scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review on Bypass Diode Application on Photovoltaic Modules

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romênia G. Vieira ◽  
Fábio M. U. de Araújo ◽  
Mahmoud Dhimish ◽  
Maria I. S. Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Extensive Experience ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Bypass Diode ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Fast Development ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
Installed Capacity

Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy has shown significant expansion on the installed capacity over the last years. Most of its power systems are installed on rooftops, integrated into buildings. Considering the fast development of PV plants, it has becoming even more critical to understand the performance and reliability of such systems. One of the most common problems faced in PV plants occurs when solar cells receive non-uniform irradiance or partially shaded. The consequences of shading generally are prevented by bypass diodes. A significant number of studies and technical reports have been published as of today, based on extensive experience from research and field feedbacks. However, such material has not been cataloged or analyzed from a perspective of the technological evolution of bypass diodes devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review and highlights recent advances, ongoing research, and prospects, as reported in the literature, on bypass diode application on photovoltaic modules. First, it outlines the shading effect and hotspot problem on PV modules. Following, it explains bypass diodes’ working principle, as well as discusses how such devices can impact power output and PV modules’ reliability. Then, it gives a thorough review of recently published research, as well as the state of the art in the field. In conclusion, it makes a discussion on the overview and challenges to bypass diode as a mitigation technique.

scholarly journals Origin of Bypass Diode Fault in c-Si Photovoltaic Modules: Leakage Current under High Surrounding Temperature

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woo Shin ◽  
Suk Ko ◽  
Hyung Song ◽  
Young Ju ◽  
Hye Hwang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Leakage Current ◽  
Schottky Diode ◽  
Crystalline Silicon ◽  
Operating Voltage ◽  
Reverse Voltage ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Bypass Diode ◽  
Pv Modules

Bypass diodes have been widely utilized in crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaic (PV) modules to maximize the output of a PV module array under partially shaded conditions. A Schottky diode is used as the bypass diode in c-Si PV modules due to its low operating voltage. In this work, we systematically investigated the origin of bypass diode faults in c-Si PV modules operated outdoors. The temperature of the inner junction box where the bypass diode is installed increases as the ambient temperature increases. Its temperature rises to over 70 °C on sunny days in summer. As the temperature of the junction box increases from 25 to 70 °C, the leakage current increases up to 35 times under a reverse voltage of 15 V. As a result of the high leakage current of the bypass diode at high temperature, melt down of the junction barrier between the metal and semiconductor has been observed in damaged diodes collected from abnormally functioning PV modules. Thus, it is believed that the constant leakage current applied to the junction caused the melting of the junction, thereby resulting in a failure of both the bypass diode and the c-Si PV module.

scholarly journals Migration of Sn and Pb from Solder Ribbon onto Ag Fingers in Field-Aged Silicon Photovoltaic Modules

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wonwook Oh ◽  
Seongtak Kim ◽  
Soohyun Bae ◽  
Nochang Park ◽  
Sung-Il Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Galvanic Corrosion ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Si Solar Cells ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Moisture Condensation ◽  
Acceleration Test ◽  
Light Induced Plating

We investigated the migration of Sn and Pb onto the Ag fingers of crystalline Si solar cells in photovoltaic modules aged in field for 6 years. Layers of Sn and Pb were found on the Ag fingers down to the edge of the solar cells. This phenomenon is not observed in a standard acceleration test condition for PV modules. In contrast to the acceleration test conditions, field aging subjects the PV modules to solar irradiation and moisture condensation at the interface between the solar cells and the encapsulant. The solder ribbon releases Sn and Pb via repeated galvanic corrosion and the Sn and Pb precipitate on Ag fingers due to the light-induced plating under solar irradiation.

Current Status, Design and Performance Trends for the Regenerative Flow Compressors and Pumps

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukarrum Raheel ◽  
Abraham Engeda
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The Family ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
Low Specific Speed ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Regenerative Flow

Regenerative flow compressors and pumps, hereafter called RFC/RFP have found many applications in industry; still they are the most neglected turbomachines in the family of dynamic compressors. The number of publications existing in literature is very small compared to the large number of papers about the centrifugal and axial turbocompressors. This paper gives a detail discussion of fundamentals and working principle of regenerative turbomachines. Regenerative compressors are compared with centrifugal compressors and the importance of regenerative turbomachines in low specific speed range is emphasized. The major findings of available literature on regenerative turbomachine are summarized. The current status, limitations and some of the challenges faced by RFC/RFP are assessed in context of performance improvement. The paper concludes with an overview of ongoing research and future directions to be followed for performance improvement of this neglected class of turbomachines.

scholarly journals A Study of Optimal Specifications for Light Shelves with Photovoltaic Modules to Improve Indoor Comfort and Save Building Energy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2574
Author(s):  
Heangwoo Lee ◽  
Xiaolong Zhao ◽  
Janghoo Seo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Building Energy Efficiency ◽  
Efficiency Change ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Indoor Comfort

Recent studies on light shelves found that building energy efficiency could be maximized by applying photovoltaic (PV) modules to light shelf reflectors. Although PV modules generate a substantial amount of heat and change the consumption of indoor heating and cooling energy, performance evaluations carried out thus far have not considered these factors. This study validated the effectiveness of PV module light shelves and determined optimal specifications while considering heating and cooling energy savings. A full-scale testbed was built to evaluate performance according to light shelf variables. The uniformity ratio was found to improve according to the light shelf angle value and decreased as the PV module installation area increased. It was determined that PV modules should be considered in the design of light shelves as their daylighting and concentration efficiency change according to their angles. PV modules installed on light shelves were also found to change the indoor cooling and heating environment; the degree of such change increased as the area of the PV module increased. Lastly, light shelf specifications for reducing building energy, including heating and cooling energy, were not found to apply to PV modules since PV modules on light shelf reflectors increase building energy consumption.

scholarly journals An Improved Generalized Method for Evaluation of Parameters, Modeling, and Simulation of Photovoltaic Modules

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vandana Jha ◽  
Uday Shankar Triar
Keyword(s):  
Modeling And Simulation ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Evaluation Of Parameters ◽  
Output Characteristics ◽  
Matlab Programming

This paper proposes an improved generalized method for evaluation of parameters, modeling, and simulation of photovoltaic modules. A new concept “Level of Improvement” has been proposed for evaluating unknown parameters of the nonlinear I-V equation of the single-diode model of PV module at any environmental condition, taking the manufacturer-specified data at Standard Test Conditions as inputs. The main contribution of the new concept is the improvement in the accuracy of values of evaluated parameters up to various levels and is based on mathematical equations of PV modules. The proposed evaluating method is implemented by MATLAB programming and, for demonstration, by using the values of parameters of the I-V equation obtained from programming results, a PV module model is build with MATLAB. The parameters evaluated by the proposed technique are validated with the datasheet values of six different commercially available PV modules (thin film, monocrystalline, and polycrystalline) at Standard Test Conditions and Nominal Operating Cell Temperature Conditions. The module output characteristics generated by the proposed method are validated with experimental data of FS-270 PV module. The effects of variation of ideality factor and resistances on output characteristics are also studied. The superiority of the proposed technique is proved.

scholarly journals LabVIEW Interface for Controlling a Test Bench for Photovoltaic Modules and Extraction of Various Parameters

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abderrezak Guenounou ◽  
Ali Malek ◽  
Michel Aillerie ◽  
Achour Mahrane
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Graphical Interface ◽  
Detailed Report ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Computer Controlled ◽  
Physical Phenomena

Numerical simulation using mathematical models that take into account physical phenomena governing the operation of solar cells is a powerful tool to predict the energy production of photovoltaic modules prior to installation in a given site. These models require some parameters that manufacturers do not generally give. In addition, the availability of a tool for the control and the monitoring of performances of PV modules is of great importance for researchers, manufacturers and distributors of PV solutions. In this paper, a test and characterization protocol of PV modules is presented. It consists of an outdoor computer controlled test bench using a LabVIEW graphical interface. In addition to the measuring of the IV characteristics, it provides all the parameters of PV modules with the possibility to display and print a detailed report for each test. After the presentation of the test bench and the developed graphical interface, the obtained results based on an experimental example are presented.

scholarly journals Performance evaluation of polycrystalline photovoltaic modules in a Guinea Savanna and Mangrove swamp

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 011-021
Author(s):  
Nsed Ayip Akonjom ◽  
John Iyang Umuji ◽  
Ukoette Jeremiah Ekah
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Solar Flux ◽  
Mangrove Swamp ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Power Meter ◽  
Guinea Savanna ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Pv Modules

This central idea of this research is to investigate how voltage, current, power output and efficiency of polycrystalline photovoltaic (PV) modules installed in a Guinea Savanna and Mangrove Swamp is affected by temperature, relative humidity and irradiance. The study locations are Calabar (mangrove swamp) and Ogoja (guinea savanna), in Cross River State, Nigeria. Two polycrystalline PV modules of exact specification mounted on a platform one-metre-high above the ground were used. A digital solar power meter (SM206) and a digital solar flux meter (MS 6616) was used to monitor and measure solar power and solar flux reaching the PV modules. A digital hygrometer and thermometer (KT-908) were used to monitor and measure the relative humidity and ambient temperature level at the height of installation and a digital multimeter (M880C+) accompanied with a temperature sensor was used to monitor voltage, current and panel temperature values from the modules. Analysis of the collected data reveals that the efficiency of the modules were not constant throughout the day. However, a higher voltage production and efficiency level was obtained for the PV module installed in Ogoja than that installed in Calabar under their respective levels of relative humidity, temperature and irradiance.

scholarly journals Electric Ferry Ecosystem for Sustainable Inter-Island Transport in Philippines: A Pilot Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 3570-3575
Author(s):  
E. V. Palconit ◽  
M. L. S. Abundo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Management System ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
First Case ◽  
Pv Modules

An electric boat system as a pilot study for the electric ferry was designed and field-tested in Samal Island, Philippines, to verify sustainability for inter-island transport. This pilot study uses 4.5m monohull with a displacement weight of 343kg. During the experiment, two cases were compared: in the first case the boat was powered solely with batteries and in the other case with the aid of photovoltaic (PV) modules. For the first case, 24V electric propulsion was driven by two 12V, 100Ah batteries, which resulted to a navigational range of around 18, 16 and 15 trips with energy consumption of 111.64Wh, 117.19Wh and 123.92Wh respectively. In the second case, the photovoltaic modules were attached on the boat to supplement the PV used while on sail. Results in the second case showed that PV module supplemented energy was about to 13.4%, 26.8% and 38.7% using three different speeds like 3.18, 3.32 and 3.84knots and the navigational range extended to 4km, 1km, and 14.4km respectively. Therefore, the electric boat with the aid of PV module answers the problem in the energy management system that deals with the sustainability of the system in the inter-island transport in Philippines.

Reliability degradation prediction of photovoltaic modules based on dependability methods

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadef Hefaidh ◽  
Djebabra Mébarek ◽  
Belkhir Negrou ◽  
Zied Driss
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Fault Tree Analysis ◽  
Reliability Prediction ◽  
Accelerated Tests ◽  
Tree Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Criticality Analysis

PurposeThe reliability prediction is among the most important objectives for achieving overall system performance, and this prediction carried out by anticipating system performance degradation. In this context, the purpose of this research paper is to development of methodology for the photovoltaic (PV) modules' reliability prediction taking into account their future operating context.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed methodology is framed by dependability methods, in this regard, two methods of dysfunctional analysis were used, the Failure Mode and Effects Criticality Analysis (FMECA) method is carried out for identification of the degradation modes, and the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method is used for identification the causes of PV modules degradation and the parameters influencing its degradation. Then, based on these parameters, accelerated tests have been used to predict the reliability of PV modules.FindingsThe application of the proposed methodology on PWX 500 PV modules' in different regions of Algeria makes it possible to predict its reliability, taking into account the future constraints on its operation. In this case, the temperature and relative humidity vary from one region to another was chosen as constraints. The results obtained from the different regions confirms the reliability provided by the designer of the Saharan cities Biskra, In Salah, Tamanraset, and affirms this value for the two Mediterranean cities of Oran and Algiers.Originality/valueThe proposed methodology is developed for the reliability prediction of the PV modules taking into account their future operating context and, the choice of different regions confirms or disproves the reliability provided by the designer of the PV modules studied. This application confirms their performance within the framework of the reliability prediction.

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