scholarly journals The Modelling and Experimental Validation of a Cryogenic Packed Bed Regenerator for Liquid Air Energy Storage Applications

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 5155
Author(s):  
Robert Morgan ◽  
Christian Rota ◽  
Emily Pike-Wilson ◽  
Tim Gardhouse ◽  
Cian Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Storage Media

Electrical energy storage will play a key role in the transition to a low carbon energy network. Liquid air energy storage (LAES) is a thermal–mechanical energy storage technology that converts electricity to thermal energy. This energy is stored in three ways: as latent heat in a tank of liquid air, as warm sensible heat in a hot tank and as cold sensible heat in a packed bed regenerator (PBR), which is the focus of this paper. A PBR was selected because the temperature range (−196 °C to 10 °C) prohibits storage in liquid media, as most fluids will undergo a phase change over a near 200 °C temperature range. A change of phase in the storage media would result in exergy destruction and loss of efficiency of the LAES device. Gravel was selected as the storage media, as (a) many gravels are compatible with cryogenic temperatures and (b) the low cost of the material if it can be used with minimal pre-treatment. PBRs have been extensively studied and modelled such as the work by Schumann, described by Wilmott and later by White. However, these models have not been applied to and validated for a low temperature store using gravel. In the present research, a comprehensive modelling and experimental program was undertaken to produce a validated model of a low-temperature PBR. This included a study of the low-temperature properties of various candidate gravels, implementation of a modified Schumann model and validation using a laboratory scale packed bed regenerator. Two sizes of gravel at a range of flow rates were tested. Good agreement between the predicted and measured temperature fields in the PBR was achieved when a correlation factor was applied to account for short circuiting of the storage media through flow around the interface between the walls of the regenerator and storage media.

Parametric Study on the Operating Efficiencies of a Packed Bed for High-Temperature Sensible Heat Storage

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Adebiyi ◽  
E. C. Nsofor ◽  
W. G. Steele ◽  
A. A. Jalalzadeh-Azar
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Storage Media ◽  
Transient Conduction

A comprehensive computer model of a packed bed thermal energy storage system originally developed for storage media employing either sensible heat storage (SHS) materials or phase-change material (PCM), was validated for the sensible heat storage media using a rather extensive set of data obtained with a custom-made experimental facility for high-temperature energy storage. The model is for high-temperature storage and incorporates several features including (a) allowance for media property variations with temperature, (b) provisions for arbitrary initial conditions and time-dependent varying fluid inlet temperature to be set, (c) formulation for axial thermal dispersion effects in the bed, (d) modeling for intraparticle transient conduction in the storage medium, (e) provision for energy storage (or accumulation) in the fluid medium, (f) modeling for the transient conduction in the containment vessel wall, (g) energy recovery in two modes, one with flow direction parallel with that in the storage mode (cocurrent) and the other with flow in the opposite direction (countercurrent), and (h) computation of the first and second-law efficiencies. Parametric studies on the sensible heat storage system were carried out using the validated model to determine the effects of several of the design and operating parameters on the first and second-law efficiencies of the packed bed. Decisions on the thermodynamic optimum system design and operating parameters for the packed bed are based on the second-law evaluations made

Investigation of a High-Temperature Packed-Bed Sensible Heat Thermal Energy Storage System With Large-Sized Elements

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarada Kuravi ◽  
Jamie Trahan ◽  
Yogi Goswami ◽  
Chand Jotshi ◽  
Elias Stefanakos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Thermal Energy Storage ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
Sensible Heat

A high-temperature, sensible heat thermal energy storage (TES) system is designed for use in a central receiver concentrating solar power plant. Air is used as the heat transfer fluid and solid bricks made out of a high storage density material are used for storage. Experiments were performed using a laboratory-scale TES prototype system, and the results are presented. The air inlet temperature was varied between 300 °C to 600 °C, and the flow rate was varied from 50 cubic feet per minute (CFM) to 90 CFM. It was found that the charging time decreases with increase in mass flow rate. A 1D packed-bed model was used to simulate the thermal performance of the system and was validated with the experimental results. Unsteady 1D energy conservation equations were formulated for combined convection and conduction heat transfer and solved numerically for charging/discharging cycles. Appropriate heat transfer and pressure drop correlations from prior literature were identified. A parametric study was done by varying the bed dimensions, fluid flow rate, particle diameter, and porosity to evaluate the charging/discharging characteristics, overall thermal efficiency, and capacity ratio of the system.

scholarly journals Cryogenic energy storage system coupled with packed-bed cold storage

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 00190
Author(s):  
Paweł Wojcieszak ◽  
Ziemowit Malecha
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Storage Unit ◽  
The Impact

Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES) systems are able to improve the stability of electrical grids with large shares of intermittent power plants. In CES systems, excess electrical energy can be used in the liquefaction of cryogenic fluids, which may be stored in large cryogenic vessels for long periods of time. When the demand for electricity is high, work is recovered from the cryogen during a power cycle using ambient or waste heat as an upper heat source. Most research is focused on liquid air energy storage (LAES). However, natural gas can also be a promising working fluid for the CES system. This paper presents a natural gas-based CES system, coupled with a low temperature packed bed cold storage unit. The cold, which is stored at a low temperature level, can be used to increase the efficiency of the cryogenic liquefiers. The model for the packed bed in a high grade cold storage unit was implemented and then compared with the experimental data. The impact of cold recycling on the liquefaction yield and efficiency of the cryogenic energy storage system was investigated

Experimental investigation of sensible thermal energy storage in small sized, different shaped concrete material packed bed

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 386-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganesh S. Warkhade ◽  
A. Veeresh Babu ◽  
Santosh Mane ◽  
Katam Ganesh Babu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Thermal Energy Storage ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Heat Transfer Fluid ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Concrete Material ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
Evaluation Of Data

Purpose Solar energy varies with time, intermittent; an accumulator unit is required to attach with collectors to collect energy for use when the sunshine is not available. This paper aims to design a system for storing the solar sensible heat thermal energy. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents the design and experimental evaluation of sensible heat thermal energy storage (TES) system for its energy storage performance by varying the air flow rate and packing material shape. Heat transfer fluid as air and solid concrete material of high density of different shapes were used for storage. Findings This paper presents the evaluation of data of number of experimental observations on the system. It was found that charging/discharging was based on the shape of the material and void fraction. Originality/value This paper provides the data for designing the TES, considering the concrete as storage material and shape of material for optimizing the system.

Investigation of a High Temperature Packed Bed Sensible Heat Thermal Energy Storage System With Large Sized Elements

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarada Kuravi ◽  
Jamie Trahan ◽  
Yogi Goswami ◽  
Chand Jotshi ◽  
Elias Stefanakos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Thermal Energy Storage ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
Sensible Heat

A high temperature sensible heat thermal energy storage (TES) system is designed for use in a central receiver concentrating solar power plant. Air is used as the heat transfer fluid and solid bricks made out of a high storage density material are used for storage. Experiments were performed using a laboratory scale TES prototype system and the results are presented. The air inlet temperature was varied between 300°C to 600°C and the flow rate was varied from 50 CFM to 90 CFM. It was found that the charging time decreases with increase in mass flow rate. A 1D packed bed model was used to simulate the thermal performance of the system and was validated with the experimental results. Unsteady 1D energy conservation equations were formulated for combined convection and conduction heat transfer, and solved numerically for charging/discharging cycles. Appropriate heat transfer and pressure drop correlations from prior literature were identified. A parametric study was done by varying the bed dimensions, fluid flow rate, particle diameter and porosity to evaluate the charging/discharging characteristics, overall thermal efficiency and capacity ratio of the system.

LSCO Ceramics as Possible Thermoelectric Material for Low Temperature Applications

2007 ◽  
Vol 1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio E. Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Seebeck Coefficient ◽  
Annealing Time ◽  
Oxygen Stoichiometry ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Total Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Metallic Behavior ◽  
Temperature Range

AbstractSeebeck coefficient S(T), thermal conductivity κ(T) and electrical resistivity ρ(T) measurements on polycrystalline La1.85Sr0.15CuO4-δ(LSCO) compounds grown by solid-state reaction method were carried out in the temperature range between 100 and 290K. The obtained samples were submitted to annealing processes of different duration in order to modify their oxygen stoichiometry. The Seebeck coefficient is positive over the measured temperature range and its magnitude increases with the annealing time up to reach values close to 150 µV/K. The electrical resistivity exhibits a metallic behavior, in all samples, ρ(T) takes values less than 1mΩ-cm. As the annealing time increases, the total thermal conductivity increases up to values close to 3 W/K-m. From S(T), κ(T) and ρ(T) data, the thermoelectric power factor (PF) and the dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) were determined. These parameters reach maximum values around 25 µW/K2-cm and 0.18, respectively. The observed behavior in the transport properties become these compounds potential thermoelectric materials, which could be used in low temperature thermoelectric applications.

An Appraisal of One-Dimensional Analytical Models for the Packed Bed Thermal Storage Systems Utilizing Sensible Heat Storage Materials

1996 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Adebiyi ◽  
D. J. Chenevert
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Axial Dispersion ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Heat Storage Materials

This article gives an appraisal of existing analytical one-dimensional models for the packed bed thermal energy storage (TES) systems utilizing sensible heat storage (SHS) materials. The models include that of Schumann, which is for separate phases, but does not include axial conductivity (or dispersion) in the bed, and the single-phase model of Riaz which includes axial dispersion. An alternative axial conductivity model is proposed which compares well with the Schumann model when axial dispersion is negligible, but otherwise caters adequately for axial dispersion at the low Peclet number condition.

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