scholarly journals Energy Efficiency in Transportation along with the Belt and Road Countries

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usman Akbar ◽  
József Popp ◽  
Hameed Khan ◽  
Muhammad Asif Khan ◽  
Judit Oláh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Regional Stability ◽  
Bad Output ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Oil Jet ◽  
The Belt And Road

China’s huge investment in the “belt and road initiative” (BRI) may have helped improve the economic level of participating countries, but it may also be accompanied by a substantial increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The BRI corridors aim to bring regional stability and prosperity. In such efforts, energy efficiency due to increased transport has been overlooked in the recent literature. This paper employed a data envelopment analysis of the slack-based measurement (SBM) for bad output to assess the transport energy efficiency of 19 countries under the BRI economic corridors. By using the most cited transport-related input variables, such as vehicles, labor, motor oil, jet fuel, and natural gas, this study first analyzes the transport energy efficiency by first assuming the output variables individually and then takes two years as a pre- and post-BRI case by considering the aggregated output model. The results show an increase in economic activity but a decline in transport energy efficiency in terms of consumption and emissions.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous Effects of the Belt and Road Initiative on Energy Efficiency in Participating Countries

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5594
Author(s):  
Yan Wu ◽  
Cong Hu ◽  
Xunpeng Shi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Difference In Difference ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Development Capacity ◽  
Heterogeneous Effects ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Belt and Road investment involves a large number of renewable energy projects, but whether the energy efficiency is linked to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) cooperation has yet to be established in the literature. This research attempts to close this gap by looking at how the BRI affects the energy efficiency of participating nations after the fact through a counterfactual analysis. Based on the Difference-in-Difference-in-Difference (DDD) and quantile DID methods for the panel dataset covering 178 nations and areas for the period of 2002 to 2018, we explored the impacts of BRI on energy efficiency vary by different energy efficiency quantiles, resource endowments, and income levels. First, the positive effects of BRI are significant in medium-and high-energy efficiency quantiles but are not significant in low-energy efficiency quantiles for up to 30%. Second, the BRI tends to increase more energy efficiencies in resource-rich BRI countries than those in resource-poor BRI countries. Third, the BRI tends to increase more energy efficiencies in low-income BRI countries than those in high-income BRI countries. The findings can assist BRI countries in improving energy efficiency and sustainable development capacity under the initiative, thus resolving the increasing anxieties in climate change and environmental pollution in this area.

scholarly journals Belt and Road Initiative and Railway Sector Efficiency—Application of Networked Benchmarking Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weidong Li ◽  
Olli-Pekka Hilmola
Keyword(s):  
Data Envelopment ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
First Time ◽  
Development Perspective ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Different Levels

In recent years, there has been a lot of attention paid to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which aims to invest in better connecting China, South-East Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe. As countries that share the same continent, and are in many cases without proper sea connection (landlocked), the key mode of long-distance transportation is railways. However, numerous countries have different levels of past investments, labor productivity, transportation profile, and culture surrounding railways, and all of this leads to differences in overall efficiency. In this research, we apply well established and widely used data envelopment analysis (DEA) to evaluate the longitudinal efficiency of railway operations. This is the first time such an analysis is completed on the Belt and Road member countries. Efficiency itself hardly improved at all during the examination period, whether in passenger and freight or just freight transports. China itself represents an important benchmark for many countries, as its efficiency is all the time highest possible. In the network benchmarking analysis, it was shown that China, Estonia, Latvia, and Israel are often proposed benchmarks for the others to increase their efficiency in the future. From efficiency development perspective, Chinese railway sector is beneficial and more balanced to be benchmarked as compared to other significantly sized railway countries, like India or Russia.

ASEAN amid China’s Vision of the Belt and Road and the US Strategy for the Indo-Pacific: Building a Strategic Bridge to Two Great Power Initiatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 1950026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basil C. Bitas
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Regional Stability ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Honest Broker ◽  
The Us ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

This commentary examines China’s Belt and Road Initiative and the US Indo-Pacific strategy as manifestations of an ongoing geopolitical rivalry in Asia and Southeast Asia and further details ASEAN’s potential to act as a strategic bridge for tamping down tensions and thereby promoting regional development. The Belt and Road Initiative and the Indo-Pacific strategy are cast as “dual-purpose” initiatives, reflecting both an economic and a strategic military dimension. This commentary analyzes these developments as part of an overall matrix and suggests that by virtue of its history, orientation and current economic aspirations, ASEAN can legitimately assume the role of “honest broker” to advance regional stability and commercial connectivity at this critical juncture.

scholarly journals Analysing the Energy Efficiency of EU Member States: The Potential of Energy Recovery from Waste in the Circular Economy

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3718 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Halkos ◽  
Kleoniki Natalia Petrou
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Final Energy Consumption ◽  
The Eu

This paper examines energy efficiency across 28 selected European Union (EU) Member States and reviews the potential for energy recovery from waste according to the efficiency scores obtained. The efficiencies are assessed through data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the following variables are used, inputs: final energy consumption, labour, capital, population density and outputs: gross domestic product (GDP), nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, sulphur oxide (SOx) emissions and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the years 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016. Results show that most countries maintain their efficiency scores with only a few marginally improving theirs and at the same time, it is noticed that most are decreasing after 2012. Based on these efficiency scores, this paper recommends moving towards waste-to-energy with two main objectives, namely sufficient and sustainable energy production and effective treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW). This option would enhance the circular economy, whereas prioritization needs to be given to prevention, preparation for reuse, recycling and energy recovery through to disposal. Together with the EU Commission’s competition strategy, these options would ensure reliable energy supplies at rational prices and with the least environmental impacts. Moreover the efficiency scores need to be examined along the financial crisis which has been affecting the EU since 2008, showing a decrease in those efficiency scores after 2012 under a more imminent crisis.

scholarly journals Impacts of OFDI on Host Country Energy Consumption and Home Country Energy Efficiency Based on a Belt and Road Perspective

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7343
Author(s):  
Xing Zhou ◽  
Quan Guo ◽  
Ming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Development Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Belt And Road

Under the Belt and Road concepts of mutual benefit and win–win cooperation, China is strengthening its energy cooperation with other countries. We used several econometric models and social network analysis models to study the impacts of China’s outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) on the host and home countries. We first examined China’s OFDI location preference and analysed the effects of OFDI on energy consumption in host countries. Meanwhile, we observed the impact of the reverse spillover effect of OFDI on China’s energy efficiency. The results indicate that (1) the impact of China’s OFDI on energy consumption in host countries has been lower than that on neighbouring countries, and increased significantly after 2014. (2) The space network of energy consumption in Belt and Road countries has a strict hierarchical structure. However, it was disbanded by the Belt and Road policy in 2014. The network centres are situated primarily in Middle Eastern and European countries, and the network’s periphery is mainly in South-East and West Asian countries. (3) The reverse spillover effects of OFDI, FDI, domestic R&D absorptive capacity, human capital, and financial development levels are conducive to improving China’s energy efficiency whereas regional professionalism does the opposite.

scholarly journals Evaluate Typhoon Disasters in 21st Century Maritime Silk Road by Super-Efficiency DEA

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobing Yu ◽  
Hong Chen ◽  
Chenliang Li
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Super Efficiency ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Efficiency Data

The Belt and Road Initiative involves many countries and areas. As the introducer, China plays a key role in the initiative. However, the coastal areas in China have frequently been hit by typhoons that lead to huge casualties and economic losses. In order to reduce damages caused by natural disasters, this paper selected the coastal regions of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road as the study areas, specifically Shanghai, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Fujian, and Hainan, to estimate the vulnerability to typhoon disasters based on the historical data about typhoon disasters and the super-efficiency data envelopment analysis (DEA) evaluation model. Although Shanghai is a low-vulnerable region, it needs to pay close attention to the risk of typhoon disasters due to the outstanding economic influence. In addition, it was found that the vulnerability to typhoons in Zhejiang, Guangdong, and Hainan showed a dramatic fluctuation from 2011 to 2016, and Zhejiang’s vulnerability in 2013 was extremely high compared to other years. Meanwhile, Guangdong and Hainan are highly vulnerable areas, suffering from typhoon disasters heavily. Moreover, the vulnerability to typhoons for Fujian is relatively low.

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