scholarly journals Analysis on the Fire Growth Rate Index Considering of Scale Factor, Volume Fraction, and Ignition Heat Source for Polyethylene Foam Pipe Insulation

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3644
Author(s):  
Jung Wook Park ◽  
Ohk Kun Lim ◽  
Woo Jun You
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Heat Source ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Scale Factor ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Pipe Insulation

The fire growth rate index (FIGRA), which is the ratio of the maximum value of the heat release rate (Qmax) and the time (tmax) to reach the maximum heat release rate, is a general method to evaluate a material in the fire-retardant performance in fire technology. The object of this study aims to predict FIGRA of the polyethylene foam pipe insulation in accordance with the scale factor (Sf), the volume fraction of the pipe insulation (VF) and the ignition heat source (Qig). The compartments made of fireboard have been mock-up with 1/3, 1/4, and 1/5 reduced scales of the compartment as specified in ISO 20632. The heat release rate data of the pipe insulation with the variation of Sf, VF, and Qig are measured from 33 experiments to correlate with FIGRA. Based on a critical analysis of the heat transfer phenomenon from previous research literature, the predictions of Qmax and tmax are presented. It is noticeable that the fire-retardant grade of the polyethylene foam pipe insulation could have Grade B, C, and D in accordance with the test conditions within ±15% deviation of the predicted FIGRA. In case of establishing the database of various types of insulation, the prediction models could apply to evaluate the fire-retardant performance.

scholarly journals Differences between Free and Compartment Burning of Furniture Part 2 Maximum Heat Release Rate and Fire Growth Rate

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-527
Author(s):  
Akihide Jo ◽  
Takayuki Orito ◽  
Norichika Kakae ◽  
Yoshifumi Ohmiya ◽  
Kaoru Wakatsuki
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Maximum Heat Release

Fire retardant sol–gel coatings for flexible polyurethane foams

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (34) ◽  
pp. 28543-28554 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bellayer ◽  
M. Jimenez ◽  
S. Barrau ◽  
S. Bourbigot
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Sol Gel Process ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane

Untreated flexible polyurethane foams used in upholstered products are prone to rapid fire growth. Sol–gel process was evaluated to flame retard it. A successful intumescent formulation gave 60% reduction of the peak of heat release rate.

Influence of grammage on heat release rate of polypropylene fabrics

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Hernandez ◽  
Rodolphe Sonnier ◽  
Stéphane Giraud
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Time To Ignition ◽  
Moderate Change

The flammability of nine polypropylene fabrics or sheets has been tested using cone calorimeter at various heat fluxes (25, 35, 50, and 75 kW/m2) in order to assess the relevance of this fire test for thermally thin materials. The chosen procedure uses a grid and allows maintaining a constant exposed surface during the test, except for the lightest fabric. The structure of the knitted fabrics has a relatively small influence on the main flammability parameters. On the contrary, the area density of the sample (from 218 to 5729 g/m2) impacts strongly the time to ignition, the peak of heat release rate, and the increase in heat release rate after ignition (fire growth rate). At a fixed heat flux, thicker is the sample, higher are the time to ignition and the peak of heat release rate and lower is the fire growth rate. Moreover, thick samples exhibit the highest sensitivity of peak of heat release rate and the lowest sensitivity of fire growth rate to heat flux. This study emphasizes the fact that a moderate change in weight may have a significant influence on cone calorimeter results, without any significance on real flammability.

scholarly journals Modeling of the Heat Release Rate Curve of Rigid Plastic Combustibles Based on their Geometrical Properties and Constituent Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jaeyoung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Rate Curve ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Rigid Plastic ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Geometrical Properties ◽  
Maximum Heat Release

In this study, we conducted the modeling and generalization of the heat release rate of rigid plastic combustibles with respect to their geometrical properties. The modeling and generalization was carried out using the model proposed by Natori, which is based on the combustion behavior of wooden furniture. Previous studies that have reported the combustion of printers were used for the modeling of the heat release rate of rigid plastic combustibles. The reported heat release rate measurements of the printers were examined to determine their applicability to Natori's model. After their applicability was confirmed, to generalize the heat release rate curve, heat release rate parameters of the combustibles were analyzed with respect to their geometrical properties and constituent materials. The combustibles were classified into two groups based on their geometrical properties, and the fire growth rate, maximum heat release rate, and decay rate represented the heat release rate parameters. Furthermore, the parameters were analyzed as a function of the apparent density of the combustibles. The fire growth rate and maximum heat release rate exhibited a relatively evident correlation with the apparent density, which indicated that an accurate estimation of the heat release rate curve can be obtained from the external dimensions and weight of the combustibles.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION THE FIRE HAZARD OF PLYWOODS USING A CONE CALORIMETER

Wood Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 933-942
Author(s):  
ZHIGANG WU ◽  
XUE DENG ◽  
LIFEN LI ◽  
LIPING YU ◽  
JIE CHEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Safety Level

A high-efficiency fire retardant composition was prepared with dicyandiamide, phosphoric acid, boric acid, borax, urea and magnesium sulfate and it was used to process veneers which were then to prepare the plywood. Meanwhile, heat release and smoke release from combustion of plywood were tested by a cone calorimeter, including heat release rate, mass loss rate, CO yield, CO2 yield and oxygen consumption. Results showed that the plywood with this fire retardant treatment had the better flame-retardant performance and smoke suppression effect as well as the stronger char-forming capability compared to plywood without fire retardant treatment. The average heat release rate, total heat release, average effective heat of combustion, total smoke release, CO yield and oxygen consumption of the plywood with fire retardant treatment were decreased by 63.72%, 91.94%, 53.70%, 76.81%, 84.99% and 91.86%, respectively. Moreover, the fire growth index of plywood treated by fire retardant was relatively low (3.454 kW·m-2·s-1) and it took longer time to reach the peak heat release rate, accompanied with slow fire spreading. The fire performance index was relatively high (0.136 s·m2·kW-1) and it took longer time to be ignited, thus leaving a long time for escaping at fire accidents. The fire hazard of plywood with fire retardant treatment was low, and its safety level was high.

Fire Growth in Standard Tests and Railcars

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Luo ◽  
Soroush Yazdani ◽  
Brian Y. Lattimer
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Fire Dynamics ◽  
Room Corner Test

Large scale flammability performance of interior finish used on railcars has been evaluated in previous studies using the NFPA 286 room corner fire test, which has a cross-section similar to a railcar. In some studies, the wall containing the door was removed to account for the shorter length of the room compared to the railcar length. The focus of this study is to assess whether the NFPA 286 standard room-corner test with a door represents conditions that developed inside a railcar during a fire. Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) was used to model the fire growth in a NFPA 286 standard room-corner test with a door, NFPA 286 room without the wall containing the door, and railcar geometry with a single door open. All three cases had the same exposure fire in a corner and the same lining material. In predictions of the NFPA 286 room-corner test with a door, gas temperature, heat release rate, and time to flashover agreed well with available NFPA 286 standard test data. The simulation results of fire growth inside a railcar with one side door open produced similar conditions and fire growth compared with the standard NFPA 286 room with a door. For simulations on the NFPA 286 room with the wall containing the door removed, it was found that removal of the wall with the door resulted in non-conservative fire growth conditions with the gas temperature and heat release rate under-estimated compared to the standard NFPA 286 room with a door. These simulations indicate that the standard NFPA 286 room-corner test with a door is representative of conditions that would develop inside of a railcar.

Study of Flame Retardancy of Carbon Nanopaper Sheets in Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Composites

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. F. Zhao ◽  
J. Gou
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Carbon Nanofiber ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Transport Barrier ◽  
Engineering Requirement

In recent years, more severe requirement of budget and safety from industrial fields, especially space exploration and defense field, demand a new class of materials whose characteristics can satisfy both various engineering requirement and strict safety standard. The latter demands materials to have good thermal properties and significantly improved fire retardant property. In this research, multifunctional materials with layered structures are made from polyester resin, glass fiber mats and carbon nanofibers (CNFs). CNFs are added to the resin component of the composite laminates as additives in pulverised form and carbon nanofiber paper sheets (CNFS), respectively. Their flammability behaviors are investigated with cone calorimeter under well-controlled combustion conditions. And their heat release rate and other test parameters are compared and discussed, such as ignition time, heat release rate (HRR), peak heat release rate (PHRR), and so on. Although its PHRR is sharply increased to higher level for CNFS enforced composite laminates, its HRR curve is lowered greatly in most flaming time. Therefore, the pre-incorporated CNFS may act as an excellent insulator and mass transport barrier, improving the flame retardant property.

Research on the Capability and Application of Flame Retardant Cable

2011 ◽  
Vol 217-218 ◽  
pp. 631-635
Author(s):  
Yong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardant Property ◽  
Time To Ignition ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Yield

This paper, analyzes some parameters with the help of Cone Calorimeter (CONE) for the time to ignition, smoke extinction area, heat release rate, carbon monoxide yield and mass loss rate. The results show that the fire retardant agents affect KVV’s flame retardant property. Such as TTI ( time to ignition ) is prolonged to nearly two times, and the average HRR ( heat release rate ) reduces about 18% compared with the ordinary one and the maximum HRR down about 33%of its counterpart.

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