scholarly journals Analysis of the Development of the Electromobility Market in Poland in the Context of the Implemented Subsidies

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
Ewelina Sendek-Matysiak ◽  
Zbigniew Łosiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
National Level ◽  
Development Program ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Automotive Market ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Utilitarian Value ◽  
Charging Stations

The flagship project in this area in Poland is the Electromobility Development Program, one of the strategic documents of which is the Act on Electromobility and Alternative Fuels of 11 January 2018, which includes a system of benefits aimed at influencing consumer behaviors towards the choice of electric vehicles. According to the decision-makers, its implementation is expected to result in the achievement of a number of goals, among others, 1 million of such vehicles are forecast to be present at the national level in 2025. The intention of the authors is to analyze the progress in the development of electromobility in Poland, in the areas such as the market of electric cars, charging infrastructure, with an indication of whether the actions that are implemented by the legislator, i.e., guidelines on where and in what quantities charging stations dedicated to such vehicles are to be established, subsidies in the form of the possibility of driving on the lanes designed for buses, subsidies for the purchase of such vehicles intensify the development of electromobility in the country. The considerations were carried out for cars powered exclusively by electricity, i.e., BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle) type, category M1. Cars in this category represent the largest share of the automotive market in Poland—over 75%. The utilitarian value of this research may be supported by the fact that the example of Poland and its problems concerning the discussed issue may be a source of preliminary analysis for other countries of the European Union.

Battery charging infrastructure as one of the elements of electromobility progress in Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 121 ◽  
pp. 329-340
Author(s):  
Ewelina Sendek-Matysiak ◽  
Emilia Szumska
Keyword(s):  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Battery Charging ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Limited Availability ◽  
Automotive Market ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
The World

It is expected that until 2025 there will be million electric cars (PEV) running on Polish roads [20]. These vehicles are undisputedly an important part of actions being undertaken in order to reach low-emission mobility in the area of road transport, responsible for 70% of GHG emissions from the whole transport sector. Although PEV cars have a number of advantages, they still have minor share in the automotive market, not only in Poland, but all over the world. Limited availability of public charging points still remain one of the key barriers for further progress of electromobility. In this study the authors will present current condition of charging infrastructure in Poland compared to other countries. They will also try to answer the question whether introduction of a number of incentives leads to faster electromobility progress.

scholarly journals Operational Methods for Charging of Electric Vehicles

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-376
Author(s):  
Bálint Csonka ◽  
Márton Havas ◽  
Csaba Csiszár ◽  
Dávid Földes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Electric Networks ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Bus Service ◽  
Bus Services ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
Operational Methods

The increasing number of electric vehicles induces a new relationship between the electric vehicles, transportation network and electric network. The deployment of the charging infrastructure is a prerequisite of the widespread of electric vehicles. Furthermore, the charging process and energy management have a significant influence on the operation of both the transportation and electric networks. Therefore, we have elaborated novel operational methods that support the deployment of charging infrastructure for electric cars and buses operating in public bus service, and the energy management. Weighted sum-models were developed to assess candidate sites for public charging stations. The mathematical model of public bus services was elaborated that supports the optimization of static charging infrastructure at bus stops and terminals without schedule adjustments. The flexibility and predictability of charging sessions were identified as the main differences between charging infrastructure deployment for cars and buses. Furthermore, the flows of energy, information and value have been revealed among the components of charging with a focus on commercial locations, which is the basis of energy flow optimization on the smart grid.

scholarly journals Determinants of Electric Vehicle Diffusion in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Kalthaus ◽  
Jiatang Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Central Government ◽  
License Plate ◽  
Panel Estimation ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Local Air Pollution ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractWe analyze the effect of four determinants of electric vehicle diffusion in China for a panel of 31 regions for the period 2010–2016. We analyze diffusion of four different electric vehicle types, namely battery electric cars and buses as well as plug-in hybrid electric cars and buses. System GMM panel estimation results show that total monetary subsidies have a positive effect only on the diffusion of battery electric cars. A closer look reveals that subsidies provided by regional governments are decisive for all types of vehicles but the subsidy provided by the central government and its degression over time dilute the overall effect of subsidies and is partly detrimental. Non-monetary ownership policies, such as license-plate lotteries, show a positive effect only for battery electric cars. Availability of public charging infrastructure increases diffusion of all vehicle types. Charging points are relevant for cars, while charging stations are especially decisive for the diffusion of electric buses. Using local environmental conditions as a novel determinant for the diffusion of electric vehicles reveals that the local air pollution influences the diffusion of buses, but not of cars.

scholarly journals Occupational risk management of equipment intended for charging electric vehicles

2022 ◽  
Vol 354 ◽  
pp. 00004
Author(s):  
Georgeta Buica ◽  
Anca Elena Antonov ◽  
Constantin Beiu ◽  
Pasculescu Dragoș ◽  
Remus Dobra
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
National Level ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
The Impact

Implementing the objectives set at the European and national level to minimize dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate the impact of transport on the environment by introducing fiscal facilities has led to an increase in the market for electric vehicles. This increase requires the development and expansion of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. The transition from the supply of classic fuel vehicles to the electric ones led to the elimination of some risks and the appearance of new risks for the charging stations’ maintenance staff and the users. The study presents research on the identification of technical and safety requirements specific to a category of work equipment used to charge electric vehicles - charging stations. The technical and safety requirements applicable to electric vehicle charging stations have the role of providing the criteria underlying the management of the necessary risk management of both manufacturers and users and entities that ensure the maintenance of this equipment to adopt highly technical solutions.

scholarly journals Local Benefits Exceed Costs For Widespread Charging Infrastructure For On-Street Urban Parking

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malenka Schmutz ◽  
Oscar van Vliet ◽  
Anthony Patt
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Public Benefits ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
Urban Parking ◽  
Charging Stations

Abstract BackgroundLack of charging infrastructure is a critical barrier to the dissemination of electric cars and many cities have started installing charging stations in public parking spaces.We do a cost-benefit analyses of installing charging stations in public parking spaces, with different assumptions for uptake of electric cars, topology of charging stations, environmental benefits, and costs for infrastructure. We use the case study of Zurich, which is representative of dense European cities.ResultsWe find that building charging stations in residential areas has net positive benefits, as long as the charging stations are used at least one-third of the daytime. Net benefits remain positive if we remove noise or climate benefits.ConclusionsAiming to equip 40% of public residential parking spaces with charging points, and then accelerating or slowing down the deployment of charging stations based on their actual use appears to be a robust strategy that will result in positive net public benefits for city residents and stimulate uptake of electric cars.

scholarly journals The Development of Electromobility in the European Union: Evidence from Poland and Cross-Country Comparisons

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8247
Author(s):  
Marcin Łuszczyk ◽  
Adam Sulich ◽  
Barbara Siuta-Tokarska ◽  
Tomasz Zema ◽  
Agnieszka Thier
Keyword(s):  
Development Program ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Polish Economy ◽  
Current Energy

The article presents the current situation with the implementation of electric cars in Poland against the background of pan-European trends and the current energy sector condition in Poland. The aim of the study was to show the ecological, economic, social, and technical difficulties and controversies related to the use of electric cars in Poland. The authors used statistical analysis and identified the main factors of electromobility development in Poland. Despite the declared electromobility in the Strategy of Responsible Development program, the degree of its implementation is far from the previously established goals. The article analyzes the feasibility of the above plan and indicates the factors inhibiting the development of electromobility in Poland. The strategy and decisions to further implement electric cars cannot be purely political. In justifying the need to promote the use of electric cars in Poland, one should take into account the specificity of the Polish economy, its energy system, the condition of its infrastructure, and real social needs. The authors formulated a hypothesis that the aforementioned program is based on simplistic assumptions and marginalizes or ignores significant barriers to the development of electricity-based transport in Poland. The successful implementation of that program is conditioned by comprehensive and costly activities aimed to transform the whole energy system and introduce an effective system of incentives for the buyers of electric cars.

scholarly journals The development of electromobility in Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
Wojciech Drożdż
Keyword(s):  
Energy Policy ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Market Segments ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
Stimulating Factor

The article discusses the development of electromobility in Poland. The first part of the article highlights the significance of electromobility for the national transport and energy policy. The second part of the article describes issues related to the development of charging infrastructure. The article also presents plans for the expansion of charging stations and barriers related to it. The article discusses market segments in which electric cars are actually used. Finally, the article describes stages of electromobility development in Poland and indicates its benefits for Poland. Being a new rapidly developing industry, electromobility can be an opportunity for Polish businesses and a stimulating factor for the entire national economy. The article is concluded with a summary.

European experience in transition to circular economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Ratner
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
National Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
European Experience ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Eu

Subject. The article considers the concept of circular economy, which has originated relatively recently in the academic literature, and is now increasingly recognized in many countries at the national level. In the European Union, the transition to circular economy is viewed as an opportunity to improve competitiveness of the European Union, protect businesses from resource shortages and fluctuating prices for raw materials and supplies, and a way to increase employment and innovation. Objectives. The aim of the study is to analyze the incentives developed by the European Commission for moving to circular economy, and to assess their effectiveness on the basis of statistical analysis. Methods. I employ general scientific methods of research. Results. The analysis of the EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy enabled to conclude that the results of the recent research in circular economy barriers, eco-innovation, technology and infrastructure were successfully integrated into the framework of this document. Understanding the root causes holding back the circular economy development and the balanced combination of economic and administrative incentives strengthened the Action Plan, and it contributed to the circular economy development in the EU. Conclusions. The measures to stimulate the development of the circular economy proposed in the European Action Plan can be viewed as a prototype for designing similar strategies in other countries, including Russia. Meanwhile, a more detailed analysis of barriers to the circular economy at the level of individual countries and regions is needed.

scholarly journals Economic burden of work injuries and diseases: a framework and application in five European Union countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emile Tompa ◽  
Amirabbas Mofidi ◽  
Swenneke van den Heuvel ◽  
Thijmen van Bree ◽  
Frithjof Michaelsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
National Level ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Work Injuries ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Related Quality

Abstract Background Estimates of the economic burden of work injuries and diseases can help policymakers prioritize occupational health and safety policies and interventions in order to best allocate scarce resources. Several attempts have been made to estimate these economic burdens at the national level, but most have not included a comprehensive list of cost components, and none have attempted to implement a standard approach across several countries. The aim of our study is to develop a framework for estimating the economic burden of work injuries and diseases and implement it for selected European Union countries. Methods We develop an incidence cost framework using a bottom-up approach to estimate the societal burden of work injuries and diseases and implement it for five European Union countries. Three broad categories of costs are considered—direct healthcare, indirect productivity and intangible health-related quality of life costs. We begin with data on newly diagnosed work injuries and diseases from calendar year 2015. We consider lifetime costs for cases across all categories and incurred by all stakeholders. Sensitivity analysis is undertaken for key parameters. Results Indirect costs are the largest part of the economic burden, then direct costs and intangible costs. As a percentage of GDP, the highest overall costs are for Poland (10.4%), then Italy (6.7%), The Netherlands (3.6%), Germany (3.3%) and Finland (2.7%). The Netherlands has the highest per case costs (€75,342), then Italy (€58,411), Germany (€44,919), Finland (€43,069) and Poland (€38,918). Costs per working-age population are highest for Italy (€4956), then The Netherlands (€2930), Poland (€2793), Germany (€2527) and Finland (€2331). Conclusions Our framework serves as a template for estimating the economic burden of work injuries and diseases across countries in the European Union and elsewhere. Results can assist policymakers with identifying health and safety priority areas based on the magnitude of components, particularly when stratified by key characteristics such as industry, injury/disease, age and sex. Case costing can serve as an input into the economic evaluation of prevention initiatives. Comparisons across countries provide insights into the relevant performance of health and safety systems.

A Tale of Two Entities

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Hossam ElHussini ◽  
Chadi Assi ◽  
Bassam Moussa ◽  
Ribal Atallah ◽  
Ali Ghrayeb
Keyword(s):  
Power Flow ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Communication Protocols ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ev Charging

With the growing market of Electric Vehicles (EV), the procurement of their charging infrastructure plays a crucial role in their adoption. Within the revolution of Internet of Things, the EV charging infrastructure is getting on board with the introduction of smart Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS), a myriad set of communication protocols, and different entities. We provide in this article an overview of this infrastructure detailing the participating entities and the communication protocols. Further, we contextualize the current deployment of EVCSs through the use of available public data. In the light of such a survey, we identify two key concerns, the lack of standardization and multiple points of failures, which renders the current deployment of EV charging infrastructure vulnerable to an array of different attacks. Moreover, we propose a novel attack scenario that exploits the unique characteristics of the EVCSs and their protocol (such as high power wattage and support for reverse power flow) to cause disturbances to the power grid. We investigate three different attack variations; sudden surge in power demand, sudden surge in power supply, and a switching attack. To support our claims, we showcase using a real-world example how an adversary can compromise an EVCS and create a traffic bottleneck by tampering with the charging schedules of EVs. Further, we perform a simulation-based study of the impact of our proposed attack variations on the WSCC 9 bus system. Our simulations show that an adversary can cause devastating effects on the power grid, which might result in blackout and cascading failure by comprising a small number of EVCSs.

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