scholarly journals Origin of Bypass Diode Fault in c-Si Photovoltaic Modules: Leakage Current under High Surrounding Temperature

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woo Shin ◽  
Suk Ko ◽  
Hyung Song ◽  
Young Ju ◽  
Hye Hwang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Leakage Current ◽  
Schottky Diode ◽  
Crystalline Silicon ◽  
Operating Voltage ◽  
Reverse Voltage ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Bypass Diode ◽  
Pv Modules

Bypass diodes have been widely utilized in crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaic (PV) modules to maximize the output of a PV module array under partially shaded conditions. A Schottky diode is used as the bypass diode in c-Si PV modules due to its low operating voltage. In this work, we systematically investigated the origin of bypass diode faults in c-Si PV modules operated outdoors. The temperature of the inner junction box where the bypass diode is installed increases as the ambient temperature increases. Its temperature rises to over 70 °C on sunny days in summer. As the temperature of the junction box increases from 25 to 70 °C, the leakage current increases up to 35 times under a reverse voltage of 15 V. As a result of the high leakage current of the bypass diode at high temperature, melt down of the junction barrier between the metal and semiconductor has been observed in damaged diodes collected from abnormally functioning PV modules. Thus, it is believed that the constant leakage current applied to the junction caused the melting of the junction, thereby resulting in a failure of both the bypass diode and the c-Si PV module.

scholarly journals Study on Mitigation Method of Solder Corrosion for Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju-Hee Kim ◽  
Jongsung Park ◽  
Donghwan Kim ◽  
Nochang Park
Keyword(s):  
Crystalline Silicon ◽  
Corrosion Mechanism ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Voltage Mapping ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Mapping Analysis ◽  
In Series

The corrosion of 62Sn36Pb2Ag solder connections poses serious difficulties for outdoor-exposed photovoltaic (PV) modules, as connection degradation contributes to the increase in series resistance (RS) of PV modules. In this study, we investigated a corrosion mitigation method based on the corrosion mechanism. The effect of added sacrificial metal on the reliability of PV modules was evaluated using the oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction under damp heat (DH) conditions. Experimental results after exposure to DH show that the main reason for the decrease in power was a drop in the module’s fill factor. This drop was attributed to the increase ofRS. The drop in output power of the PV module without added sacrificial metal is greater than that of the sample with sacrificial metal. Electroluminescence and current-voltage mapping analysis also show that the PV module with sacrificial metal experienced less degradation than the sample without sacrificial metal.

scholarly journals A Study of Optimal Specifications for Light Shelves with Photovoltaic Modules to Improve Indoor Comfort and Save Building Energy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2574
Author(s):  
Heangwoo Lee ◽  
Xiaolong Zhao ◽  
Janghoo Seo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Building Energy Efficiency ◽  
Efficiency Change ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Indoor Comfort

Recent studies on light shelves found that building energy efficiency could be maximized by applying photovoltaic (PV) modules to light shelf reflectors. Although PV modules generate a substantial amount of heat and change the consumption of indoor heating and cooling energy, performance evaluations carried out thus far have not considered these factors. This study validated the effectiveness of PV module light shelves and determined optimal specifications while considering heating and cooling energy savings. A full-scale testbed was built to evaluate performance according to light shelf variables. The uniformity ratio was found to improve according to the light shelf angle value and decreased as the PV module installation area increased. It was determined that PV modules should be considered in the design of light shelves as their daylighting and concentration efficiency change according to their angles. PV modules installed on light shelves were also found to change the indoor cooling and heating environment; the degree of such change increased as the area of the PV module increased. Lastly, light shelf specifications for reducing building energy, including heating and cooling energy, were not found to apply to PV modules since PV modules on light shelf reflectors increase building energy consumption.

scholarly journals An Improved Generalized Method for Evaluation of Parameters, Modeling, and Simulation of Photovoltaic Modules

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vandana Jha ◽  
Uday Shankar Triar
Keyword(s):  
Modeling And Simulation ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Evaluation Of Parameters ◽  
Output Characteristics ◽  
Matlab Programming

This paper proposes an improved generalized method for evaluation of parameters, modeling, and simulation of photovoltaic modules. A new concept “Level of Improvement” has been proposed for evaluating unknown parameters of the nonlinear I-V equation of the single-diode model of PV module at any environmental condition, taking the manufacturer-specified data at Standard Test Conditions as inputs. The main contribution of the new concept is the improvement in the accuracy of values of evaluated parameters up to various levels and is based on mathematical equations of PV modules. The proposed evaluating method is implemented by MATLAB programming and, for demonstration, by using the values of parameters of the I-V equation obtained from programming results, a PV module model is build with MATLAB. The parameters evaluated by the proposed technique are validated with the datasheet values of six different commercially available PV modules (thin film, monocrystalline, and polycrystalline) at Standard Test Conditions and Nominal Operating Cell Temperature Conditions. The module output characteristics generated by the proposed method are validated with experimental data of FS-270 PV module. The effects of variation of ideality factor and resistances on output characteristics are also studied. The superiority of the proposed technique is proved.

scholarly journals Feasibility Study of the Technical and Economic Performance of Grid-Connected PV System for Selected Rooftops in UTHM

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Fakrie Mohamad Ali ◽  
◽  
Mohd Noor Abdullah ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Crystalline Silicon ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Electricity Bill ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Energy Metering

This paper presents the feasibility study of the technical and economic performances of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system for selected rooftops in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). The analysis of the electricity consumption and electricity bill data of UTHM campus show that the monthly electricity usage in UTHM campus is very high and expensive. The main purpose of this project is to reduce the annual electricity consumption and electricity bill of UTHM with Net Energy Metering (NEM) scheme. Therefore, the grid-connected PV system has been proposed at Dewan Sultan Ibrahim (DSI), Tunku Tun Aminah Library (TTAL), Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam dan Alam Bina (FKAAS) and F2 buildings UTHM by using three types of PV modules which are mono-crystalline silicon (Mono-Si), poly-crystalline silicon (Poly-Si) and Thin-film. These three PV modules were modeled, simulated and calculated using Helioscope software with the capacity of 2,166.40kWp, 2,046.20kWp and 1,845kWp respectively for the total rooftop area of 190,302.9 ft². The economic analysis was conducted on the chosen three installed PV modules using RETScreen software. As a result, the Mono-Si showed the best PV module that can produce 2,332,327.40 kWh of PV energy, 4.4% of CO₂ reduction, 9.3 years of payback period considering 21 years of the contractual period and profit of RM4,932,274.58 for 11.7 years after payback period. Moreover, the proposed installation of 2,166.40kWp (Mono-SI PV module) can reduce the annual electricity bill and CO2 emission of 3.6% (RM421,561.93) and 4.4% (1,851.40 tCO₂) compared to the system without PV system.

scholarly journals Performance evaluation of polycrystalline photovoltaic modules in a Guinea Savanna and Mangrove swamp

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 011-021
Author(s):  
Nsed Ayip Akonjom ◽  
John Iyang Umuji ◽  
Ukoette Jeremiah Ekah
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Solar Flux ◽  
Mangrove Swamp ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Power Meter ◽  
Guinea Savanna ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Pv Modules

This central idea of this research is to investigate how voltage, current, power output and efficiency of polycrystalline photovoltaic (PV) modules installed in a Guinea Savanna and Mangrove Swamp is affected by temperature, relative humidity and irradiance. The study locations are Calabar (mangrove swamp) and Ogoja (guinea savanna), in Cross River State, Nigeria. Two polycrystalline PV modules of exact specification mounted on a platform one-metre-high above the ground were used. A digital solar power meter (SM206) and a digital solar flux meter (MS 6616) was used to monitor and measure solar power and solar flux reaching the PV modules. A digital hygrometer and thermometer (KT-908) were used to monitor and measure the relative humidity and ambient temperature level at the height of installation and a digital multimeter (M880C+) accompanied with a temperature sensor was used to monitor voltage, current and panel temperature values from the modules. Analysis of the collected data reveals that the efficiency of the modules were not constant throughout the day. However, a higher voltage production and efficiency level was obtained for the PV module installed in Ogoja than that installed in Calabar under their respective levels of relative humidity, temperature and irradiance.

scholarly journals Electric Ferry Ecosystem for Sustainable Inter-Island Transport in Philippines: A Pilot Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 3570-3575
Author(s):  
E. V. Palconit ◽  
M. L. S. Abundo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Management System ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
First Case ◽  
Pv Modules

An electric boat system as a pilot study for the electric ferry was designed and field-tested in Samal Island, Philippines, to verify sustainability for inter-island transport. This pilot study uses 4.5m monohull with a displacement weight of 343kg. During the experiment, two cases were compared: in the first case the boat was powered solely with batteries and in the other case with the aid of photovoltaic (PV) modules. For the first case, 24V electric propulsion was driven by two 12V, 100Ah batteries, which resulted to a navigational range of around 18, 16 and 15 trips with energy consumption of 111.64Wh, 117.19Wh and 123.92Wh respectively. In the second case, the photovoltaic modules were attached on the boat to supplement the PV used while on sail. Results in the second case showed that PV module supplemented energy was about to 13.4%, 26.8% and 38.7% using three different speeds like 3.18, 3.32 and 3.84knots and the navigational range extended to 4km, 1km, and 14.4km respectively. Therefore, the electric boat with the aid of PV module answers the problem in the energy management system that deals with the sustainability of the system in the inter-island transport in Philippines.

Measurements and Characterization of Photovoltaic Modules for Tolerance Verification

2013 ◽  
pp. 144-152
Author(s):  
C. Calò ◽  
A. Lay-Ekuakille ◽  
P. Vergallo ◽  
C. Chiffi ◽  
A. Trotta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digital Imaging ◽  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Matrix Methods ◽  
Energy Prediction ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Tolerance Verification ◽  
Material Tests

One of the most important aspects of photovoltaic modules is reliability for future uses, that is, a certain module will last certain number of years in use (generally 30 or 35 years). Reliability yields from excellent qualification tests on photovoltaic (PV) modules. Testing for reliability identifies unknown failure mechanisms and whether modules are susceptible to known failure mechanisms. This paper illustrates techniques of outdoor measurements and qualification characterization to know PV module conditions for commercial uses. Matrix methods are used for energy prediction. Failure material tests, using digital imaging and thermography, have also been conducted.

High Temperature capable SiC Schottky diodes, based on buried grid design.

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (HITEC) ◽  
pp. 000058-000060
Author(s):  
Tomas Hjort ◽  
Adolf Schöner ◽  
Andy Zhang ◽  
Mietek Bakowski ◽  
Jang-Kwon Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Schottky Barrier ◽  
Leakage Current ◽  
Schottky Diode ◽  
Schottky Diodes ◽  
Electrical Characteristics ◽  
Schottky Barrier Diodes ◽  
Grid Design ◽  
High Temperature Operation

Electrical characteristics of 4H-SiC Schottky barrier diodes, based on buried grid design are presented. The diodes, rated to 1200V/10A and assembled into high temperature capable TO254 packages, have been tested and studied up to 250°C. Compared to conventional SiC Schottky diodes, Ascatron's buried grid SiC Schottky diode demonstrates several orders of magnitude reduced leakage current at high temperature operation.

High-Temperature Trench Capacitors, Using Thin-Film ALD Dielectrics

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (HiTEN) ◽  
pp. 000130-000133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothee Dietz ◽  
Yusuf Celik ◽  
Andreas Goehlich ◽  
Holger Vogt ◽  
Holger Kappert
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Leakage Current ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Atomic Layer ◽  
Operating Voltage ◽  
Low Leakage ◽  
Low Leakage Current ◽  
Layer Deposition ◽  
Soft Breakdown

High-temperature passive electronic becomes more and more important, e.g. in the field of deep drilling, aerospace or in automobile industry. For these applications, capacitors are needed, which are able to withstand temperatures up to 300 °C, which exhibit a low leakage current at elevated temperatures, a breakdown voltage above the intended operating voltage and a high capacitive density value. In this paper, investigations of 3D-integration and atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques to achieve these features are presented. A highly n-doped Si-substrate acts as a bottom electrode. Medium- and high-k dielectrics represent the insulator and the upper electrode consists of Ru, TiN or TiAlCN. The materials can be used at elevated temperatures. At room temperature, the leakage current is less than 10 pA/mm2 without showing a soft-breakdown up to ± 15 V, indicating the absence of Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. At 300 °C and at 3 V the leakage current amounts about 1 nA/mm2 and at 5 V a soft-breakdown is detected.

scholarly journals Buck Converter for Low-Power PV Modules: A Comparative Study

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (13) ◽  
pp. 1050
Author(s):  
Ferran Reverter ◽  
Manel Gasulla
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Buck Converter ◽  
Operating Voltage ◽  
Storage Unit ◽  
Maximum Power Point ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Energy Transducer ◽  
Power Point

Autonomous sensors that harvest energy from the environment usually employ a dc/dc converter to regulate the operating voltage of the energy transducer around its maximum power point (MPP). In this context, this work evaluates the efficiency of a buck converter when regulating the operating point of two low-power photovoltaic (PV) modules subjected to different irradiance levels. The buck converter operates in burst mode (BM) and is able to transfer the energy from the PV module to a storage unit through an optimal value of the inductor current. Experimental results show that an irradiance increase can cause either an increase or a decrease of the converter efficiency. This is because the higher the irradiance, the higher both the MPP voltage and current of the PV module, which involve opposite effects in terms of the converter efficiency.

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