scholarly journals The Economic Feasibility of Floating Offshore Wave Energy Farms in the North of Spain

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Castro-Santos ◽  
Ana Bento ◽  
Carlos Guedes Soares
Keyword(s):  
Wave Energy ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Wave Energy Converter ◽  
Energy Converter ◽  
The North ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Offshore Wave ◽  
North Of Spain

A technique to analyse the economic viability of offshore farms composed of wave energy converters is proposed. Firstly, the inputs, whose value will be considered afterwards in the economic step, was calculated using geographic information software. Secondly, the energy produced by each wave converter was calculated. Then the economic factors were computed. Finally, the restriction that considers the depth of the region (bathymetry) was put together with the economic outputs, whose value depends on the floating Wave Energy Converter (WEC). The method proposed was applied to the Cantabric and Atlantic coasts in the north of Spain, a region with a good offshore wave energy resource. In addition, three representative WECs were studied: Pelamis, AquaBuoy and Wave Dragon; and five options for electric tariffs were analysed. Results show the Wave Energy Converter that has the best results regarding its LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy), IRR (Internal Rate of Return) and NPV (Net Present Value), and which area is best for the development of a wave farm.

scholarly journals Economic Feasibility of Wave Energy Farms in Portugal

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Castro-Santos ◽  
Dina Silva ◽  
A. Bento ◽  
Nadia Salvação ◽  
C. Guedes Soares
Keyword(s):  
Wave Energy ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Wave Energy Converter ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Energy Converter ◽  
Wave Energy Converters ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Offshore Wave ◽  
The Waves

This paper develops a methodology to determine the economic feasibility of implementing offshore wave energy farms on the Portuguese continental coast. This methodology follows several phases: the geographic phase, the energy phase, the economic phase, and the restrictions phase. First, in the geographic phase, the height and the period of the waves, the bathymetry, the distance from the farm to the shore, from farm to shipyard, and from farm to port, are calculated. In the energy phase the energy produced by each wave energy converter is determined, and in the economic phase, the parameters calculated in the previous phases are used as input to find the economic parameters. Finally, in the restrictions phase, a limitation by the bathymetry will be added to the economic maps, whose value will be different depending on the floating offshore wave energy converter (WEC). In this study, three wave energy converters have been considered, Pelamis, AquaBuOY, and Wave Dragon, and several scenarios for electric tariffs have been taken into account. The results obtained indicate what the best WEC is for this study in terms of its levelized cost of energy (LCOE), internal rate of return (IRR), and net present value (NPV), and where the best area is to install wave energy farms.

scholarly journals Economic Feasibility of Floating Offshore Wind Farms in the North of Spain

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Castro-Santos ◽  
A. Rute Bento ◽  
Dina Silva ◽  
Nadia Salvação ◽  
C. Guedes Soares
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
The North ◽  
Wind Structure ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
North Of Spain

This paper assesses the economic feasibility of offshore wind farms installed in deep waters considering their internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV), and levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The method proposed has three phases: geographic phase, economic phase, and restrictions phase. The purpose of the geographic step is to obtain the input values, which will be used in the economic phase. Then, the economic parameters are calculated considering the inputs provided previously. Finally, the bathymetric restriction is added to the economic maps. The case study focused on the Cantabric and North-Atlantic coasts of Spain, areas that have not been studied previously in economic terms regarding floating offshore wind technology. Moreover, several alternatives have been considered, taking into account the type of floating offshore wind structure and the electric tariff. Results indicate which is the best floating offshore wind structure with respect to LCOE, IRR, and NPV, and where is the best location for the connection of a floating offshore wind farm in the region selected.

Design and Potential Application of Small Scale Wave Energy Converter

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tunde O. Aderinto ◽  
Francisco Haces-Fernandez ◽  
Hua Li
Keyword(s):  
Wave Energy ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Wave Energy Converter ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ocean Energy ◽  
Energy Converter ◽  
Wave Energy Converters ◽  
Wave Properties

Although theoretical available wave energy is higher than most of ocean energy sources, the commercial utilization of wave energy is much slower than other ocean energy sources. The difficulty of integration with the electrical grid system and the challenges of the installation, operation and maintenance of large energy generation and transmission systems are the major reasons. Even though there are successfully tested models of wave energy converters, the fact that wave energy is directly affected by wave height and wave period makes the actual wave energy output with high variation and difficult to be predicted. And most of the previous studies on wave energy and its utilization have focused on the large scale energy production that can be integrated into a power grid system. In this paper, the authors identify and discuss stand-alone wave energy converter systems and facilities that are not connected to the electricity grid with focus on small scale wave energy systems as potential source of energy. For the proper identification, qualification and quantification of wave energy resource potential, wave properties such as wave height and period need to be characterized. This is used to properly determine and predict the probability of the occurrence of these wave properties at particular locations, which enables the choice of product design, installation, operation and maintenance to effectively capture wave energy. Meanwhile, the present technologies available for wave energy converters can be limited by location (offshore, nearshore or shoreline). Therefore, the potential applications of small scale stand-alone wave energy converter are influenced by the demand, location of the need and the appropriate technology to meet the identified needs. The paper discusses the identification of wave energy resource potentials, the location and appropriate technology suitable for small scale wave energy converter. Two simplified wave energy converter designs are created and simulated under real wave condition in order to estimate the energy production of each design.

scholarly journals Numerical simulation of a wave energy converter using linear generator

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dang The Ba
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Wave Energy Converter ◽  
Linear Potential ◽  
Energy Converter ◽  
Wave Condition ◽  
Mechanics Model ◽  
South Central ◽  
Offshore Wave

This paper presents results of numerical simulation for a wave energy converter using linear permanent magnet generator. The use of linear permanent generator has advantages of simple structure, minimizing mechanical loose... On the base of mechanics model, a system of equations describing the operation of the device under linear potential wave was obtained. The magnetic field in generator was calculated by Flex-PDE software. The system of movement equations was numerically solved with Matlab.Various calculations were performed with different parameters of wave conditions and device's structures to determine the device’s configuration for a 300 W output power for the offshore wave condition in South-Central offshore of Vietnam. The results also show potential of developing the wave energy conversion to meet the energy demand in some coastal and island regions of Vietnam.

scholarly journals Techno-Economic Optimisation for a Wave Energy Converter via Genetic Algorithm

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergej Antonello Sirigu ◽  
Ludovico Foglietta ◽  
Giuseppe Giorgi ◽  
Mauro Bonfanti ◽  
Giulia Cervelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Ocean Waves ◽  
Wave Energy Converter ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Energy Converter ◽  
Essential Condition ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
The Cost

Although sea and ocean waves have been widely acknowledged to have the potential of providing sustainable and renewable energy, the emergence of a self-sufficient and mature industry is still lacking. An essential condition for reaching economic viability is to minimise the cost of electricity, as opposed to simply maximising the converted energy at the early design stages. One of the tools empowering developers to follow such a virtuous design pathway is the techno-economic optimisation. The purpose of this paper is to perform a holistic optimisation of the PeWEC (pendulum wave energy converter), which is a pitching platform converting energy from the oscillation of a pendulum contained in a sealed hull. Optimised parameters comprise shape; dimensions; mass properties and ballast; power take-off control torque and constraints; number and characteristics of the pendulum; and other subcomponents. Cost functions are included and the objective function is the ratio between the delivered power and the capital expenditure. Due to its ability to effectively deal with a large multi-dimensional design space, a genetic algorithm is implemented, with a specific modification to handle unfeasible design candidate and improve convergence. Results show that the device minimising the cost of energy and the one maximising the capture width ratio are substantially different, so the economically-oriented metric should be preferred.

scholarly journals A Set-Up of 7 Laser Triangulation Sensors and a Draw-Wire Sensor for Measuring Relative Displacement of a Piston Rod Mechanical Lead-Through Transmission in an Offshore Wave Energy Converter on the Ocean Floor

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Strömstedt ◽  
O. Svensson ◽  
M. Leijon
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
Relative Displacement ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Wave Energy Converter ◽  
Laser Triangulation ◽  
Energy Converter ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Offshore Wave

A concept for offshore wave energy conversion is being developed at the Swedish Centre for Renewable Electric Energy Conversion at Uppsala University in Sweden. The wave energy converter (WEC) in focus contains a piston rod mechanical lead-through transmission for transmitting the absorbed mechanical wave energy through the generator capsule wall while preventing seawater from entering the capsule. A set-up of 7 laser triangulation sensors has been installed inside the WEC to measure relative displacement of the piston rod and its corresponding seal housing. A draw-wire sensor has also been set up to measure translator position and the axial displacement of the piston rod. The paper gives a brief introduction to the Lysekil research site, the WEC concept, and the direct drive of WEC prototype L2. A model of operation for the piston rod mechanical lead-through transmission is given. The paper presents sensor choice, configuration, adaptation, mounting, and measurement system calibration along with a description of the data acquisition system. Results from 60 s measurements of nominal operation two months apart with centered moving averages are presented. Uncertainty and error estimations with statistical analyses and signal-to-noise ratios are presented. Conclusions are drawn on the relative motions of the piston rod and the seal housing under normal operating conditions, and an assessment of the applicability of the measurement system is made.

scholarly journals The performance of the Mocean M100 wave energy converter described through numerical and physical modelling

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
J. Cameron McNatt ◽  
Christopher H. Retzler
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Physical Modelling ◽  
Wave Energy Converter ◽  
Domain Model ◽  
Energy Converter ◽  
Cost Of Energy

Mocean Energy has designed a 100-kW hinged-raft wave energy converter (WEC), the M100, which has a novel geometry that reduces the cost of energy by improving the ratios of power per size and power per torque. The performance of the M100 is shown through the outputs of frequency-domain and time-domain numerical models, which are compared with those from 1/20th scale wave-tank testing. Results show that for the undamped, frequency-domain model, there are resonant peaks in the response at 6.6 and 9.6 s, corresponding to wavelengths that are 1.9 and 3.7 times longer than the machine. With the inclusion of power-take-off and viscous damping, the power response as a function of frequency shows a broad bandwidth and a hinge flex amplitude of 12-20 degrees per meter of wave amplitude. Comparison between the time-domain model and physical data in a variety of sea states, up to a significant wave height of 4.5 m, show agreements within 10% for average power absorption, which is notable because only simple, nonlinear, numerical models were used. The M100 geometry results in a broad-banded, large amplitude response due to its asymmetric shape, which induces coupling between modes of motion.

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