scholarly journals Development and Assessment of an Over-Expanded Engine to be Used as an Efficiency-Oriented Range Extender for Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 430 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. Brito ◽  
Jorge Martins ◽  
Francisco Lopes ◽  
Carlos Castro ◽  
Luís Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Range Extender ◽  
Charging Time ◽  
Consumption Reduction ◽  
Light Duty Vehicle ◽  
Brake Dynamometer ◽  
Very High

A range extender (RE) is a device used in electric vehicles (EVs) to generate electricity on-board, enabling them to significantly reduce the number of required batteries and/or extend the vehicle driving range to allow occasional long trips. In the present work, an efficiency-oriented RE based on a small motorcycle engine modified to the efficient over-expanded cycle, was analyzed, tested and simulated in a driving cycle. The RE was developed to have two points of operation, ECO: 3000 rpm, very high efficiency with only 15 kW; and BOOST: 7000 rpm with 35 kW. While the ECO strategy was a straightforward development for the over-expansion concept (less trapped air and a much higher compression ratio) the BOOST strategy was more complicated to implement and involved the need for throttle operation. Initially the concepts were evaluated in an in-house model and AVL Boost® (AVL List Gmbh, Graz, Austria), and proved feasible. Then, a BMW K75 engine was altered and tested on a brake dynamometer. The running engine proved the initial concept, by improving the efficiency for the ECO condition in almost 40% in relation to the stock engine and getting well over the required BOOST power, getting to 35 kW, while keeping an efficiency similar to the stock engine at the wide open throttle (WOT). In order to protect the engine during BOOST, the mixture was enriched, while at ECO the mixture was leaned to further improve efficiency. The fixed operation configuration allows the reduction, not only of complexity and cost of the RE, but also the set point optimization for the engine and generator. When integrated as a RE into a typical European light duty vehicle, it provided a breakthrough consumption reduction relatively to existing plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in the market in the charge sustaining mode. The very high efficiency of the power generation seems to compensate for the loss of efficiency due to the excess electricity production, which must be stored in the battery. The results indicate that indeed it is possible to have an efficient solution, in-line with the electric mobility sustainability paradigm, which can solve most of the shortcomings of current EVs, notably those associated with batteries (range, cost and charging time) in a sustainable way.

CONCEPT OF THE AUTONOMOUS HYDROGEN FUELLING STATION BASED ON PHOTOVOLTAIC AND METAL-HYDRIDE TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUEL CELL ELECRIC VEHICLE. DEVELOPMENT OF A GENERAL CONCEPT FOR AN AUTONOMOUS HYDROGEN FUELLING STATION WITH METAL HYDRIDE COMPRESSORS FOR VEHICLES ON FUEL CELLS

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-39
Author(s):  
Wu Po ◽  
Boris Tymoshevskyy ◽  
Yuriy Halynkin ◽  
Oleksandr Tarasenko ◽  
Oleksandr Cherednychenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Metal Hydride ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Hydrogen Purification ◽  
Photovoltaic Panels ◽  
Charging Time

At present time internal combustion engines (ICE) are the most spread as main and auxiliary ICE for vehicles, vessels, power generation, etc. Their application is associated with low energy efficiency, negative impact on the environment due to high emissions of harmful substances and the use of oil fuels. The vehicles with electric motors are alternative upon to existing ones. There are two modern concepts of the electric vehicles: battery electric vehicles and electric vehicles with fuel cells. The main advantage of the battery electric vehicles is the developed infrastructure of power grids and charging stations, but the charging time is too prolonged (from 20 minutes in the fast charging mode and up to 8…10 hours. Unfortunately the fast mode significantly reduces life cycle of the electric batteries. One of the advanced alternatives is concept of the fuel cell and hydrogen powered vehicles. It exist some problems which limit its wide implementation. There are the following: high cost of hydrogen production, insufficient amount of electricity production and transmission capacity of electric networks for mass charging of electric vehicles. These problems can be solved by creation of the complexes for local hydrogen production by water electrolysis on the base of photovoltaic panels, hydrogen purification and compression on the base of metal-hydride technologies and hydrogen storage in ultra-light-weight high pressure thanks on the base of reinforced with carbon nanotubes or composite materials. Implementation of this concept will allow to get rid of disadvantages which are inherent in vehicles with electrical batteries. The most of these are the following: high mass and cost, limited run distance and long charging time, short life cycle and recycling batteries pollution. The charging duration of hydrogen high pressure tanks is 5...15 min and is comparable with the ICE diesel/gasoline fueling terms and conditions. One of the main obstacles to expanding vehicles on fuel cells is the deficit of hydrogen and its filling stations. At present it is known a number of solutions for the creation of hydrogen fueling. However, today there is no single standard solution for hydrogen charging. Until today, vehicles running on hydrogen (both fuel cells and equipped with ICE that consume hydrogen), several options for its storage are used. There are high pressure tanks with hydrogen gas compressed at 35…70 MPa. Judging by the vehicles technologies and concepts the combination of fuel cells with tanks at 70 MPa will be the most common variant of hydrogen technology promotion in the coming years. In connection with the variety of hydrogen storage options on board vehicles, it is actual to develop autonomous fueling stations with photovoltaic panels for electricity production with following hydrogen production by electrolysis, hydrogen purification and compression by metal-hydride technology and hydrogen storage in super high pressure tanks or metalhydride tanks with the possibility of hydrogen charging at different pressures from 35 MPa up to 150 MPa.

scholarly journals Supercapacitor Storage Sizing Analysis for a Series Hybrid Vehicle

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Passalacqua ◽  
Mauro Carpita ◽  
Serge Gavin ◽  
Mario Marchesoni ◽  
Matteo Repetto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Energy Management System ◽  
Vehicle Model ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
In Series ◽  
Storage Energy

The increasing interest in Hybrid Electric Vehicles led to the study of new powertrain structures. In particular, it was demonstrated in the technical literature how series architecture can be more efficient, compared to parallel one, if supercapacitors are used as storage system. Since supercapacitors are characterized by high efficiency and high power density, but have low specific energy, storage sizing is a critical point with this technology. In this study, a detailed analysis on the effect of supercapacitor storage sizing on series architecture was carried out. In particular, in series architecture, supercapacitor storage sizing influences both engine number of starts and the energy that can be stored during regenerative braking. The first aspect affects the comfort, whereas the second aspect directly influences powertrain efficiency. Vehicle model and Energy Management System were studied and simulations were carried out for different storage energy, in order to define the optimal sizing.

High Efficiency Electromagnetic Torque Converter for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takao Watanabe ◽  
Eiji Tsuchiya ◽  
Masaki Ebina ◽  
Yasumitsu Osada ◽  
Tomoyuki Toyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Torque Converter ◽  
Electromagnetic Torque ◽  
Hybrid Electric

scholarly journals Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Current Progress

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Sivakumar Rajagopal ◽  
Rameez Pulapparambil Vallikkattil ◽  
M. Mohamed Ibrahim ◽  
Dimiter Georgiev Velev
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Current Collector ◽  
Manufacturing Strategy ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Materials Used

For hybrid electric vehicles, supercapacitors are an attractive technology which, when used in conjunction with the batteries as a hybrid system, could solve the shortcomings of the battery. Supercapacitors would allow hybrid electric vehicles to achieve high efficiency and better power control. Supercapacitors possess very good power density. Besides this, their charge-discharge cycling stability and comparatively reasonable cost make them an incredible energy-storing device. The manufacturing strategy and the major parts like electrodes, current collector, binder, separator, and electrolyte define the performance of a supercapacitor. Among these, electrode materials play an important role when it comes to the performance of supercapacitors. They resolve the charge storage in the device and thus decide the capacitance. Porous carbon, conductive polymers, metal hydroxide, and metal oxides, which are some of the usual materials used for the electrodes in the supercapacitors, have some limits when it comes to energy density and stability. Major research in supercapacitors has focused on the design of stable, highly efficient electrodes with low cost. In this review, the most recent electrode materials used in supercapacitors are discussed. The challenges, current progress, and future development of supercapacitors are discussed as well. This study clearly shows that the performance of supercapacitors has increased considerably over the years and this has made them a promising alternative in the energy sector.

scholarly journals DC-DC Converter Topologies for Electric Vehicles, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging Stations: State of the Art and Future Trends

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajib Chakraborty ◽  
Hai-Nam Vu ◽  
Mohammed Mahedi Hasan ◽  
Dai-Duong Tran ◽  
Mohamed El Baghdadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Fast Charging ◽  
Converter Topologies ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Charging Stations

This article reviews the design and evaluation of different DC-DC converter topologies for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). The design and evaluation of these converter topologies are presented, analyzed and compared in terms of output power, component count, switching frequency, electromagnetic interference (EMI), losses, effectiveness, reliability and cost. This paper also evaluates the architecture, merits and demerits of converter topologies (AC-DC and DC-DC) for Fast Charging Stations (FCHARs). On the basis of this analysis, it has found that the Multidevice Interleaved DC-DC Bidirectional Converter (MDIBC) is the most suitable topology for high-power BEVs and PHEVs (> 10kW), thanks to its low input current ripples, low output voltage ripples, low electromagnetic interference, bidirectionality, high efficiency and high reliability. In contrast, for low-power electric vehicles (<10 kW), it is tough to recommend a single candidate that is the best in all possible aspects. However, the Sinusoidal Amplitude Converter, the Z-Source DC-DC converter and the boost DC-DC converter with resonant circuit are more suitable for low-power BEVs and PHEVs because of their soft switching, noise-free operation, low switching loss and high efficiency. Finally, this paper explores the opportunity of using wide band gap semiconductors (WBGSs) in DC-DC converters for BEVs, PHEVs and converters for FCHARs. Specifically, the future roadmap of research for WBGSs, modeling of emerging topologies and design techniques of the control system for BEV and PHEV powertrains are also presented in detail, which will certainly help researchers and solution engineers of automotive industries to select the suitable converter topology to achieve the growth of projected power density.

scholarly journals Architecture Optimization of Hybrid Electric Vehicles with Future High-Efficiency Engine

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinlong Hong ◽  
Liangchun Zhao ◽  
Yulong Lei ◽  
Bingzhao Gao
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Architecture Optimization ◽  
Efficiency Engine
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