keragaman spesies dan komposisi asam lemak gonad Landak laut yang ada di Pantai Selatan Kabupaten Gunung Kidul. Sample gonad diambil dari 2 lokasi sampling yaitu empat jenis dari Pantai Sepanjang dan satu jenis dari Pantai Wediombo. Lemak dipisahkan dari gonad menggunakan metode Blight and Dyer (1959) dan dimetilasi melalui metode Morison and Smith (1964). Kadar asam lemak gonad kemudian dianalisa dengan GC. Hasil analisa asam lemak sampel gonad ditemukan Asam lemak jenuh yang meliputi asam kaprilat (C8:0), asam miristat (C14:0), asam palmitat (C16:0), asam stearat (C18:0) dan asam arakhidat (C20:0). Asam lemak tidak jenuh antara lain asam oleat (C18:1n-9), asam palmitoleat (C16:1n-7), linoleat (C18:2n-8) dan asam eicosapentaenoat (C20: 5n-3). Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa kadar asam lemak jenuh lebih tinggi dibanding asam lemak tidak jenuh terutama asam miristat sebesar 27,20% dan palmitat 24,44% sedangkan asam lemak tak jenuh yang tinggi adalah asam Eicosapentaenoat sebesar 14,83%, keduanya ditemukan pada Colobocentrotus sp.2. Jenis Landak laut di Pantai Selatan Kabupaten Gunung Kidul sangat beragam sedangkan jenis asam lemak yang terkandung pada lima sampel gonadnya sama tetapi berbeda kadarnya.Kata kunci: Asam lemak, landak laut, karang Gunung Kidul Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Constituents of some Curvularia species

1968 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Coombe ◽  
JJ Jacobs ◽  
TR Watson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Brefeldin A ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Curvularia Species ◽  
Acid Esters

Thirteen Gurvularia and related species were examined and the following metabolites obtained: brefeldin A, curvularin, curvulin, curvulinic acid derivatives, D-mannitol, 1,4,5,8-tetrahydroxy-2,6-dimethylanthraquinone, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and fatty acid esters.

Stimulation of Phosphorylcholine–Glyceride Transferase Activity by Unsaturated Fatty Acids

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 1479-1486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Sribney ◽  
Eileen M. Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Extent ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Transferase Activity ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Acyltransferase Activity ◽  
Acid Esters ◽  
Stimulation Of

A number of unsaturated fatty acids markedly stimulate chicken liver microsomal phosphorylcholine–glyceride transferase (CDP-choline:1,2-diglyceride cholinephosphotransferase, EC 2.7.8.2). Oleate (0.8 mM) activates this enzyme severalfold only if a mixed diglyceride such as 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol is used as a substrate for the reaction. Dipalmitin and diolein incorporation into lecithin is not stimulated to any significant extent by unsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acid esters and numerous detergents either inhibit the enzyme or have no effect. Phosphorylethanolamine–glyceride transferase (CDP-ethanolamine:1,2-diglyceride ethanolaminephosphotransferase, EC 2.7.8.1) activity is only very slightly stimulated while diglyceride O-acyltransferase activity is inhibited to a small extent.

scholarly journals Studying the Physicochemical Properties and Isolation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids from Edible Oils by GC-MS and Argentated Silica Gel Chromatography

2021 ◽  
pp. 346-362
Author(s):  
Salim Najmaldain Saber ◽  
Hikmat Ali Mohamad ◽  
Madzlan Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Acid Methyl

The core objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of the oils of sunflower, olive, virgin coconut and ginger oils, as well as the separation of their unsaturated fatty acids. The data indicated a significant variation in physicochemical properties (acid, saponification, ester, and iodine values) among oils. Transesterification process was carried out at a molar ratio of 1:7:0.1 of oil: methanol: KOH. Fatty acid methyl esters of oils were analyzed by infrared (IR) and gas chromatography–mass (GC-MS) spectrometry. Twelve fatty acids were identified, where the major fatty acid of  olive oil was found to be  oleic acid (89%), whereas those of sunflower and ginger oils were linoleic acid (80.9 %) and (79.3 %), respectively. Sunflower and olive oils were fractionated by 25% silver nitrate-impregnated silica gel column chromatography. By this method, linoleic acid methyl ester from sunflower and oleic acid methyl ester from olive oil were isolated with high purity percentages and yields. This study is significant for the development of food and pharmaceutical products.

scholarly journals The Role of Ionic Liquid Interaction in the Separation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters—Polyunsaturated Geometric Isomers in GC–MS

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Emerencia Mező ◽  
Anita Bufa ◽  
Csilla Páger ◽  
Viktória Poór ◽  
Tamás Marosvölgyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Geometric Isomers ◽  
Acid Methyl

Knowledge of the type and level of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in food and clinical matrices is of practical importance, but the wide variety of fatty acids makes analyses very complex. The discrimination of the geometric isomers of fatty acid needs proper and effective separation conditions. The efficiency of three different stationary phases was evaluated by GC–MS methods in the separation of fatty acids in their methyl ester forms. Significant differences were observed in the efficiencies of polysiloxane-based (non-polar HP-5MS and medium/high polarity DB-225MS) and ionic liquid-based (SLB-IL111) columns. Baseline separation of the geometric isomers of linoleic acid methyl ester was obtained by the extremely polar SLB-IL111 column, showing a preference over the other two columns. The optimization of the experimental conditions (response linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, system suitability, intraday and interday repeatability and accuracy) showed the separation power of the ionic liquid interaction in the analyses by using short (25–30 m long) columns. By deducting the general principles of the interaction, predictions can be made for the separation of other isomers. The results facilitate the precise identification of various types of fatty acids in real samples for nutritional information.

The Use of Argentation Chromatography for the Analysis of Fatty Acid Esters of Polyenes: The Structure of Carotenoid Esters of Aglais urticae (Lepidoptera, Insecta)

1975 ◽  
Vol 30 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartmut Kayser
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Preparative Scale ◽  
Argentation Chromatography ◽  
Acid Esters

Abstract Argentation Thin-layer systems for argentation chromatography of fatty-acid esters of carotenoids have been developed. As two-dimensional reversed-phase partition system on paraffine impregnated cellulose this method permits a clear discrimination between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. By adsorption on silver nitrate containing silica gel-G separation of carotenoid esters according to the degree of unsaturation of their fatty acids was established. With the use of known esters for comparison the fatty acids of whole carotenoid esters can be successfully analysed from minute amounts. Using these methods the carotenoid esters of pupae of Aglais urticae have been studied. The pupae contain 5.3% β-carotene, 46% lutein diester, 7.8% lutein 3-monoester, 11.7% lutein 3′-mono-ester, and 29.2% unesterified lutein. The fatty acids of the esters are linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) only. The diester fraction was composed of 70% dilinolenate, 25% linolenate-linoleate, and 5% dilinoleate. The combined monoesters consisted of 81% linolenate and 19% linoleate. The two main diesters could be isolated in a preparative scale and their structure verified by mass spectrometry. On the whole, in Aglais pupae 6.2 μg linolenic acid and 1.4 μg linoleic acid are bound to lutein. Since polyunsaturated fatty acids are of dietary origin, and represent essential factors for insect development, it is concluded, that their esterification with carotenoids may be a mode of storage comparable to the formation of glycerides.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Zat Aditif Urea terhadap Kuantitas Biodiesel Pada Reaksi Transesterfikasi

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rismawati Rasyid ◽  
Ummu Kalsum ◽  
Rahmaniah Malik ◽  
Dadi Priyono ◽  
Azis Albar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Rbd Palm Oil

Abstrak Asam lemak jenuh maupun tak jenuh pada minyak nabati memiliki potensi untuk diubah menjadi bahan kimia penyusun bahan bakar . Komponen asam lemak pada CPO RBD dengan komposisi terbesar adalah asam palmitat (38.2%) dan asam oleat (45.89%).  Pembuatan biodiesel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan CPO (Crude Palm Oil) yang telah dimurnikan melalui reaksi transesterfikasi dengan pereaksi etanol dan katalisator KOH. Penambahan urea sebagai zat aditif pada reaksi dapat meningkatkan kualitas biodiesel yang diperoleh serta lebih efisien dalam tahapan pemurnian. Persentase kadar FAME (Fatty Acid Metyl Ester) setara dengan persen yield biodiesel pada proses reaksi tanpa penambahan urea adalah 90.34% dan mengalami peningkatan setelah penambahan urea sebesar 98%. Densitas yang dihasilkan pada reaksi tanpa zat aditif  0.868 gr/ ml dan reaksi dengan penambahan zat aditif memiliki densitas  0.866 gr/ml,  kedua produk tersebut telah sesuai dengan standar SNI yakni berkisar 0.85–0.89. Kata kunci : biodiesel, CPO, zat aditif Abstract Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oils have potential to be converted into constituent of chemicals fuel. Fatty acids in the RBD palm oil with the largest composition are palmitic acid (38.2%) and oleic acid (45.89%). Production of fuel which substitute diesel fuel (biodiesel) from CPO (Crude Palm Oil) which has been purified by transesterification reaction with ethanol reagent and KOH catalyst. The addition of urea as an additive substancein the reaction to improve  the quality as well as more efficient biodiesel obtained in the purification stages. Percentage value of FAME(Fatty Acid Metyl Ester)or yield biodiesel in the reaction without the addition of urea is 90.34% and after the addition of urea increased by 98%. Density of product that produced in the reaction without additives is 0.868 g / ml and for reaction with additives has a density of 0.866 g / ml, both of these products are met the criteria of SNI  standards which ranged from 0.85 to 0.89. Keywords : Biodiesel, CPO, additive substance

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of the fatty acid composition of raw material of rye (Khamarka variety) and barley (Shedevr variety) of Ukrainian selection

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-63
Author(s):  
Ganna Tartynska ◽  
Іryna Zhuravel ◽  
Viktoriia Kyslychenko ◽  
Viktoriia Hutsol
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Quantitative Content ◽  
Stems And Leaves

Introduction. Sowing rye (Secale cereale L.) and common barley (Hordéum vulgáre L.) are annual herbaceous plants of the Poaceae family, they are widely cultivated in many countries around the world as cereals and fodder crops. Sufficient raw material base of sowing rye and barley makes them promising sources for new drugs. Materials and methods. The fatty acid composition in lipophilic fractions of seeds, stems and leaves of sowing (Khamarka variety) and common barley (Shedevr variety) was studied by gas chromatography. Results. As a result of the study, the quantitative content of 14 fatty acids in the stems and leaves of barley, 13 – in the leaves of rye and 12 – in the stems of rye and in both types of studied seeds was identified and established. In all types of the studied raw materials, unsaturated fatty acids were quantitatively predominant, the content of which prevailed in seeds of rye – 82.89 % and barley – 76.35 %. In stems of common barley their content was 64.04 %, leaves of common barley – 66.31 % of the amount. In stems and leaves of rye, the predominance of unsaturated fatty acids over saturated ones was insignificant: 49.00 % vs. 47.05 % and 53.70 % vs. 43.03 %, respectively. Among the unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and linolenic acids dominated. Palmitic acid predominated among the saturated raw materials in all types of studied raw materials Conclusions. Quantitative content of fatty acids in seeds, stems and leaves of sowing rye (Khamarka variety) and common barley (Shedevr variety) was identified and established by gas chromatography. The results of the research indicate a rich fatty acid composition of the studied raw materials and can be used to create drugs based on them

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document