scholarly journals Lithium-Ion Capacitors: A Review of Design and Active Materials

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 979
Author(s):  
Jacob J. Lamb ◽  
Odne S. Burheim
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Active Materials ◽  
Energy Applications ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Battery Electrode ◽  
And Performance

Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) have gained significant attention in recent years for their increased energy density without altering their power density. LICs achieve higher capacitance than traditional supercapacitors due to their hybrid battery electrode and subsequent higher voltage. This is due to the asymmetric action of LICs, which serves as an enhancer of traditional supercapacitors. This culminates in the potential for pollution-free, long-lasting, and efficient energy-storing that is required to realise a renewable energy future. This review article offers an analysis of recent progress in the production of LIC electrode active materials, requirements and performance. In-situ hybridisation and ex-situ recombination of composite materials comprising a wide variety of active constituents is also addressed. The possible challenges and opportunities for future research based on LICs in energy applications are also discussed.

Atomic Layer Deposition of LiF and Lithium Ion Conducting (AlF3)(LiF)x Alloys Using Trimethylaluminum, Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide and Hydrogen Fluoride

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Younghee Lee ◽  
Daniela M. Piper ◽  
Andrew S. Cavanagh ◽  
Matthias J. Young ◽  
Se-Hee Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Atomic Layer ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Alloy Film ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Layer Deposition ◽  
Ion Conducting ◽  
Good Agreement

<div>Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of LiF and lithium ion conducting (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)<sub>x</sub> alloys was developed using trimethylaluminum, lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) and hydrogen fluoride derived from HF-pyridine solution. ALD of LiF was studied using in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and in situ quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) at reaction temperatures between 125°C and 250°C. A mass gain per cycle of 12 ng/(cm<sup>2</sup> cycle) was obtained from QCM measurements at 150°C and decreased at higher temperatures. QMS detected FSi(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> as a reaction byproduct instead of HMDS at 150°C. LiF ALD showed self-limiting behavior. Ex situ measurements using X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) showed a growth rate of 0.5-0.6 Å/cycle, in good agreement with the in situ QCM measurements.</div><div>ALD of lithium ion conducting (AlF3)(LiF)x alloys was also demonstrated using in situ QCM and in situ QMS at reaction temperatures at 150°C A mass gain per sequence of 22 ng/(cm<sup>2</sup> cycle) was obtained from QCM measurements at 150°C. Ex situ measurements using XRR and SE showed a linear growth rate of 0.9 Å/sequence, in good agreement with the in situ QCM measurements. Stoichiometry between AlF<sub>3</sub> and LiF by QCM experiment was calculated to 1:2.8. XPS showed LiF film consist of lithium and fluorine. XPS also showed (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)x alloy consists of aluminum, lithium and fluorine. Carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen impurities were both below the detection limit of XPS. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) observed that LiF and (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)<sub>x</sub> alloy film have crystalline structures. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ionic chromatography revealed atomic ratio of Li:F=1:1.1 and Al:Li:F=1:2.7: 5.4 for (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)<sub>x</sub> alloy film. These atomic ratios were consistent with the calculation from QCM experiments. Finally, lithium ion conductivity (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)<sub>x</sub> alloy film was measured as σ = 7.5 × 10<sup>-6</sup> S/cm.</div>

In Situ and Ex Situ diagnostics of ALD-Ultrathin Lithium-Ion Films

2021 ◽  
Vol MA2021-02 (29) ◽  
pp. 890-890
Author(s):  
Messaoud Bedjaoui ◽  
Sylvain Poulet
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Ex Situ

A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study of Lithiation Mechanism in ZnFe2O4 Anode Materials

MRS Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (14) ◽  
pp. 773-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wang ◽  
Alison McCarthy ◽  
Kenneth J. Takeuchi ◽  
Esther S. Takeuchi ◽  
Amy C. Marschilok
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Theoretical Modelling ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Absorption

ABSTRACTZnFe2O4 (ZFO) represents a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries, but there is still a lack of deep understanding of the fundamental reduction mechanism associated with this material. In this paper, the complete visualization of reduction/oxidation products irrespective of their crystallinity was achieved experimentally through a compilation of in situ X-ray diffraction, synchrotron based powder diffraction, and ex-situ X-ray absorption fine structure data. Complementary theoretical modelling study further shed light upon the fundamental understanding of the lithiation mechanism, especially at the early stage from ZnFe2O4 up to LixZnFe2O4 (x = 2).

In situ formation of aluminum–silicon–lithium active materials in aluminum matrices for lithium-ion batteries

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 4877-4888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hossein Tahmasebi ◽  
Dominik Kramer ◽  
Holger Geßwein ◽  
Tianye Zheng ◽  
Kwan-Chee Leung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Anode Material ◽  
Ternary Phase ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Aluminium Matrix ◽  
Active Materials ◽  
In Situ Formation ◽  
Aluminum Silicon

The Al–Si–Li ternary phase formed in situ in an aluminium matrix and was reversibly cycled as a monolithic anode material.

Normative and Distinctive Accuracy in Situation Perceptions

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 768-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Rauthmann ◽  
Ryne A. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Perception ◽  
Random Coefficient ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Personality Correlates ◽  
Crossed Effects

To what extent do people achieve accuracy in judging others’ situations? Based on interpersonal perception models, we propose that ex situ raters may attain accuracy by judging the psychological characteristics of a situation that in situ raters have experienced according to a normative and distinctive characteristics profile. Biesanz’ social accuracy model (SAM) provides a flexible crossed-effects random coefficient modeling framework that can be applied to situation perception data. By targeting characteristics profiles with the analytical unit of the ex situ rater-situation dyad, the extent of and variation in normative and distinctive accuracy of ex situ raters can be estimated and explained by personality correlates to quantify “the good ex situ rater.” We demonstrate an SAM approach to situational accuracy with real in situ and ex situ data (402 ex situ raters judged 10 situations on 8 characteristics) and sketch future research.

scholarly journals Nanoscale Imaging of Lithium Ion Distribution During In Situ Operation of a Battery Electrode and Electrolyte

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (S3) ◽  
pp. 1524-1525
Author(s):  
Megan E. Holtz ◽  
Yingchao Yu ◽  
Deniz Gunceler ◽  
Jie Gao ◽  
Ravishankar Sundararaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Ion Distribution ◽  
Battery Electrode ◽  
Nanoscale Imaging
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