scholarly journals Effect of Water Vapor Injection on the Distributions of Equivalence Ratio and the NO Emission Reduction in a CI Engine

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 4248
Author(s):  
Min ◽  
Suh
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Intake Port ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Intake Process ◽  
Consumption Values ◽  
Vapor Injection ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Ultrasonic Humidifier

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of a water vapor injection into the intake port of a small compression ignition engine and analyze the effect of the collisions between the water particles and the injected fuel on combustion and exhaust emission performances. To simulate the water vapor by the ultrasonic humidifier in the numerical analysis, the water particles were introduced into the cylinder through an intake port during the intake process, and the amount was varied from 10% to 30% of the injected fuel mass per stroke. When the water vapor was injected into the intake port, the rich equivalence ratio region was distributed in the center of cylinder. In addition, the ISNO (indicated specific nitrogen oxide) values decreased up to 46% more than the values for the condition without the water-vapor-injection. However, the ISSoot (indicated specific soot) exhibited similar values in any conditions. For starts of energizing timing that were BTDC (before top dead center) 25 deg and 15 deg, the ISFC (indicated fuel consumption) values decreased with increased portions of water vapor. However, in the case of BTDC 05deg, the ignition delay was too long, which deteriorated combustion performance.

scholarly journals Effect of Water Vapor Injection on the Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 9229
Author(s):  
Ming-Hsien Hsueh ◽  
Chao-Jung Lai ◽  
Meng-Chang Hsieh ◽  
Shi-Hao Wang ◽  
Chia-Hsin Hsieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Intake Manifold ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Engine Torque ◽  
Vapor Injection

The exhaust emissions from Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) are currently one of the main sources of air pollution. This research presented a method for improving the exhaust gases and the performance of a Spark-Ignition (SI) engine using a water vapor injection system and a Non-Thermal Plasma (NTP) system. These two systems were installed on the intake manifold to investigate their effects on the engine’s performance and the characteristics of exhaust emission using different air/fuel (A/F) ratios and engine speeds. The temperatures of the injected water were adjusted to 5 and 25 °C, using a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) temperature control device. The total hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and engine torque were measured at different A/F ratios and engine speeds. The results indicated that the adaptation of the water vapor injection system and NTP system increased the content of the combustibles and combustion-supporting substances while achieving better emissions and torque. According to the test results, while the engine torque under 25 °C water+NTP was raised to 7.29%, the HC under 25 °C water+NTP and the NOx under 25 °C water were reduced to 16.31% and 11.88%, respectively. In conclusion, the water vapor injection and the NTP systems installed on the intake manifold could significantly reduce air pollution and improve engine performance for a more sustainable environment.

Simulation of HCCI Combustion Characteristics for Low RON Gasoline Surrogate Fuels

2014 ◽  
Vol 694 ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Ling Zhe Zhang ◽  
Ya Kun Sun ◽  
Su Li ◽  
Qing Ping Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Chemical Kinetic ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Chemical Kinetic Model ◽  
Hcci Engine ◽  
Surrogate Fuels ◽  
Inlet Conditions

A reduced chemical kinetic model (103species and 468 reactions) for new low-RON(research octane number) gasoline surrogate fuels has been proposed. Simulations explored for ignition delay time have been compared with experimental data in shock tubes at pressure of 10atm-55 atm and temperatue of 600-1400 K (fuel/air equivalence ratio=0.5,1.0,2.0 and EGR rate=0, 20%). The simulation data presented 15% enlargement compared with experiments showed applicability of the new kinetic mode in this work. A combustion simulation model has been build for HCCI(homogeneous charge compression ignition) engine with Chemkin-pro. The effects of different air inlet temperature, inlet pressure, engine speed and the fuel air equivalence ratio on the combustion characteristics of the fuel were researched. The results indicated the combustion in an HCCI engine worked sufficiently with lean mixtures and low speed. Meanwhile the material strength could be influenced when the inlet conditions changed. This helps to promote the low-RON gasoline surrogate fuel application in the HCCI engine.

scholarly journals Engine Performance of a Gardener Compression Ignition Engine using Rapeseed Methyl Esther

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamisu A Dandajeh ◽  
Talib O Ahmadu
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Engine Speed ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Air Mass

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the influence of engine speed on the combustion characteristics of a Gardener compression ignition engine fueled with rapeseed methyl esther (RME). The engine has a maximum power of 14.4 kW and maximum speed of 1500 rpm. The experiment was carried out at speeds of 750 and 1250 rpm under loads of 4, 8, 12, 16 and 18 kg. Variations of cylinder pressure with crank angle degrees and cylinder volume have been examined. It was found that RME demonstrated short ignition delay primarily due to its high cetane number and leaner fuel properties (equivalence ratio (φ) = 0.22 at 4kg). An increase in thermal efficiency but decrease in volumetric efficiency was recorded due to increased brake loads. Variations in fuel mass flow rate, air mass flow rate, exhaust gas temperatures and equivalence ratio with respect to brake mean effective pressure at engine speeds of 750 and 1250 rpm were also demonstrated in this paper. Higher engine speed of 1250 rpm resulted in higher fuel and air mass flow rates, exhaust temperature, brake power and equivalent ratio but lower volumetric efficiency. Keywords— combustion characteristics, engine performance, engine speed, rapeseed methyl Esther

Characterizing the cyclic variability of ignition timing in a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine fuelled with n-heptane/iso-octane blend fuels

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 361-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Shahbakhti ◽  
C R Koch
Keyword(s):  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Cyclic Variation ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Ignition Timing ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Hcci Combustion ◽  
Cyclic Variations ◽  
Homogeneous Charge

The cyclic variations of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) ignition timing is studied for a range of charge properties by varying the equivalence ratio, intake temperature, intake pressure, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate, engine speed, and coolant temperature. Characterization of cyclic variations of ignition timing in HCCI at over 430 operating points on two single-cylinder engines for five different blends of primary reference fuel (PRF), (iso-octane and n-heptane) is performed. Three distinct patterns of cyclic variation for the start of combustion (SOC), combustion peak pressure ( Pmax), and indicated mean effective pressure (i.m.e.p.) are observed. These patterns are normal cyclic variations, periodic cyclic variations, and cyclic variations with weak/misfired ignitions. Results also show that the position of SOC plays an important role in cyclic variations of HCCI combustion with less variation observed when SOC occurs immediately after top dead centre (TDC). Higher levels of cyclic variations are observed in the main (second) stage of HCCI combustion compared with that of the first stage for the PRF fuels studied. The sensitivity of SOC to different charge properties varies. Cyclic variation of SOC increases with an increase in the EGR rate, but it decreases with an increase in equivalence ratio, intake temperature, and coolant temperature.

Ozone-Assisted Combustion—Part I: Literature Review and Kinetic Study Using Detailed n-Heptane Kinetic Mechanism

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Depcik ◽  
Michael Mangus ◽  
Colter Ragone
Keyword(s):  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Atomic Oxygen ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Kinetic Mechanism ◽  
Combustion Model ◽  
Ozone Decomposition ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine

In this first paper, the authors undertake a review of the literature in the field of ozone-assisted combustion in order to summarize literature findings. The use of a detailed n-heptane combustion model including ozone kinetics helps analyze these earlier results and leads into experimentation within the authors' laboratory using a single-cylinder, direct-injection compression ignition engine, briefly discussed here and in more depth in a following paper. The literature and kinetic modeling outcomes indicate that the addition of ozone leads to a decrease in ignition delay, both in comparison to no added ozone and with a decreasing equivalence ratio. This ignition delay decrease as the mixture leans is counter to the traditional increase in ignition delay with decreasing equivalence ratio. Moreover, the inclusion of ozone results in slightly higher temperatures in the cylinder due to ozone decomposition, augmented production of nitrogen oxides, and reduction in particulate matter through radial atomic oxygen chemistry. Of additional importance, acetylene levels decrease but carbon monoxide emissions are found to both increase and decrease as a function of equivalence ratio. This work illustrates that, beyond a certain level of assistance (approximately 20 ppm for the compression ratio of the authors' engine), adding more ozone has a negligible influence on combustion and emissions. This occurs because the introduction of O3 into the intake causes a temperature-limited equilibrium set of reactions via the atomic oxygen radical produced.

Performance And Exhaust Emission Characteristics Investigation of Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled With Microalgae Biodiesel And Its Diesel Blends

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhojraj Kale ◽  
Sewan Das Patle ◽  
Vijay Khawale ◽  
Sandeep Lutade
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutant ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
Crop Area ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ci Engines

Abstract Biofuels extracted from plant biomass can be used as fuel in CI engines to lower a hazardous atmospheric pollutant and mitigate climate risks. Furthermore, its implementation is hampered by inevitable obstacles such as feed stocks and the crop area required for their cultivation, leading to a lack of agricultural land for the expansion of food yields. Despite this, microalgae have been discovered to be the most competent and unwavering source of biodiesel due to their distinguishing characteristics of being non-eatable and requiring no cropland for cultivation. The objectives of this paper was to look into the potential of a novel, formerly underappreciated biodiesel from microalgae species which could be used as a fuel substitute. Transesterification is being used to extract the biodiesel. Microalgae are blended with petroleum diesel in percentage to create Microalgae Blends (MAB) as needed for experimentation. The impact of biodiesel on performance as well as exhaust emission attributes of a 1-cylinder diesel engine was experimentally studied. Compared to petroleum diesel, different blend of Microalgae biodiesel showed a decline in torque and hence brake power, resulting in an average fall of 7.14 percent in brake thermal efficiency and 11.54 percent increase in brake specific fuel consumption. There were wide differences in exhaust emission characteristics, including carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon, as the blend ratio in diesel increased. Moreover, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxides increase in all algae biodiesel blends, but they're still within the acceptable range of petroleum diesel.

scholarly journals Influence of Combustion Characteristics and Fuel Composition on Exhaust PAHs in a Compression Ignition Engine

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 2575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamisu Adamu Dandajeh ◽  
Midhat Talibi ◽  
Nicos Ladommatos ◽  
Paul Hellier
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Particulate Phase ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Methyl Decanoate

This paper reports an experimental investigation into the effects of fuel composition on the exhaust emission of toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from a diesel engine, operated at both constant fuel injection and constant fuel ignition modes. The paper quantifies the US EPA (United State Environmental Protection Agency) 16 priority PAHs produced from combustion of fossil diesel fuel and several model fuel blends of n-heptane, toluene and methyl decanoate in a single-cylinder diesel research engine based on a commercial light duty automotive engine. It was found that the level of total PAHs emitted by the various fuel blends decreased with increasing fuel ignition delay and premixed burn fraction, however, where the ignition delay of a fuel blend was decreased with use of an ignition improving additive the level of particulate phase PAH also decreased. Increasing the level of toluene present in the fuel blends decreased levels of low toxicity of two to four ring PAH, while displacing n-heptane with methyl decanoate increased particulate phase adsorbed PAH. Overall, the composition of the fuels investigated was found to have more influence on the concentration of exhaust PAHs formed than that of combustion characteristics, including ignition delay, peak heat release rate and the extent of the premixed burn fractions.

scholarly journals Numerical study of effects of the intermediates and initial conditions on flame propagation in a real homogeneous charge compression ignition engine

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Jinhua Wang ◽  
Zuohua Huang ◽  
Norimasa Iida
Keyword(s):  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Initial Temperature ◽  
Exhaust Gas Recirculation ◽  
Flame Speed ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Crank Angle ◽  
Increase Rate ◽  
Gas Recirculation

The premixed flame speed under a small four stock homogeneous charge compression ignition engine, fueled with dimethyl ether, was investigated. The effects of intermediate species, initial temperature, initial pressure, exhaust gas recirculation, and equivalence ratio were studied and compared to the baseline condition. Results show that, under all conditions, the flame speeds calculated without intermediates are higher than those which took the intermediates in consideration. Flame speeds increase with the increase of crank angle. The increase rate is divided into three regions and the increase rate is obviously high in the event of low temperature heat release. Initial temperature and pressure only affect the crank angle of flame speed, but have little influence on its value. Equivalence ratio and exhaust gas recirculation ratio do not only distinctly decrease the flame speed, but also advance the crank angle of flame speed.

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