Fire retardant sol–gel coatings for flexible polyurethane foams

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (34) ◽  
pp. 28543-28554 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bellayer ◽  
M. Jimenez ◽  
S. Barrau ◽  
S. Bourbigot
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Sol Gel Process ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane

Untreated flexible polyurethane foams used in upholstered products are prone to rapid fire growth. Sol–gel process was evaluated to flame retard it. A successful intumescent formulation gave 60% reduction of the peak of heat release rate.

scholarly journals Analysis on the Fire Growth Rate Index Considering of Scale Factor, Volume Fraction, and Ignition Heat Source for Polyethylene Foam Pipe Insulation

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3644
Author(s):  
Jung Wook Park ◽  
Ohk Kun Lim ◽  
Woo Jun You
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Heat Source ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Scale Factor ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Pipe Insulation

The fire growth rate index (FIGRA), which is the ratio of the maximum value of the heat release rate (Qmax) and the time (tmax) to reach the maximum heat release rate, is a general method to evaluate a material in the fire-retardant performance in fire technology. The object of this study aims to predict FIGRA of the polyethylene foam pipe insulation in accordance with the scale factor (Sf), the volume fraction of the pipe insulation (VF) and the ignition heat source (Qig). The compartments made of fireboard have been mock-up with 1/3, 1/4, and 1/5 reduced scales of the compartment as specified in ISO 20632. The heat release rate data of the pipe insulation with the variation of Sf, VF, and Qig are measured from 33 experiments to correlate with FIGRA. Based on a critical analysis of the heat transfer phenomenon from previous research literature, the predictions of Qmax and tmax are presented. It is noticeable that the fire-retardant grade of the polyethylene foam pipe insulation could have Grade B, C, and D in accordance with the test conditions within ±15% deviation of the predicted FIGRA. In case of establishing the database of various types of insulation, the prediction models could apply to evaluate the fire-retardant performance.

scholarly journals Influence of Density on Foam Collapse under Burning

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Abdoul Fayçal Baguian ◽  
Salifou Koucka Ouiminga ◽  
Claire Longuet ◽  
Anne-Sophie Caro-Bretelle ◽  
Stéphane Corn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Pool Fire ◽  
Macroscopic Model ◽  
Infrared Cameras ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane

The fire behaviour of flexible polyurethane foams was studied using a cone calorimeter, with a special emphasis on the collapse step. Only one peak of heat release rate, ranging from 200 to 450 kW/m2, is observed for thin foams, depending on the foam density and the heat flux. On the contrary, heat release rate (HRR) curves exhibit two peaks for 10 cm-thick foams, the second one corresponding to the pool fire formed after foam collapse. In all cases, the collapse occurs at a constant rate through the whole thickness. The rate of the recession of the front was calculated using digital and infrared cameras. Interestingly, its value is relatively constant whatever the heat flux (especially between 25 and 35 kW/m2), probably because of the very low heat conductivity preventing heat transfer through the thickness. The rate increases for the lightest foam but the fraction of burnt polymer during collapse is constant. Therefore, the pool fire is more intense for the densest foam. A simple macroscopic model taking into account only the heat transfer into the foam leads to much lower front recession rates, evidencing that the collapse is piloted by the cell walls’ rigidity.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION THE FIRE HAZARD OF PLYWOODS USING A CONE CALORIMETER

Wood Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 933-942
Author(s):  
ZHIGANG WU ◽  
XUE DENG ◽  
LIFEN LI ◽  
LIPING YU ◽  
JIE CHEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Safety Level

A high-efficiency fire retardant composition was prepared with dicyandiamide, phosphoric acid, boric acid, borax, urea and magnesium sulfate and it was used to process veneers which were then to prepare the plywood. Meanwhile, heat release and smoke release from combustion of plywood were tested by a cone calorimeter, including heat release rate, mass loss rate, CO yield, CO2 yield and oxygen consumption. Results showed that the plywood with this fire retardant treatment had the better flame-retardant performance and smoke suppression effect as well as the stronger char-forming capability compared to plywood without fire retardant treatment. The average heat release rate, total heat release, average effective heat of combustion, total smoke release, CO yield and oxygen consumption of the plywood with fire retardant treatment were decreased by 63.72%, 91.94%, 53.70%, 76.81%, 84.99% and 91.86%, respectively. Moreover, the fire growth index of plywood treated by fire retardant was relatively low (3.454 kW·m-2·s-1) and it took longer time to reach the peak heat release rate, accompanied with slow fire spreading. The fire performance index was relatively high (0.136 s·m2·kW-1) and it took longer time to be ignited, thus leaving a long time for escaping at fire accidents. The fire hazard of plywood with fire retardant treatment was low, and its safety level was high.

Fire Growth in Standard Tests and Railcars

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Luo ◽  
Soroush Yazdani ◽  
Brian Y. Lattimer
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Fire Dynamics ◽  
Room Corner Test

Large scale flammability performance of interior finish used on railcars has been evaluated in previous studies using the NFPA 286 room corner fire test, which has a cross-section similar to a railcar. In some studies, the wall containing the door was removed to account for the shorter length of the room compared to the railcar length. The focus of this study is to assess whether the NFPA 286 standard room-corner test with a door represents conditions that developed inside a railcar during a fire. Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) was used to model the fire growth in a NFPA 286 standard room-corner test with a door, NFPA 286 room without the wall containing the door, and railcar geometry with a single door open. All three cases had the same exposure fire in a corner and the same lining material. In predictions of the NFPA 286 room-corner test with a door, gas temperature, heat release rate, and time to flashover agreed well with available NFPA 286 standard test data. The simulation results of fire growth inside a railcar with one side door open produced similar conditions and fire growth compared with the standard NFPA 286 room with a door. For simulations on the NFPA 286 room with the wall containing the door removed, it was found that removal of the wall with the door resulted in non-conservative fire growth conditions with the gas temperature and heat release rate under-estimated compared to the standard NFPA 286 room with a door. These simulations indicate that the standard NFPA 286 room-corner test with a door is representative of conditions that would develop inside of a railcar.

scholarly journals Differences between Free and Compartment Burning of Furniture Part 2 Maximum Heat Release Rate and Fire Growth Rate

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-527
Author(s):  
Akihide Jo ◽  
Takayuki Orito ◽  
Norichika Kakae ◽  
Yoshifumi Ohmiya ◽  
Kaoru Wakatsuki
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Maximum Heat Release

Assessing fire-blocking effectiveness of barrier fabrics in the cone calorimeter

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4-6) ◽  
pp. 340-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shonali Nazare ◽  
William M. Pitts ◽  
John Shields ◽  
Elizabeth Knowlton ◽  
Benito De Leon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Flame Extinction ◽  
Burning Behavior ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane ◽  
Flame Retardant Chemicals

Cone calorimetry experiments of on flexible polyurethane foam and flexible polyurethane foam covered with a variety of fire-blocking barrier fabrics were used to characterize and rank the effectiveness of barrier fabrics with the ultimate goal being an ability to predict the effectiveness of barrier fabrics for reducing the flammability of residential upholstered furniture. The primary measure used to characterize the burning behavior was heat release rate. The effect of the underlying sample substrate was shown to have a large effect on the burning behavior of flexible polyurethane foam samples, and a thermally insulating substrate was used during composite experiments. At times, rapid heat release rate fluctuations were observed, and in such cases approximate corrections were applied to correct for finite cone calorimeter time response. Measurements using thermocouples placed within the flexible polyurethane foam provided insights on flexible polyurethane foam pyrolysis behavior, the collapse rate of flexible polyurethane foam, and the thermal protective properties of barrier materials. Heat release rate temporal profiles for flexible polyurethane foam showed two distinct burning stages with peak values which have been attributed to sequential burning of species (primarily) derived from the diamine ( PHRR1) and polyol components ( PHRR2) used to manufacture the flexible polyurethane foam. When a barrier fabric was added, many of the composites displayed a three-stage burning behavior which was attributed to an initial short, intense burning (termed flash burning) stage associated with the barrier fabric covering followed by the two flexible polyurethane foam stages. Seven out of 16 flexible polyurethane foam/barrier fabric composites exhibited flame extinction prior to fuel burn out. Five out of the seven composites reignited when the spark ignition source was reapplied. Reignition allowed barrier fabric effectiveness to be assessed even for cases with flame extinction. Barrier fabric performance was shown to be consistent with four properties that were previously identified as important barrier fabric properties: barrier fabric flammability, gas permeability, thermal protection, and physical integrity. In addition, the current experiments indicate the presence and effectiveness of gas-phase active flame retardants in the barrier fabric can also play an important role. A limited number of tests were conducted to de-couple the effects of flame-retardant chemicals and physical effects of barrier fabrics on flexible polyurethane foam burning behavior. These tests showed that while flame-retardant chemicals can be effective in quenching and extinguishing the flames, the presence of effective barrier fabric shells is also very important in lowering the heat release rate of burning flexible polyurethane foam. In general, the presence of a barrier fabric was shown to reduce the heat release rate peak values during both flexible polyurethane foam burning stages. The magnitude of the peak associated with second-stage flexible polyurethane foam burning was deemed the most appropriate for characterizing the thermal protection provided by a barrier fabric. Since the times for PHRR2 also varied between composites, a measurement referred to as the peak fire growth rate (PFIGRA) parameter was calculated by dividing the heat release rate by time since time to ignition and PFIGRA2 was also considered for characterizing the barrier fabrics. Three possible classification schemes, each consisting of three classes, were introduced based on composite flame extinction and reignition behavior, PHRR2 values, and PFIGRA2 values. Each scheme provided differentiation between barrier fabric effectiveness. While the schemes were able to assess whether the barrier fabrics were particularly effective or ineffective, there were variations among classes of barrier fabrics having intermediate levels of effectiveness. Further work will be required to assess which, if any, of the classification schemes are most appropriate for predicting barrier fabric performance in residential upholstered furniture.

Study of Flame Retardancy of Carbon Nanopaper Sheets in Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Composites

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. F. Zhao ◽  
J. Gou
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Carbon Nanofiber ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Transport Barrier ◽  
Engineering Requirement

In recent years, more severe requirement of budget and safety from industrial fields, especially space exploration and defense field, demand a new class of materials whose characteristics can satisfy both various engineering requirement and strict safety standard. The latter demands materials to have good thermal properties and significantly improved fire retardant property. In this research, multifunctional materials with layered structures are made from polyester resin, glass fiber mats and carbon nanofibers (CNFs). CNFs are added to the resin component of the composite laminates as additives in pulverised form and carbon nanofiber paper sheets (CNFS), respectively. Their flammability behaviors are investigated with cone calorimeter under well-controlled combustion conditions. And their heat release rate and other test parameters are compared and discussed, such as ignition time, heat release rate (HRR), peak heat release rate (PHRR), and so on. Although its PHRR is sharply increased to higher level for CNFS enforced composite laminates, its HRR curve is lowered greatly in most flaming time. Therefore, the pre-incorporated CNFS may act as an excellent insulator and mass transport barrier, improving the flame retardant property.

Research on the Capability and Application of Flame Retardant Cable

2011 ◽  
Vol 217-218 ◽  
pp. 631-635
Author(s):  
Yong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardant Property ◽  
Time To Ignition ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Yield

This paper, analyzes some parameters with the help of Cone Calorimeter (CONE) for the time to ignition, smoke extinction area, heat release rate, carbon monoxide yield and mass loss rate. The results show that the fire retardant agents affect KVV’s flame retardant property. Such as TTI ( time to ignition ) is prolonged to nearly two times, and the average HRR ( heat release rate ) reduces about 18% compared with the ordinary one and the maximum HRR down about 33%of its counterpart.

scholarly journals Effects of Fire Retardant Chemicals and Retention on Heat Release Rate of Wood

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 276-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichi Kikuchi ◽  
Satoshi Maeda
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Fire Retardant
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