scholarly journals Detailed Energy Accounting of Electrical Submersible Pumping Systems

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 302
Author(s):  
David Grassian ◽  
Daniel Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Energy Return On Investment ◽  
Energy Accounting ◽  
Electrical Submersible Pumps

The concept of energy return on investment (EROI) is applied to a set of electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) installed on a small offshore platform by conducting a detailed energy accounting of each ESP. This information is used to quantify the energy losses and efficiencies of each ESP system as well as the EROI of the lifting process (EROILifting), which is derived by dividing the energy out of each well, which is the chemical energy of the crude oil produced, by the energy consumed by each ESP system and by the surface equipment used to dispose of the well’s produced water. The resulting EROILifting values range from 93 to 565, with a corresponding energy intensity range of 18.3 to 3.0 kWh/barrel of crude. The energy consumed by each well is also is used to calculate the lifting costs, which is the incremental cost of producing an additional barrel of crude oil, which range from 0.64 to 3.90 USD/barrel of crude. The lifting costs are entirely comprised of procured diesel fuel, since there is no natural gas available on the platform to be used as fuel. Electrical efficiencies range from 0.60 to 0.80, while Hydraulic efficiencies range from 0.12 to 0.56. The overall ESP efficiencies range from 0.09 to 0.39, with the largest losses occurring in the hydraulic system, particularly within the ESP pump itself. Improvement of pump efficiencies is the only practical option to improve the overall ESP system efficiencies. Other losses within the electrical and hydraulic systems present few opportunities for improvement.

scholarly journals Multi-Point-of-View Energy Loss Analysis in a Refuse Truck Hydraulic System

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2707
Author(s):  
Luis Javier Berne ◽  
Gustavo Raush ◽  
Pedro Javier Gamez-Montero ◽  
Pedro Roquet ◽  
Esteban Codina
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Hydraulic Machines ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Individual

In recent years, much research has focused on reducing the power consumption of mobile hydraulic machines due to rising fuel costs, regulations on combustion engine emissions and the need to reduce the size and weight of the storage devices in hybrid drives. Current approaches to improve the energy efficiency of a hydraulic system can be classified into four basic groups: reduction of the energy demand, recovery of part of the supplied energy (ERS systems), regeneration of part of the supplied energy and reuse of the recovered and regenerated energy (hybrid systems). Today’s mobile hydraulic systems are often complex, perform different tasks and work under different load conditions, which makes it difficult to analyse energy losses. A study of the energy losses of a hydraulic system from different points of view, such as an energy balance for a complete machine cycle, an analysis of the individual cycle phases and a power analysis for the different operation quadrants of the actuators, can give an global picture of the energy losses, being very useful to rate its energy efficiency, identify main power losses and decide which of the different energy-saving techniques to apply. This paper describes the data collection process, its analysis from various points of view and the summary of the results in easy to understand charts as useful tools to identify and quantify the main energy losses. Only system architecture losses are considered. Losses in the ICE engine or the electric motor, hydraulic pump losses and mechanical losses are outside the scope of this study.

scholarly journals Edible Energy Production and Energy Return on Investment—Long-Term Analysis of Global Changes

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1011
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Bajan ◽  
Joanna Łukasiewicz ◽  
Agnieszka Poczta-Wajda ◽  
Walenty Poczta
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Energy Return On Investment

The projected increase in the world’s population requires an increase in the production of edible energy that would meet the associated increased demand for food. However, food production is strongly dependent on the use of energy, mainly from fossil fuels, the extraction of which requires increasing input due to the depletion of the most easily accessible deposits. According to numerous estimations, the world’s energy production will be dependent on fossil fuels at least to 2050. Therefore, it is vital to increase the energy efficiency of production, including food production. One method to measure energy efficiency is the energy return on investment (EROI), which is the ratio of the amount of energy produced to the amount of energy consumed in the production process. The literature lacks comparable EROI calculations concerning global food production and the existing studies only include crop production. The aim of this study was to calculate the EROI of edible crop and animal production in the long term worldwide and to indicate the relationships resulting from its changes. The research takes into account edible crop and animal production in agriculture and the direct consumption of fossil fuels and electricity. The analysis showed that although the most underdeveloped regions have the highest EROI, the production of edible energy there is usually insufficient to meet the food needs of the population. On the other hand, the lowest EROI was observed in highly developed regions, where production ensures food self-sufficiency. However, the changes that have taken place in Europe since the 1990s indicate an opportunity to simultaneously reduce the direct use of energy in agriculture and increase the production of edible energy, thus improving the EROI.

scholarly journals Assessment of Indonesia’s Future Renewable energy Plan: A Meta-Analysis of Biofuel Energy Return on Investment (EROI)

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2803
Author(s):  
Wiraditma Prananta ◽  
Ida Kubiszewski
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Land Restoration ◽  
Energy Return On Investment ◽  
Land Preparation

In early 2020, Indonesia implemented the biodiesel 30 (B30) program as an initiative to reduce Indonesia’s dependency on fossil fuels and to protect Indonesia’s palm oil market. However, palm oil has received international criticism due to its association with harmful environmental externalities. This paper analysed whether an investment in palm oil-based biofuel (POBB) provides Indonesia with the ability to achieve its environmental and financial goals. In this research, we performed a meta-analysis on biofuel energy return on investment (EROI) by examining 44 biofuel projects using ten types of biofuel feedstocks from 13 countries between 1995 and 2016. Results showed an average EROI of 3.92 and 3.22 for POBB and other biomass-based biofuels (OBBB), respectively. This shows that if only energy inputs and outputs are considered, biofuels provide a positive energy return. However, biofuels, including those from palm oil, produce externalities especially during land preparation and land restoration. We also compared these EROI biofuel results with other renewable energy sources and further analysed the implications for renewable energies to meet society’s energy demands in the future. Results showed that biofuel gives the lowest EROI compared to other renewable energy sources. Its EROI of 3.92, while positive, has been categorised as “not feasible for development”. If Indonesia plans to continue with its biofuel program, some major improvements will be necessary.

Investigation of Thermal Effects in Direct Driven Hydraulic System for Off-Road Machinery

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niko Karlén ◽  
Tatiana Minav ◽  
Matti Pietola
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Hydraulic Model ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Total Efficiency ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Wheel Loaders ◽  
Save Energy

Several types of off-road machinery, such as industrial trucks, forklifts, excavators, mobile cranes, and wheel loaders, are set to be operated in environments which can differ considerably from each other. This sets certain limits for both the drive transmissions and working hydraulics of these machines. The ambient temperature must be taken into account when selecting the hydraulic fluid since the viscosity and density of the fluid are changing at different operating temperatures. In addition to the temperature, energy efficiency can also be a problem in off-road machinery. In most off-road machines, diesel engines are employed to produce mechanical energy. However, there are energy losses during the working process, which causes inefficiency in produced energy. For better energy efficiency, hybridization in off-road machinery is an effective method to decrease fuel consumption and increase energy savings. One of the possible methods to save energy with hybrids is energy regeneration. However, it means that the basic hydraulic system inside off-road machinery needs to be modified. One solution for this is to utilize zonal or decentralized approach by means of direct driven hydraulic (DDH) system. This paper aims to investigate a DDH system for off-road machinery by means of modelling and analyzing the effect of the temperature. In the direct-driven hydraulic system, the actuator is controlled directly by the hydraulic pump which is operated by the electric motor. Specifically, it is a valveless closed-loop hydraulic system. Thus, there will be no energy losses caused by the valves, and the total efficiency is assumed to be significantly higher. In order to examine the DDH system, a thermo-hydraulic model was created. Additionally, a thermal camera was utilized in order to illustrate the temperature changes in the components of the DDH system. To reproduce the action of the system in different circumstances DDH system was run at different ambient temperatures, and the component temperatures in the system were measured and saved for the analysis. The thermo hydraulic model was proven capable to follow the general trend of heating up.

Soft Switching Approach to Reducing Transition Losses in an On/Off Hydraulic Valve

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Rannow ◽  
Perry Y. Li
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Check Valve ◽  
Fluid Flows ◽  
Soft Switching ◽  
Total System ◽  
System Efficiency ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Controlled Systems ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Hydraulic Valve

A method for significantly reducing the losses associated with an on/off controlled hydraulic system is proposed. There has been a growing interest in the use of on/off valves to control hydraulic systems as a means of improving system efficiency. While on/off valves are efficient when they are fully open or fully closed, a significant amount of energy can be lost in throttling as the valve transitions between the two states. A soft switching approach is proposed as a method of eliminating the majority of these transition losses. The operating principle of soft switching is that fluid can temporarily flow through a check valve or into a small chamber while valve orifices are partially closed. The fluid can then flow out of the chamber once the valve has fully transitioned. Thus, fluid flows through the valve only when it is in its most efficient fully open state. A model of the system is derived and simulated, with results indicating that the soft switching approach can reduce transition and compressibility losses by 79%, and total system losses by 66%. Design equations are also derived. The soft switching approach has the potential to improve the efficiency of on/off controlled systems and is particularly important as switching frequencies are increased. The soft switching approach will also facilitate the use of slower on/off valves for effective on/off control; in simulation, a valve with soft switching matched the efficiency an on/off valve that was 5 times faster.

Dynamic balance analysis of contamination control for hydraulic systems based on dynamic filtration ratio

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
Guangying Ma ◽  
Shurong Ning ◽  
Yunlong Hu ◽  
jun Gao
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Contamination Control ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Dynamic Filtration ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The aim of this study is to establish a dynamic model of the filtration ratio. For the problem that the measured value of the filtration ratio is far less than the theoretical value in the actual hydraulic filtering system, the paper aims to find the relationship between the filtration ratio and the parameters of the hydraulic systems, such as the contamination level and the dirt-holding quantity of the filter. Design/methodology/approach – The paper opted for the method of experimental analysis and simulation to determine the relationship between the filtration ratio and the parameters of the hydraulic system, and established a dynamic filtration ratio model. Findings – The paper provides a preliminary model of dynamic filtration ratio, and the model shows that the filtration ratio is exponentially related to the contamination level and the dirt-holding quantity. Different filters have different influence coefficients. The filtering capacity for a certain particle size and the contamination level control of the filter for different hydraulic systems can be judged according to the dynamic balance equation of hydraulic systems. Originality/value – The paper is useful in the selection of filters and in the precise control of the contamination level of the hydraulic system.

Calculation of a closed hydraulic volumetric system

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Wind Power Plant ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Hydraulic Motor ◽  
Hydraulic Pump ◽  
Oil Pump ◽  
Selection Of

An algorithm is proposed for calculating a closed volumetric hydraulic pump-hydraulic motor system using the example of the hydraulic system of a wind power plant, based on the calculation of the hydraulic systems of mobile machines. The main characteristics of the system components, the selection of initial data for the calculation, working fluid and diameters of hydraulic lines are analyzed. Keywords: hydraulic system, energy, fluid, oil, pump, motor, renewable energy source, wind power plant, machine. [email protected]

Synchronous Control Characteristics Analysis of Shield Propulsion Hydraulic System Based on Tracking Differentiator and Self-Adaptive Nonlinear PID

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sen Li ◽  
XiaoHua Cao
Keyword(s):  
Pid Control ◽  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Fuzzy Pid Control ◽  
Synchronous Control ◽  
Tracking Differentiator ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
Servo Tracking ◽  
Self Adaptive

Aiming at the low precision problem of multi-cylinder cooperative propulsion control in different regions of shield propulsion hydraulic systems under conditions of large load changes, this paper proposes a tracking differentiator and self-adaptive nonlinear PID (TD-NPID) control method to improve the synchronous control characteristics of shield propulsion hydraulic systems. First, the working principles of shield propulsion hydraulic systems were analyzed, and a mathematical model and TD-NPID controller were developed. Then, a simulation model was developed in AMESim-MATLAB environment, and the synchronous dynamic performances of fuzzy PID control, conventional PID control, and TD-NPID control were compared and analyzed. The results demonstrated that the shield propulsion hydraulic system with TD-NPID control had better servo tracking ability and steady-state performance than the systems with fuzzy or conventional PID control, which verified the feasibility of the application of TD-NPID control for the synchronous control of shield propulsion hydraulic systems.

scholarly journals The Influence of Valve-Pump Weight Ratios on the Dynamic Response of Leaking Valve-Pump Parallel Control Hydraulic Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haigang Ding ◽  
Jiyun Zhao ◽  
Gang Cheng ◽  
Steve Wright ◽  
Yufeng Yao
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Response ◽  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Weight Factors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Parallel Control ◽  
Valve Control

A new leaking valve-pump parallel control (LVPC) oil hydraulic system is proposed to improve the performance of dynamic response of present variable speed pump control (VSPC) system, which is an oil hydraulic control system with saving energy. In the LVPC, a control valve is operating at leaking status, together with a variable speed pump, to regulate the system flow of hydraulic oil simultaneously. Therefore, the degree of valve control and pump control can be adjusted by regulating the valve-pump weight ratio. The LVPC system design, mathematical model development, system parameter and control performance analysis are carried out systematically followed by an experimental for validation process. Results have shown that after introducing the valve control, the total leakage coefficient increases significantly over a wide range with the operating point and this further increases damping ratios and reduces the velocity stiffness. As the valve-pump weight ratio determines the flow distribution between the valve and the pump and the weight factors of the valve and/or the pump controls determines the response speed of the LVPC system, thus if the weight factors are constrained properly, the LVPC system will eventually have a large synthetic open-loop gain and it will respond faster than the VSPC system. The LVPC will enrich the control schemes of oil hydraulic system and has potential value in application requiring of fast response.

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